Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Name:Shelly Mae O.Lazarito Score: _____________________

Course & Year:BSN 1st year Date Performed: 12/21/2022
Class Schedule: ________________________ Date Submitted: _____________

Experiment 4

CHANGES OF MATTER

Objectives

To carry out the following reactions and classify them as Physical or Chemical changes.

 Burning of magnesium in air

 Iron nail with copper sulphate solution in water
 Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water
 Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid

Introduction

In a chemical change, chemical reaction takes place and the substances

undergo a change in their state. During chemical reactions, one substance reacts with
another to form a new substance. The chemical composition of the new substance is
different from that of the reacting species. Due to a chemical change, the chemical
properties of matter also change. That means the product is entirely different from either
of the reactants. Some chemical reactions may be either exothermic or endothermic in
nature.

In endothermic reactions, a substance absorbs energy in the form of heat and

undergoes a chemical reaction. An example is the heat energy absorbed during a
chemical change involved in cooking, like baking a cake.

In exothermic reactions, heat energy is released. Explosion of fireworks is an

example of exothermic chemical change. The explosion releases energy in the form of
light.
Some chemical reactions do not take place in the dark, but take place only in the
presence of sunlight or other radiations. Such reactions are called photochemical
reactions. The most commonly known example is photosynthesis, in which plants

1|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars using energy from sunlight and produce
oxygen as a side product.
A chemical change changes the identity or property of a substance and may or may not
be reversed.
Examples of Some Irreversible Chemical changes:

 Combustion (burning) of fuels: In combustion reaction, the fuel burns with an

oxidizing agent such as oxygen or fluorine to form new products.
 Neutralization reaction:Neutralization reaction is a type of chemical reaction in
which an acid and a base react to form salt and water. For example, sodium
hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and water. This
reaction is highly exothermic, which means it releases heat in the form of energy.
 Rusting of iron:Rust is a chemical substance formed by the chemical action of
moist air on iron. It is basically an oxidation reaction. The formula of rust is
Fe2O3.xH2O.
 Ripening of fruit and cooking of eggs are also chemical changes.

There are also some chemical changes which are reversible in nature.
Examples:

 The thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride is a reversible chemical

change. On heating above 340°C, it decomposes to form two gases such as
ammonia and hydrogen chloride. On cooling, the reaction is reversed and solid
ammonium chloride is formed.

 The synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and oxygen is a reversible reaction.

 The synthesis of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen and chlorine is also a

reversible reaction.

Some simple chemical reactions.

Burning of Magnesium in Air

2|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal with symbol Mg. It is a silvery white metal.
Magnesium is a highly inflammable metal and it is easy to ignite its powdered form or
thin strips. Magnesium burns in air by taking oxygen from air to form magnesium oxide
and is basic in nature.

Reaction between Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride

When barium chloride combines with sodium sulphate in the form of their aqueous
solutions, a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed which is insoluble in water.
The reaction also creates sodium chloride, which remains dissolved in water and so
cannot be seen. The precipitate of barium sulphate is insoluble in dil.HCl.

Here, the products formed are entirely different from the reactants in chemical
composition and chemical properties. So this reaction is a chemical change.

Reaction of Iron Nails with Copper Sulphate Solution in Water

When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, a brown coating of copper is
formed on the surface of iron and the colour of copper sulphate solution changes from
blue to light green. This reaction shows that iron is more reactive than copper as it
displaces copper from its solution and iron passes into solution as Fe 2+ ions and ferrous
sulphate solution is formed.This reaction is a single displacement reaction.

Reaction of Zinc with Dilute Sulphuric Acid

Zinc is more reactive than hydrogen and it displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. Zinc
reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas is evolved. This
is a single displacement reaction of a non-metal by a metal.

The products ZnSO4 and H2 (g) are entirely different in chemical composition and
chemical properties from the reactants Zn and H 2SO4. So, this reaction is a chemical
change.

3|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Materials and Reagents

Burning of Magnesium in Air

Reaction of Iron Nails with Copper Sulphate Solution in Water

4|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Reaction between Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride

Reaction of Zinc with Dilute Sulphuric Acid

5|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Procedures

1. Burning of Magnesium in Air

Laboratory Procedures

No. Procedures Observation Inference

1 Take a piece of magnesium It looks silvery white. Colour of

ribbon and rub it with sand magnesium metal is
paper to remove dirt from its silvery white.
surface.

2 Hold the magnesium ribbon It burns brilliantly and a Magnesium burns

with the help of a pair of tongs, white ash is left behind. in air to form
light the magnesium and Magnesium oxide
collect the ash of burnt ribbon (MgO).
in a china dish.

3 Take a moist red litmus paper Red litmus paper turns blue. MgO is basic in
and bring it in contact with the nature.
white ash of MgO.

Simulator Procedures
Please click the link below:
http://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=77&cnt=4
You can select the reactions by clicking on the respective icons.
Burning of Magnesium in Air

1. To turn on the burner, click on the knob of the burner.

2. Click on the tongs to burn the magnesium ribbon and drop the ash into the
evaporating dish.
3. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
4. Drag the spatula and put some ash (MgO) into the three litmus papers.
5. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
6. You can check your result by clicking on the icons shown on the right side.

6|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

7. Click on the ‘Reset’ button to redo the experiment.

Precautions:

1. The surface of magnesium ribbon should be properly cleaned with sand paper.
2. The white ash of magnesium oxide should not be touched.
3. Magnesium ribbon should be held by a pair of tongs while burning it.
4. It is better to use sun glasses to protect eyes from dazzling light of burning
magnesium ribbon.

Identify the changes of matter that took place.

When magnesium burns in the air, it reacts with oxygen present in the air to form
Magnesium oxide, which is a powder white in color and releases heat and light.A new
product is formed with new properties MgO and the composition of magnesium changes

Write the balanced chemical equation.

Mg ( s ) Magnesium + O 2 ( g ) Oxygen ⟶ MgO ( s ) Magnesium oxide.

Inferences

1.

It forms a white powder of the magnesium oxide. Magnesium gives up two electrons to oxygen
atoms to form this powdery product.

2.

Magnesium ribbon (Mg) is cleaned before burning to remove the layer of

magnesium oxide, dirt etc. from its surface. It forms when magnesium ribbon
remain exposed to moist air. Such layer obstructs burning of magnesium.

3.

On burning in air, magnesium ribbon gives dazzling white flame and changes into a white
powder (magnesium oxide, MgO) as a result of reaction between magnesium and oxygen
present in air.

7|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

2. Reaction of Iron Nails with Copper Sulphate Solution in Water

Laboratory Procedures

1. Clean two iron nails of sufficient size by rubbing with sand paper so that their
colour appears greyish.
2. Take sufficient quantity of copper sulphate solution in two test tubes and fix one
test tube in each stand.
3. Tie one iron nail with a thread and hang it in one test tube so that it is completely
immersed in copper sulphate solution. Tie the other end of the thread with the
stand.
4. Keep the other nail in a petri dish for comparison after the experiment.
5. Keep the two test tubes undisturbed for about 15 min.
6. After 15 min. remove the iron nail immersed in copper sulphate solution and put it
in the petri dish.

Simulator Procedures
Please click the link below:
http://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=77&cnt=4
You can select the reactions by clicking on the respective icons.
Reaction of Iron nails with Copper sulphate solution (CuSO 4 (aq))

1. You can see two test tubes with copper sulphate solution and two cleaned iron
nails with thread.
2. Drag one iron nail towards one of the test tubes to immerse it in copper sulphate
solution.
3. Once its done, wait till the timer shows 15 minutes.
4. After about 15 minutes you can see that the colour of the solution changes from
blue to green.
5. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
6. Click on the thread to remove iron nail from the test tube.
7. You can see a brown coating on the iron nail.
8. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
9. You can check your result by clicking on the icons shown on the right side.
10. Click on the ‘Reset’ button to redo the experiment.

8|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Precautions:

1. Clean the iron nails by rubbing them with sand paper to remove rust, dust or
greasy surface.
2. Keep the control experiment to compare the colour of iron nails and copper
sulphate solution.
3. Avoid touching copper sulphate solution or a nail dipped in copper sulphate
solution. As copper sulphate is poisonous.

Write the balanced chemical equation.

Fe+CuSO4→Cu+FeSO4

Observations

1. When iron nails are put into copper sulphate solution, the blue colour of copper
sulphate solution fades gradually and red-brown copper metal is formed.

2. This is a single displacement reaction in which copper is displaced by iron from

copper sulphate solution, resulting in the formation of a new compound, ferrous
sulphate.

Inferences

1. The brown coating on the iron nail shows that copper is deposited on the iron nail by
displacing iron.

2. The greenish colour of the solution in the test tube shows that Fe2+ ions are present
in the solution.

3. This shows that iron is more reactive than copper as Fe2+ ions have displaced Cu2+
ions from copper sulphate solution and form light greenish coloured ferrous sulphate
solution.

9|Page Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

4. This is a single displacement reaction in which copper has been displaced by

iron from copper sulphate solution and a new compound, ferrous sulphate, is
formed. So, this reaction is a chemical change.

3. Reaction between Sodium Sulphate and Barium Chloride

Laboratory Procedures

1. Take a small amount of barium chloride solution in a test tube and pour it into a
conical flask.
2. Then take a small amount of sodium sulphate solution in another test tube and
add it into barium chloride solution taken in the conical flask.
3. Stir the contents of the conical flask and keep it undisturbed for some time.
4. After some time decant the upper solution from the conical flask and add a small
amount of dil. HCl to the precipitate in the conical flask.

Simulator Procedures
Please click the link below:
http://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=77&cnt=4
You can select the reactions by clicking on the respective icons.

Reaction between Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4 (aq)) and Barium Chloride

(BaCl2 (aq))

1. Click on the cork to open the bottle containing BaCl2 solution.

2. To pour BaCl2 solution into the conical flask, drag the bottle towards the conical
flask.
3. Click on the cork to open the bottle containing Na2SO4 solution.
4. To pour Na2SO4 solution into the conical flask, drag the bottle towards the conical
flask.
5. You can see that a white precipitate is formed.
6. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.

10 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

7. Click on the conical flask to place a glass rod in it.

8. Stir the contents of the conical flask by clicking on the glass rod, the preciptate
will settle down.
9. Now drag the conical flask to decant the upper solution into the beaker.
10. Click on the cork to open the bottle containing dil.HCl.
11. To pour dil. HCl into the conical flask, drag the bottle towards the conical flask.
12. Click on the conical flask to place a glass rod in it.
13. Stir the contents of the conical flask by clicking on the glass rod.
14. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
15. You can check your result by clicking on the icons shown on the right side.
16. Click on the ‘Reset’ button to redo the experiment.

Write the balanced chemical equation.

BaCi2(s) + Na2SO4(s) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCI(s)

(barium chloride) (sodium sulphate) (barium sulphate) (sodium chloride)

Observation
1. The reaction of Na2SO4 (aq) and BaCl2 (aq) produces an insoluble white precipitate of
BaSO4.This indicates that it is a double displacement reaction.Since the products
formed are different from the reactants in chemical properties and composition. Thus, it
is a chemical change.

Inferences

1. When sodium sulphate chemically reacts with barium chloride in the form of their
aqueous solutions, white precipitate of barium sulphate appears.

2. This confirms the presence of sulphate (SO42-) ions.

4. Reaction of Zinc with Dilute Sulphuric Acid

Laboratory Procedures

1. Take a small quantity of dil. H2SO4 in a conical flask.

2. Add a small quantity of zinc granules to it.

11 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

3. Bring a wet blue and red litmus paper near the mouth of the conical flask one by
one.
4. Cork the flask with a one bored cork and insert a jet tube through the hole in the
cork.
5. Bring a burning candle near the mouth of the fine jet tube.
6. Pour a small amount of the solution from the conical flask into a test tube.
7. Add few drops of sodium hydroxide solution into it. A white gelatinous precipitate
is formed.
8. Add excess of NaOH into the gelatinous precipitate.
9. The precipitate is soluble in excess of NaOH.
10. Take a small amount of the solution in another test tube and pass H 2S gas
through it using Kipp's apparatus.
11. A white precipitate is formed.

Simulator Procedures
Please click the link below:
http://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=77&cnt=4
You can select the reactions by clicking on the respective icons.
Reaction of Zinc with Dilute Sulphuric Acid
You can select the identification tests by clicking on the respective icons given below.
1) Litmus test:

1. To add zinc granules into dilute sulphuric acid, drag the spatula towards the test
tube.
2. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
3. Drag the litmus papers one by one over the mouth of the test tube to check its
reaction with the gas coming out of the test tube.
4. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
5. You can check your result by clicking on the icons shown on the right side.
6. Click on the ‘Reset’ button to redo the experiment.

2) Hydrogen pop test

12 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

1. Drag the spatula towards the test tube to add zinc granules into the test tube
containing dil. H2SO4.
2. To close the test tube, drag the single bored cork in which a fine jet tube is
inserted, towards the test tube.
3. Drag the burning candle towards the mouth of the fine jet tube.
4. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
5. You can check your result by clicking on the icons shown on the right side.
6. Click on the ‘Reset’ button to redo the experiment.

3) ZnSO4 (aq) with NaOH (aq)

1. Drag the spatula towards the test tube to add zinc granules into the test tube
containing dil. H2SO4.
2. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
3. Wait for some time to complete the reaction.
4. Drag the dropper to add NaOH into the test tube containing zinc sulphate
solution.
5. Click on the test tube to shake the contents of the test tube well.
6. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
7. Again drag the dropper to add excess of NaOH into the test tube.
8. Click on the test tube to shake the contents of the test tube well.
9. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
10. You can check your result by clicking on the icons shown on the right side.
11. Click on the ‘Reset’ button to redo the experiment.

4) ZnSO4 (aq) with H2S gas

1. Drag the spatula towards the test tube to add zinc granules into the test tube
containing dil. H2SO4.
2. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
3. Wait for some time to complete the reaction.
4. To pass H2S gas through the solution, drag the test tube towards the Kipp's
apparatus.
5. Click on the knob of Kipps apparatus to open it and pass H 2S gas through the
solution in the test tube.
6. Click on the knob of Kipps apparatus to close it.
7. Click on the test tube to shake the contents of the test tube well.
8. You can see the inference by clicking on the inference icon.
9. You can check your result by clicking on the icons shown on the right side.
10. Click on the ‘Reset’ button to redo the experiment.

13 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions.

Precautions

1. Use the chemicals judiciously.

2. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face and also from other
classmates.
3. Handle the acids and alkali carefully.

Write the balanced chemical equation.

1)

2)Hydrogen Test:Zn(s)+H2SO4 ZnSO4+H2

3)ZnSO4 (aq) with NaOH (aq): ZnSO4(aq)+NaOH(aq) Zn(OH)2(s)+Na2SO4(aq)

4) ZnSO4 (aq) with H2S gas: ZnSO4(aq)+H2S(g) ZnS(s)+H2SO4

Observations

1. Litmus Test:

After adding zinc granules to dil. H2SO4 evolution of gas bubbles occurs.The gas
coming out does not change the colour of blue and red litmus papers.

2. Hydrogen pop test:

Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce hydrogen gas and zinc
sulphate.Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound.this is a type of displacement reaction of
a non-metal by a metal.The reaction is an example of chemical change.

3. ZnSO4 (aq) with NaOH (aq)

Thus, when sodium hydroxide reacts with zinc sulphate a precipitate of zinc hydroxide is
formed. The zinc hydroxide precipitate is white in colour.
When excess sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of zinc sulphate the precipitate of
zinc hydroxide which is formed reacts with sodium hydroxide.

14 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

4. ZnSO4 (aq) with H2S gas

Zinc is more reactive than hydrogen and it displaces hydrogen from diluteacids. Zinc
reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas is evolved. This
is a single displacement reaction of a non-metal by a metal.

5.
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Inferences

1.Zinc reacts with dil.H2SO4 to form zinc sulphate and evolve hydrogen gas.

2.The test with red and blue litmus papers shows that hydrogen gas is neither acidic nor
basic in nature.NaOH reacts with ZnSO 4 to form a white gelatinous precipitate of zinc
hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) which is soluble in excess of NaOH.

3.ZnSO4 reacts with H2S to form a white precipitate of zinc sulphide (ZnS).

4.Zinc metal is more reactive than hydrogen.This is a single displacement reaction of a

non-metal by a metal. ZnSO4 is entirely different in chemical composition and chemical
properties than Zn and H2SO4. So it is a chemical change

5.
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6.
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7.
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Guide Questions

15 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

1) Define the following terms and give at least two (2) examples (reactions and
equations).

1.1 Combination (Synthesis) Reaction

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Examples:
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2. ___________________________________________________________
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1.2 Decomposition Reaction

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Examples:
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2. ___________________________________________________________
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1.3 Single Replacement Reaction

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16 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay

Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Chem 1 Laboratory General and Inorganic Chemistry

Examples:
1. ___________________________________________________________
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2. ___________________________________________________________
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1.4 Double Replacement Reaction

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Examples:
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2. ___________________________________________________________
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References: (APA format)

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2) _______________________________________________________
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17 | P a g e Ms. Edlyn Vega-Malusay