* 326 Probability and. Statistics If |z| < 1.96, it is accepted that the samples have come from bw Cee with the same mean, at $° level of significance. Otherwise, at this level of sign! claim that the difference in means is significant. SOLVED EXAMPLES G u LEEEEIEET The means of nwo large samples of sizes 1000 and 2000 members are i a s be reg s from the same 67.5 inches and 68.0 inches respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the population of S.D 25 inches. pe [NTU (A) Nov, 2010 (Set No. 1)] Solution: Let 1, and 2, be the means of the two population Given n, = 1000, 2000 and ¥, = 67.5 inches, % = 68 inches Population S.D, o = 2.5 inches ‘ 1. Null Hypothesis #, : The samples have been drawn from the same population of S.D 2.5 inches i and o = 2.5 inches Hypothesis H, : 4, =H, ~ 0.0968 5.16 > 1.96 the calculated value of >> the table value Hence the null hypothesis H, is rejected at 5% level of s ance and’ conclude that the samples are not drawn from the same population of S.D. 2.5 inch The mean yield of wheat from a district A was 210 pounds with S.D, 10 pounds per acre from a sample of 100 plots. In another district the mean yield was 220 pounds with S.D. 12 pounds from a sample of 150 plots, Assuming that the S.D of yield in the entire state was 11 pounds, test whether there i ificant difference benween the mean yield of crops in the two dit Solution : Let 1, and 1, be the means of the two populations, Given ¥ = 210, % = 200, and n,= 100, n, = 130, Population S.D., ¢ = 11 1. Null Hypothesis H, : y, =n ie. there is no difference between 4 2. Alternative Hypothesis H, = 1, 210-200 oa The test statistic is = - — 2 = TOTS |e? a ( ie) Vn roo“ 150} {=| = 7.041 > 1.96 ie, the calculated value of >the table value of = Hence we reject the Null Hypothesis #/, at 5% level of significance and conclude: that there is a significant difference between the mean yield of craps in the Wo districts.re aot Hypemnesis f 327° In a survey of buying habits, 400 wor sermarket ‘A’ located in a certain section of the city, ‘Their average w it 250 with a S.D. of Rs. 40. For 400 women shoppers chosen at» iaanather section of the city, the average weekly food expenditus Fone gest at 1% level of significance whether the nen shoppers are chosen at random eekly food expenditure ‘andom in super market Cis RS. 220 with a$.D, of average week ; ly food expenditure > + lations of shoppers are equal, Ylood expenditure of the w Solution: Let 1, and 1; be the means of the two populations, Given 7m, = 400, X= Rs. 250, S, = Rs, 40 ny = 400, % = Rs. 220, 5, = Rs. 55 1, Null Hypothesis H, : Assume that the average weekl: ly food expenditure of the swo populations of shoppers are equal i.e, H, : ed 2, Alternative Hypothesis Hy: 1, % yy 3, Test statistic is, 2 = —*1=%2_ _ __250-220 30 _ 8.82 SPS [40 5 3 ym 400 400 ie Z = 8.82 > 2.58 Hence we reject the Null Hypothesis 1, at 1% conclude that the average weekly food expenditure of the tw are not equal. GEEEIZE samples of students were drawn from two universities and from their ‘eights in kilograms, mean and standard deviations are calculated and shown below. Make a large sample test to test the significance of the difference between the means, level of significance and © populations of shoppers Mean S.D Size of the sample University A 55 10 400 University B 57 15 100 JINTU 2005 (Set No. 3)] %= 55, %=57, m,= 400, n,= 100, S, = 10and S, = 15 1. Nun Hypothesis H, : i.e., there is no difference Reh * Level of significance : a = 0.05 (assumed) 4 Critical region : Accept H, if -1.96 < Z< 1.96 =_> 2 1.26 5 The ; <% _ 55-57. =ah test statistic is Z = 19 st ,f Pees fit mm | V400" 1or Probability and Statistics Z| = 1.26 < 1.96 Hence, we accept the Null Hypothesis Hat 5% level of significance and conclude that there is no significant difference between the means. w The research investigator is interested in studying whether there is 2 ignificant difference in the salaries of MBA grades in two metropolitan cities. A random sample of size 100 from Mumbai yields on average income of Rs. 20,150. Another random sample of 60 from Chennai results in an average income of Rs. 20,250. If the variances of both the Populations are given as a,? = Rs. 40,000 and 0,2 = Rs, 32,400 respectively. U [JNTU Nov. 2008 (Set No. 1)] Solution : Given n, = 100, % = 20,150 and 11, = 60, Xz = 20250 and 67 = 40,000, 62 = 32400 Lt the Null Hypothesis be H, : 41, = y,, That is, the difference of means is significant. Then the Altemative Hypothesis is Hy : 41, % H, Saarhesee % —X 20150-20250 The test statistic is z = le oe = 40000, 32400 my’ ty Y 100 “Y 60 100 100 * [4007540 ~ 30.66 ~ 3:6 a an Zap We reject the Null Hypothesis at 5% level of signifi and gonclude that there is 4 significant difference in the salaries of MBA grades in two citi u A researcher wants to know the intelligence of students in a school. He selected two groups of students, In the first group there 150 students having mean IQ of 75 with 4 $.D. of 15 in the second group there are 250 students having mean IQ of 70 with $.D. of 20, [INTU Nov. 2008 (Set No. 4)] Since Z = 3.26 > 1.96 Selutlons Given n, = 150, 7, =75, 6, = 15 and, * 250, % = 70,0, = 20 J. Null Hypothesis 41 fhe groups have been came from the same population hea My My = 2, — Alternative Hypothes j i, Tye Wy 3, The test stathstte is, yo —*1~*2 oi 0} my ong 3-0 5 sf ~ - = =2 225 400 7 yy 7276 Viso * 250 Tabulated value of at 1% level of significance is 2.33test of Hypothesis Hence we reject the Null Hypothesis H, at 1% 329 Calculated z > tabulated z, level of significance and conclude that the groups have not been taken from the same population. Two types of new cars produced in U.S.A. a one sample is con cars averaged 11.5 kmpl with population whether there is any significance difference in the petrol consumption of these two types of cars. (use ot = 0.01). Solutio Since (2) sjcyase > 2-58 (¢ table), we reject Null Hypothesis Hy at 1% level of significance and conclude that there is a significant difference in petrol consumption. A simple sample of the height of 6400 Englishmen has a mean of 67.85 inches and a S, D of 2.56 inches while a simple sample of heights of 1600 Austrains has a mean 0f 68.55 inches and S. D. of 2.52 inches. Do the data indicate the Austrains are on the average Laller than the Englishmen? (Use « as 0.01). [INTU(A)2009 (Set No. 2)] Solutior re tested for petrol mileage, ged 15 kmpl while the other sample consisting of 80 variances as 6,2 = 2.0 and o. ing of 42 cars avera 1.5 respectively. Test [JNTU Apr. 2009 (Set No. 1)] in Let the types of the cars be named as A and B. Number of cars of type A= 42 Average mileage for A= X, = 15, Variance = 6 7= 2.0 Number of cars of type B = 80 Average mileage for B=, = 11.5 Variance = 0,2 = 1.5 Null Hypothesis Hy: u, = 11, Alternative Hypothes is H, : 4, # 1, LR-%] _ MS-115) at - [215 Je 2 += mm 42 80 The test statistic is z= 35 3.5 * Y0.0476+0.01875 — J0.06635 ~ 19-587 At 1% significance level, We are given n, = Size of the first sample = 6400 ny = Size of the second sample = 1600 Mean of the first sample = 67.85 %, = Mean of the second sample = 68.55 . = Standard deviation of the first sample = 2.5 6 = Standard deviation of the second sample = 2.52ae Probability and Statistics 1. Null Hypothesis Hy :11, = 15 2. Alternative Hypothesis H, :j1; 1.96 Hence, we reject the Null Hypothesis Hy at 5% level of significance and conclude that the Austyalians are taller than Englishmen. Yo [The mean life of a sample of 10 electric bulbs (or motors) was found to different batch showed a mean life of 1280 hours with S.D. of 398 hours. Is there » significant difference between the means of two batches? IJNTU (K) 2009, Noy. 2012 (Set No. 1)] Sol Itis given that n, = Sample size of first batch = 10 n, = Sample size of second batch = 17 ® = Mean life of first batch = 1456 % = Mean life of second batch = 1280 , = Standard deviation of first batch = 423 2 = Standard deviation of second batch = 398 1. Null Hypothesis Hy :j1, = 1, 2. Alternative Hypothesis Hj =14, +, 3. Level of significance : «= 0,05 istic i R=% 1456-1280 4, The test statistic is z= > == [SS Si 4.82 {(423)° | 398)? mom 10° 17 = 176 176 a Vi7892.9+9317.88 | 164.96 ~ 1-967 Since z LINTU (K) May 2010 (Set No.3)] ct jy) and jt, be the means of the two populations | Lot the Null Hypothesis be Hs) =p, ‘Then the Alternative Hypothesis is 11, :41 > p Let us assume that Hy is true, i.c., there is no difference between #4, and pty | Since the sample siz are large we use the test statistic Here ¥= 72,7 = 70,0, = 8,0. 2 Sinee the computed value of z is less than the table value, we cannot reject the Null Hypothesis at 5% level and conclude that the performance of boys and girls is the same, EEN At 4 certain large university a sociologist speculates that male students spend considerably more money on junk food than do female students. To test her hypothesis, the sociologist randomly sclects from the registrar's records the names of 200 students. Of these, 125 are men and 75 are women, The sample mean of the average amount spent on junk food per week by the men is Rs. 400 and standard deviation is 100. For the women the sample mean is Rs, 450 and he sample standard deviation is Rs.150. Test the difference between the mean at .05 level. [JNTU (HD Nov. 2010 (Set No. 2)] Soiutions Let ju and jt2 be the means of the two populations. Let the Null Hypothesis be Ho : #1 = #2 is Hy si) # Ha ‘Then the Alternative Hypothesi Let us assume that Hg is true i¢., there is no difference between jy and 2. We are given ™ = Number of men = 125 n= Number of women = 75 %1= Mean of men = 400f Probability and. Statistcg | %,= Mean of women = 450 6,=S.D. of men = 100 92 S.D. of women = 150 Level of significance, « = 0,05 The test statistic is 2 =—1=2_ ee eee SF oF | 00)? | (150) mM 1254". 75 -50__ -50 | ~50 = = -2.5654 ¥80+300 380 19.49 +. lzl=I-2.5654| =2,5654>1.96 i.e., the difference is highly significant. Hence, we reject the Null Hypothesis at 5% level of significance and conclude that the two population means are not equal. A company claims that its bulbs are superior to those of its main competitor. Ifa study showed that a sample of 40 of its bulbs have a mean life time of 647 hrs of continuous use with a S.D of 27 hrs. While a sample of 40 bulbs made by its main competitor had a mean life time of 638 hrs of continuous use with a $.D of 31 hrs, Test the significance between the difference of two means at 5% level. UINTU (HD Nov. 2010 (Set No. 4)] Solution: Let j1, and 1, be the means of the two populations. Let the Null Hypothesis be Hy :11; =n, Then the Altemative Hypothesis is H, :14, > uy Since the sample sizes are large, the test statistic ra of Se Sa mM is approximately normally distributed with mean 0 and S.D. 1. Here ¥ = 647,5 = 638,0, = 27,0, =31,m, =n, = 40 647-638 9 2. stgp a7? Gy = [729+ 961 6.5” 40 40 40 1.38 < 1.645 Since the computed value of z is less than the table value, we cannot reject the Null Hypothesis at 5% level and conclude that the difference be etween the two sample means is not significant.| ae ex: of Hypothesis ne Studying the flow of traffic at two busy intersections between 4 p.m and. pmo determine the possible need for tur signals. It was found that on 40 week days spew were on the average 247.3 cars approaching the first intersection from the south stich made left tur, while on 30 week days there were on the average 254.1 cars approaching the first intersection from the south made left turns, The corresponding sample standard deviations are 15.2 and 12. Test the significance tesveen the diffirence of two means at 5% level. [INTU (HD) Dee, 2011 (Set No.1)] Solution : Let the average cars in two places be 1, and pty respectively. Let the Null Hypothesis be Hy : 14 = Hy ‘Then the Alternative Hypothesis is Hyg :11) # ly Let us assume that Hy is true i.e.,there is no significant difference between 1 and 1 Since the sample siizes are large, the test statstic is 2 a of: or, 92 mM Here 1, = 40,n, =30,%, = 247.3,%) = 254.1, 0 = 51 = 15.2 and 02.52 512. =2473-2541__ 268 (15.2)? , 12)? 5.776 +48 40 7 30 21268 68-5) 091 Vios76 | 3.2521 |z| =2.091>1.96 Since the computed value of z is greater than Hypothesis at 5% level and conclude that the two ie,, they are not the same in the (wo busy intersections. DEINE In a certain factory there are two inde manufacturing the same item. The average weight in a sample of 700 items produced from one process is found to be 250 gms with a standard deviation of 30 gms while the corresponding tes ina sample of 300 items from the other process are 300 and 40. 1s these signicant {NTU CD Apr. 2012 (Set No.1)] the table value, we reject the Null erage cars are significantly different pendent processes for di “etence between the mean at 1% level. Solution : Let the average weight in the two inde Tespectively, pendent processes be py and py334 Participated in Sports is more th; init. | Probability ang Stati Let theNull Hypothesis be Ho 2 Hy =p Then the Alternative Hypothesis is Hy :y1, # 1 Let us assume that Uy is true ie, there is no significant difference between Hy and py. The test statistic is a a = 2 Ss 4: 2h my Hete 5 = 250,% =300,0, =30,6, =40 and = 700, = 300 250-300 -50 Be 8D on yy . 900 a 1600 [9 a 16 V700"300 3 93 Slz 1=19.43> 2.58 Since the computed value of Hypothesis at 1% level and vo, means, 2 is greater than the table value, nclude that there is a si *, We reject the Null ignificant difference between the ‘an the students who have not Participated in sports, NTU GD Apr. 2012 et No.2)] Hy and p, respectively. Solution: Let the Mean he Let the Null Hypothesis by Then the Alternative Hyp Let us assume that Ny is tue, ie,, there is no Significant difference between Hand py eight in the two cases be Hoty =p, othesis is Ay ip By Abi, 3~%, The test statistic ig 2’ 21 XD Here = 68.2.% = 672.9, = 68,2-67.2 (2.5)? 1 (2.8) [o5e7aq =! 88 +0, 50 50 5,02 = 2.8m = 50,n, =50Ee rest of Hypothesis, =1.88<1.96 335 since the computed value of is less than the tabulated value of z, we accept the Null Hypothesis at 5% level of significance and conclude that there is no significant difference in the heights. EEE The nicotent in milligrams of two samples of tobacco were found to be ssfollows. Find the standard error and confidential limits for the difference between the geans at 0.05 level. Sample A | 24 | 27 | 26 23 | 25 Sample B | 29 [30 [30 [31 | 24136 UNTU GD Apr. 2012 Set No.4) Solution : Calculations for means and_s?,s? ‘Sample A Sample B 4 [8TH [Gi -kY | me [em [amy =x -25 =x -30 24 =I 1 29 I 1 27 2 4 30 0 0 26 L 1 30 0 0 2B =2 4 31 4 25 0 0 24 6 36 36 6 36 5=S% 10 180= 2x) 74. _ rx 125 and variance, a2 25 14.8 _ i cl LP sf [25 14:8 1 72 * SB of (3 -%)= a i.eto. | Probability and gjq, 336 4 Hence the 95% confidence limits are (%- 5) £1.96 (8. E. of % -%) , (25-30) £1.96 (1.72) ie., -5+3.37 37,-1.63) EH REVIEW QUESTIONS, i 1. Define statistical Hypothesis [SNTU (K) Dec. 2013 (Set No, or (1 . : — iii) Alternay; Wi Null hypothesis (ii) Type I and Type II errors (iii) Alternatiyy > aes eats [INTU 2005, 2008S (Set No. 1) (OR) Explain briefly the following : (i) Type I error (ii) Type Il error (iii) Critical Region : [INTU (K) Mar, 2014 (Set No. 1 3. What is meant by level of significance. [INTU (H) Nov. 2009 (Set No. 3)] (a)Write about (i) Critical region (ii) Left tailed test (iii) Right tailed test (iv) Two tailed test. (or) Write about one tailed and two tailed tests, [INTU 2004, (H) May 2012 (Set No. 1), (6)What is meant by Level of significance, (K) Mar. 2014 (Set No.2)) one tailed and two tailed tests ? IINTU (K) Noy. 2011 (Set No. 4)]| 5. Write about null hypothesis and testing of null hypothesis. [JNTU 2005 (Set No. 4)] 6. Explain the procedure generally followed in testing of hypothesis, [INTU (A) Nov. 2009 (Set No. 2,4), (K) Nov. 201 1, Dee. 2013 (Set No.3) (OR) Explain working rule for testing of Hypothesis, (NTU (K) Nov. 2011 (Set No.) 1 Write shor notes on type I and type Il Error, 'INTU (H) Nov, 2009 (Set No. 2] (OR) Explain the types of errors in sampling (NTU (A) Noy. 2010 (Set No-‘ (OR) Explain type I and type II of errors in testing of hypothesis UNTU (K) Dec, 2013 (Set No- DI 8. Differentiate two-tailed test of hypothesis fom one-taited te UNTU CK) Dec, 2913 et No)!