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Physics Investigatory Project

1) The aim of the experiment is to investigate the relationship between the input and output voltage of a transformer and the relationship between the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. 2) A basic transformer consists of two coils - a primary coil that receives AC input and a secondary coil that outputs AC voltage. The coils are wrapped around an iron core to carry magnetic fields between coils. 3) The ratio of turns between the primary and secondary coils determines whether the transformer is a step-up transformer (increases voltage but decreases current) or step-down transformer (decreases voltage but increases current).

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Harshith Yendapally
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204 views7 pages

Physics Investigatory Project

1) The aim of the experiment is to investigate the relationship between the input and output voltage of a transformer and the relationship between the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. 2) A basic transformer consists of two coils - a primary coil that receives AC input and a secondary coil that outputs AC voltage. The coils are wrapped around an iron core to carry magnetic fields between coils. 3) The ratio of turns between the primary and secondary coils determines whether the transformer is a step-up transformer (increases voltage but decreases current) or step-down transformer (decreases voltage but increases current).

Uploaded by

Harshith Yendapally
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Investigatory Project: Transformers

Aim:
1) To investigate the relation between the ratio of input and output voltage of a
transformer
2) To study the relation between the number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made transformer.

Introduction:
A transformer is a device which can change the potential difference of an alternating current using
electromagnetic induction.
For example, a transformer can convert a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage.

A basic transformer consists of two coils of wires, a primary coil from the alternating current
(AC) input and a secondary coil which leads to the ac output. The coils are both wound
around a soft iron core. This is easily magnetised and can carry magnetic fields from the
primary coil to the secondary coil.

The first constant potential transformer was invented in 1885, now they are essential
worldwide for the transmission, distribution, and utilisation of alternating current electric
power.
There are two types of transformers, step-up transformers, and step-down transformers.

Step-up transformer:
A step-up transformer is a transformer which increases the voltage.

Step-down transformer:
A step-down transformer is a transformer which will decrease the voltage.
Theory:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current start
falling in it. The altering current in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces. altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced.
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that.
induced in each turn of the primary. Hence, if Ep and Es are the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the number of turns of the primary and secondary coils of
the transformer.

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this


instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the


primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is.
due to the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given


by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.
Step-up transformer: In a step-up transformer the secondary
voltage(output) is greater than the primary voltage(input). This is
because the number of windings on the secondary coil is much
greater than the primary coil. This is presented through the law of
conservation of energy where energy cannot be created or
destroyed therefore in a step-up transformer when voltage is raised
the current is lowered in the same ratio.

Where are step up transformers found:


Step-up transformers are often found near power-plants that often
operate using mega-watts of power for transmission of electricity
across large geographical areas. Smaller step-up transformers can
also be found in hospitals for machines such as x-rays which use
around 50 000 volts and also in kitchens with microwave oven
which also have small transformers.

Step-down
transformer: In a step-
down transformer the secondary voltage(output) is less than the primary voltage(input).
Where are step down transformers found:
Step-down transformers are often found in homes and offices for domestic use. For
example, in doorbells where only 16 volts are required compared to the 220 volts supplied
to houses. Step down transformers is also used in mobile phones, televisions, and cd players.

Experiment: making a transformer


1) Aim: To investigate the relation between the ratio of input and output voltage of a
transformer
2) To study the relation between the number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made transformer.

Requirements / apparatus:
1) Iron rod
2) Copper - wire thick and thin
3) Hot wire ammeter
4) Hot wire voltmeter

Procedure:
1) Take a thick iron rod (this will be the iron core) and cover it with thick paper, wind the
covered rod with 60 coils of thin copper wire (this will be the primary coil).

2) Wrap the primary coil with a sheet of paper and then wind it with 20 coils of thick
copper wire (this will be the secondary coil). Since there are more primary coils than
secondary coils this is a simple step-down transformer.

3) Connect P1 and P2 to the A.C main. Measure the input voltage using the voltmeter
and measure the input current using the ammeter. Remember the voltmeter must be
in parallel and the ammeter must be in series.

4) Measure the output voltage and current through sland s2 using the same method
above.

5) Connect sland s2 to A.C main and measure voltage and current through both primary
and secondary coils of the step-up transformer.

6) Repeat again for different ratios of primary and secondary coil turns.
Conclusion:

1)The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil is dependent upon
the ratio of coils (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2)The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil is dependent upon
the ratio of coils (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage.
3)There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

Precautions:
1) Act responsibly and safely when dealing with high voltage.
2)A.C should remain constant when taking current and voltage readings.

Sources of error:
1) If A.C is not constant when taking readings

2)Heating within the circuit components can increase resistance, therefore, current
readings will not be correct.
Bibliography:
NCERT textbook and record book
www.google.com
www.bbc.com
www.wikipedia.org

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