Vector Analysis Credentail Info

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr.
Mohammed Yousuf Kamil
Examples:
Ex. (1): Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field given
by 𝐅 = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 5𝑧 𝑗 + 10𝑥 𝑘 along the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 ,
𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from t = l to t = 2 ?
Solution: total work done = ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫
= ∫ (3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 5𝑧 𝑗 + 10𝑥 𝑘 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)

𝐶
= ∫ 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 10𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝐶
= ∫ 3(𝑡 2 + 1)(2𝑡 2 ) 𝑑(𝑡 2 + 1) − 5(𝑡 2 ) 𝑑(2𝑡 2 ) + 10(𝑡 2 + 1) 𝑑(𝑡 2 )

1
= ∫(12𝑡 5 + 10𝑡 4 + 12𝑡 3 + 30𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 303

1
Ex. (2): If = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 , evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 where C is the curve in the

xy plane, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , from (0,0) to (1, 2) ?
Solution: ∵ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (𝑧 = 0) ⟹ 𝐫 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ (3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗) = ∫ 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 3𝑥(2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 2 )2 𝑑(2𝑥 2 )

𝐶 𝑥=0
Page 58 Second Class in Department of Physics

VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr. Mohammed Yousuf Kamil
1
7
= ∫(6𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 5 ) 𝑑𝑥 = −
6
0
Ex. (3): If a force 𝐅 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 displaces a particle in the xy plane

from (0, 0) to (1, 4) along a curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 . Find the work done?
Solution: work done = ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫
= ∫ (2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗)

𝐶
= ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 2 (4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥(4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(4𝑥 2 )

𝐶 𝑥=0
1
104
= 104 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 =
5
0
Ex. (4): Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 where 𝐅 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 and C is the boundary

of the square in the plane z = 0 and bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0,
x = a, y = a ?
Solution: ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫𝑂𝐴 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 + ∫𝐴𝐵 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 + ∫𝐵𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 + ∫𝐶𝑂 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫

y
𝐫 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 ∴ 𝑑𝒓 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
C B
𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = (𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗)
𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 … … (1) O x
A
On OA, y = 0, equation (1) become 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑎3
2
∴ ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = … … (2)
𝑂𝐴 0 3
On AB, x = a, dx = 0, equation (1) become 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑎
𝑎3
∴ ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = … … (3)
𝐴𝐵 0 2
On BC, y = a, dy = 0, equation (1) become 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

0
2
𝑎3
∴ ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − … … (4)
𝐵𝐶 𝑎 3
On CO, x = 0, equation (1) become 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 0
∴ ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 0 … … (5)
𝐶𝑂
On adding equation (2), (3), (4) and (5), we get:
𝑎3 𝑎3 𝑎3 𝑎3
∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = + − +0=
3 2 3 2
𝐶
Ex. (5): a vector field is given by 𝐅 = (2𝑦 + 3) 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑘.
Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 along the path C is 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from t = 0 to

t=1?
Solution:
∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ ((2𝑦 + 3) 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑘) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)

𝐶 𝐶
= ∫ (2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑧

𝐶

= ∫(2𝑡 + 3)𝑑(2𝑡) + (2𝑡)(𝑡 3 ) 𝑑(𝑡) + (𝑡(𝑡 3 ) − 2𝑡) 𝑑(𝑡 3 )

0
1
513
= ∫(4𝑡 + 6 + 2𝑡 4 + 3𝑡 6 − 6𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡 =
70
0
Ex. (6): If 𝐅 = 𝛻𝛷 , where 𝛷 is single-valued and has continuous partial

derivatives, show that the work done in moving a particle from one point
𝑃1 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) in this field to another point 𝑃2 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is
independent of the path joining the two points. ?
𝑃 𝑃
Solution: work done = ∫𝑃 2 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫𝑃 2 𝛻𝛷 ∙ d𝐫
1 1
𝑃2
𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷
= ∫ (𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑃1
𝑃2
𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷 𝜕𝛷
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑃1
𝑃2
= ∫ 𝑑𝛷 = 𝛷(𝑃2 ) − 𝛷(𝑃1 ) = 𝛷(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) − 𝛷(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

𝑃1
Ex. (7): (a) Show that 𝐅 = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 is a conservative

force field. (b) Find the scalar potential. (c) Find the work done in moving
an object in this field from (1,-2,1) to (3,1,4)?
Solution:

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝐚) 𝛁 × 𝐅 = || |=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑥2 3𝑥𝑧 2
Thus F is a conservative force field.
(𝐛) dΦ = 𝛁𝛷 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫
dΦ = ((2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)
dΦ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
Φ = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦) + (𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧)
∴ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = Φ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

𝑃
(c) work done = ∫𝑃 2 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫
1
𝑃2
= ∫ ((2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)

𝑃1
𝑃2
= ∫ (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧

𝑃1
𝑃2
𝑃
= ∫ (2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦) + (𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧) = [𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 ]𝑃21
𝑃1
(3,1,4)
= [𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 ](1,−2,1) = 202
Ex. (8): (a) Show that 𝐅 = 2𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑘 is a

conservative force field. (b) Find the scalar potential. (c) Find the work
done in moving an object in this field from (-1, 2,1) to (2,3,4)?
Solution:

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝐚) 𝛁 × 𝐅 = || |=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
2 3)
2𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑧 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2
Thus F is a conservative force field.
(𝐛) dΦ = 𝛁𝛷 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫
dΦ = (2𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑘) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)
dΦ = 2𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
Φ = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) + (2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧)
∴ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = Φ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
(c) work done = ∫𝑃 2 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫𝑃 2 dΦ = [Φ]𝑃21
1 1
𝑃
= [𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 ]𝑃21
(2,3,4)
= [𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 ](−1,2,1) = 287
𝑃
Ex. (9): Prove that if ∫𝑃 2 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 is independent of the path joining any two
1
points P1 and P2 in a given region , then ∮ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 0 for all closed paths in

the region and conversely. ? A
P2
Solution: Let P1 A P2 B P1 be a closed curve.
Conversely if ∮ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 0, then P1
B
∮ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 + ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫
𝑃1 𝐴𝑃2 𝐵𝑃1 𝑃1 𝐴𝑃2 𝑃2 𝐵𝑃1

= ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 − ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 0
𝑃1 𝐴𝑃2 𝑃1 𝐵𝑃2
So that ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫
𝑃1 𝐴𝑃2 𝑃1 𝐵𝑃2
Ex. (10): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐀 = 18𝑧 𝑖 − 12 𝑗 + 3𝑦 𝑘 and S

is that part of the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 which is located in the first
octant?
Solution:
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧) = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛁𝑓 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘 2 3 6
𝑛̂ = = = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
|𝛁𝑓| |2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 6𝑘| 7 7 7
2 3 6 6
𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ = ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘) ∙ 𝑘̂ =
7 7 7 7
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 7
𝑑𝑠 = = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) 6 6
7
∴ ∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠
𝑆
2 3 6 7
= ∬ ((18𝑧 𝑖 − 12 𝑗 + 3𝑦 𝑘 ) ∙ ( 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 7 7 7 6
= ∬ (6𝑧 − 6 + 3𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆
From 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12, we get: 6𝑧 = 12 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦

12−2𝑥
6
3
∴ ∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (6 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 0 0
12−2𝑥
6 6
3 12 − 2𝑥
= ∫ (6 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (6 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [ ]
0 0 0 3
6
1 6 2
1 4𝑥 3
= ∫ (4𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 72) 𝑑𝑥 = [ − 18𝑥 2 + 72𝑥] = 24
3 0 3 3 0
Ex. (11): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐀 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 and S is

that part of the plane 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 included in the first octant between
𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5 ?
Solution:
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛁𝑓 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
𝑛̂ = = =
|𝛁𝑓| |2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗| 4
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 𝑦
𝑛̂ . 𝑗̂ = ( ) ∙ 𝑗̂ =
4 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 4
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
(𝑛̂ . 𝑗̂ ) 𝑦
4
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 4
∴ ∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ((𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 ) ∙ ( )) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑆 𝑆 4 𝑦
𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
=∬ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑆 𝑦
From 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, we get: 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2

5 4
𝑥𝑧
∴ ∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑆 0 0 √16 − 𝑥 2
5 5 4
𝑥2
√
= ∫ [𝑧 (− 16 − 𝑥 ) + ] 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (4𝑧 + 8)𝑑𝑧 = 90
2
0 2 0 0
Ex. (12): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐀 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑖 − 2𝑥 𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘

and S is that part of the plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 in the first octant ?
Solution:
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧) = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛁𝑓 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑛̂ = = =
|𝛁𝑓| |2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘| 3
2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 2
𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ = ( ) ∙ 𝑘̂ =
3 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑠 = = = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) 2 2
3
∴ ∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠
𝑆
2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 3
= ∬ ((𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑖 − 2𝑥 𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘 ∙ ( )) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 3 2
= ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑆
From 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6, we get: 𝑧 = (6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2
3 6−2𝑥 3 6−2𝑥
𝑦2
∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ 2𝑦(3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [2(3 − 𝑥) ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑆 0 0 0 2 0

3 3 3
2
(3 − 𝑥)4 3
= ∫ (3 − 𝑥)(6 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ (3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [− ] = 81
0 0 4 0
Ex. (13): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘) . 𝑑𝑠, where S is the surface of

the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 in the first octant ?
Solution:
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛁(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = (𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛁𝑓 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘

𝑛̂ = = = =
|𝛁𝑓| |2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘| √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑎
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑧
𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ = ( ) ∙ 𝑘̂ =
𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑛̂ . 𝑘̂ ) 𝑧
𝑎
∴ ∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠
𝑆
𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑎
= ∬ (𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 ∙ ( )) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑎 𝑧
= ∬ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 3 ∬ (𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑆 𝑆
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑦2
∬ (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠 = 3 ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑆 0 0 0 2 0
𝑎
3 𝑎 2 2)
3 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑥 4 3 𝑎4 𝑎4 3𝑎4
= ∫ 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ − ] = ( − )=
2 0 2 2 4 0 2 2 4 8

Ex. (14): Find the element of area on the surface of a sphere of radius a,
and hence calculate the total surface area of the sphere?
Solution:
𝐫 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑖 + 𝑎 sin 𝜃 sin ∅ 𝑗 + 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑘
𝜕𝐫
= 𝑎 cos 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑖 + 𝑎 cos 𝜃 sin ∅ 𝑗 − 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑘
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝐫
= −𝑎 sin 𝜃 sin ∅ 𝑖 + 𝑎 sin 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑗
𝜕∅
𝜕𝐫 𝜕𝐫 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑛̂ = × = | 𝑎 cos 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑎 cos 𝜃 sin ∅ −𝑎 sin 𝜃|
𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅
−𝑎 sin 𝜃 sin ∅ 𝑎 sin 𝜃 cos ∅ 0
𝑛̂ = 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑖 + sin 𝜃 sin ∅ 𝑗 + cos 𝜃 𝑘)
𝜕𝐫 𝜕𝐫
∵ 𝑑𝑆 = | × | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = |𝑛̂|𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝐫 𝜕𝐫
∴ 𝑑𝑆 = | × | 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅ = |𝑛̂|𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅
𝜕𝜃 𝜕∅
𝑑𝑆 = |𝑎2 sin 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 cos ∅ 𝑖 + sin 𝜃 sin ∅ 𝑗 + cos 𝜃 𝑘)|𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 |𝑟̂ |𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅ = 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑∅

2𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = ∬ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝑑∅ ∫ 𝑎2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4𝜋𝑎2
𝑆 0 0
Ex. (15): Show that ∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 3⁄2, where 𝐅 = 4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘

and S is the surface of the cube bounded by the plane, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 =
0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1 ?
Solution:

∬𝑆 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∬𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 z
F E
+∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 G
𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐹 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 D
O C y
+∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 B
𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐺 𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐹 A
x
Face 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶: 𝑛̂ = −𝑘̂, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘) ∙ −𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶
1 1
= ∫ ∫ (−𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 {𝑎𝑠 𝑧 = 0}
0 0
Face 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺: 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂ , 𝑧 = 1, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺
1 1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ (𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 {𝑎𝑠 𝑧 = 1}
0 0 0 0
1 1
𝑦2 1 1
= ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]10 =
0 2 0 2 2
Face 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐹: 𝑛̂ = −𝑗̂, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘) ∙ −𝑗̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐹 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶
1 1
= ∫ ∫ (𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 0 {𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = 0}
0 0
Face 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷: 𝑛̂ = 𝑗̂, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝑗̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺

1 1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ (−𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = −1 {𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = 1}
0 0 0 0
Face 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐺: 𝑛̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘) ∙ 𝑖̂ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐷 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺
1 1 1 1
= ∫ ∫ (4𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 4 ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 {𝑎𝑠 𝑥 = 1}
0 0 0 0
1 1
𝑧2 4
= 4 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑦 = [𝑦]10 = 2
0 2 0 2
Face 𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐹: 𝑛̂ = −𝑖̂, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ (4𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘) ∙ −𝑖̂ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐹 𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐹
1 1
= ∫ ∫ (−4𝑥𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 0 {𝑎𝑠 𝑥 = 0}
0 0
1 3
∴ ∬ 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 0 + + 0 − 1 + 2 + 0 =
𝑆 2 2
Ex. (16): Let 𝐅 = 2𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘 Evaluate ∭𝑉 𝐅 𝑑𝑉 , where V is

the region bounded by the surface 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 6, 𝑧 =
𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4 ?
Solution:
2 6 4
∭ 𝐅 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (2𝑥𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=𝑥 2
𝑉
2 6
=∫ ∫ [𝑥𝑧 2 𝑖 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘]4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

2 6
=∫ ∫ (16𝑥 𝑖 − 4𝑥 𝑗 + 4𝑦 2 𝑘) − (𝑥 5 𝑖 − 𝑥 3 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 6
4 3 5 3
𝑥 2𝑦3
= ∫ [(16𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 4𝑥𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑦 𝑘) − (𝑥 𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑘)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 3 3 0
2
= ∫ (96𝑥 𝑖 − 24𝑥 𝑗 + 288 𝑘) − (6𝑥 5 𝑖 − 6𝑥 3 𝑗 + 72𝑥 2 𝑘) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
= ∫ (96𝑥 − 6𝑥 5 ) 𝑖 − (24𝑥 + 6𝑥 3 ) 𝑗 + (288 − 72𝑥 2 ) 𝑘) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
96 2 6 2
6 4 3
= [( 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑖 − (12𝑥 + 𝑥 ) 𝑗 + (288𝑥 − 24𝑥 ) 𝑘)]
2 4 0
∴ ∭ 𝐅 𝑑𝑉 = (128) 𝑖 − (24) 𝑗 + (384) 𝑘

𝑉
Ex. (17): If 𝐅 = 2𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑦 𝑘 Evaluate∭𝑉 𝐅 𝑑𝑉, where V is the region

bounded by the surface = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2 ?
Solution:
2 4 2
∭ 𝐅 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (2𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑦 𝑘) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=𝑥 2
𝑉
2 4
=∫ ∫ [𝑧 2 𝑖 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘]2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 4
=∫ ∫ (4 𝑖 − 2𝑥 𝑗 + 2𝑦 𝑘) − (𝑥 4 𝑖 − 𝑥 3 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑘) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 4
2
𝑥 2𝑦2
4 3
= ∫ [(4𝑦 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑦 𝑘) − (𝑥 𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑘)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 0

2
= ∫ (16 𝑖 − 8𝑥 𝑗 + 16 𝑘) − (4𝑥 4 𝑖 − 4𝑥 3 𝑗 + 8𝑥 2 𝑘) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
= ∫ (16 − 4𝑥 4 ) 𝑖 − (8𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 ) 𝑗 + (16 − 8𝑥 2 ) 𝑘) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
2
4 5 2 4
8 3
= [(16𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑖 − (4𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑗 + (16𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑘)]
5 3 0
32 32 32
∴ ∭ 𝐅 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑖+ 𝑗= (3𝑖 + 5𝑘)
5 3 15
𝑉
Ex. (18): Find the volume of the region common to the intersecting
cylinders 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 ?
Solution:
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
∭ 𝐅 𝑑𝑉 = 8 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
𝑉
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
= 8∫ ∫ √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ∫ (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
𝑎
2
𝑥3 3
𝑎3 16 𝑎3
= 8 [𝑎 𝑥 − ] = 8 (𝑎 − ) =
3 0 3 3

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VECTOR ANALYSIS Dr.

Mohammed Yousuf Kamil

Solution: total work done = ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫

= ∫ (3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 5𝑧 𝑗 + 10𝑥 𝑘 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)

= ∫ 3(𝑡 2 + 1)(2𝑡 2 ) 𝑑(𝑡 2 + 1) − 5(𝑡 2 ) 𝑑(2𝑡 2 ) + 10(𝑡 2 + 1) 𝑑(𝑡 2 )

= ∫(12𝑡 5 + 10𝑡 4 + 12𝑡 3 + 30𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 303

Ex. (2): If = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 , evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 where C is the curve in the

Solution: ∵ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (𝑧 = 0) ⟹ 𝐫 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗

∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ (3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗) = ∫ 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ 3𝑥(2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 2 )2 𝑑(2𝑥 2 )

Page 58 Second Class in Department of Physics

Ex. (3): If a force 𝐅 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 displaces a particle in the xy plane

Solution: work done = ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫

= ∫ (2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗)

= ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 2 (4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥(4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(4𝑥 2 )

Ex. (4): Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 where 𝐅 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 and C is the boundary

Solution: ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫𝑂𝐴 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 + ∫𝐴𝐵 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 + ∫𝐵𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 + ∫𝐶𝑂 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫

Page 59 Second Class in Department of Physics

On AB, x = a, dx = 0, equation (1) become 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦

On BC, y = a, dy = 0, equation (1) become 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

On CO, x = 0, equation (1) become 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 0

On adding equation (2), (3), (4) and (5), we get:

Ex. (5): a vector field is given by 𝐅 = (2𝑦 + 3) 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑘.

Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 along the path C is 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from t = 0 to

∫ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = ∫ ((2𝑦 + 3) 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑘) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)

= ∫ (2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑧

Page 60 Second Class in Department of Physics

= ∫(2𝑡 + 3)𝑑(2𝑡) + (2𝑡)(𝑡 3 ) 𝑑(𝑡) + (𝑡(𝑡 3 ) − 2𝑡) 𝑑(𝑡 3 )

Ex. (6): If 𝐅 = 𝛻𝛷 , where 𝛷 is single-valued and has continuous partial

= ∫ 𝑑𝛷 = 𝛷(𝑃2 ) − 𝛷(𝑃1 ) = 𝛷(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) − 𝛷(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )

Ex. (7): (a) Show that 𝐅 = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 is a conservative

Page 61 Second Class in Department of Physics

Thus F is a conservative force field.

dΦ = ((2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)

dΦ = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧

Φ = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦) + (𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧)

∴ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = Φ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

= ∫ ((2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘)

= ∫ (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧

Ex. (8): (a) Show that 𝐅 = 2𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑘 is a

Page 62 Second Class in Department of Physics

Thus F is a conservative force field.

Φ = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) + (2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧)

∴ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = Φ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

points P1 and P2 in a given region , then ∮ 𝐅 ∙ d𝐫 = 0 for all closed paths in

Page 63 Second Class in Department of Physics

Ex. (10): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐀 = 18𝑧 𝑖 − 12 𝑗 + 3𝑦 𝑘 and S

From 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12, we get: 6𝑧 = 12 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦

Page 64 Second Class in Department of Physics

Ex. (11): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐀 = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 𝑗 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘 and S is

From 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, we get: 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2

Page 65 Second Class in Department of Physics

Ex. (12): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝐀 ∙ 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠, where 𝐀 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑖 − 2𝑥 𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘

From 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6, we get: 𝑧 = (6 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2

Page 66 Second Class in Department of Physics

Ex. (13): Evaluate ∬𝑆 (𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘) . 𝑑𝑠, where S is the surface of

𝛁𝑓 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑗 + 2𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘

= ∬ (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 3 ∬ (𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦