B.S Political Science Complete Course

UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR
BS (4-YEAR) PROGRAMME
POLITICS SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

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DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Name of the Degree Programme: BS (4-Year Programme) POLITICAL SCIENCE
CONCEPT NOTE
Rationale for BS (Political Science) Degree

Course Aims
Admission and Award of Degree

Rules and regulations for the admission and award of degree are those prescribed for BS by the
University of Peshawar (See Annexure A).
Courses
In one of the faculty of the faculty of Political Science Department, Prof. Dr. Abdul Rauf took the
responsibility of working on the B.S (4-Year) Political Science program. Going through the
document produced by PIPS, Islamabad, main idea/concept with slight changes has been adopted in
the concept note. Help was taken also in choosing courses for the program. Academia and persons in
the National Institute of Pakistan Institute of Parliamentary Services (PIPS), Islamabad, KP
Provincial Assembly were contacted and government help was sought in choosing the courses and
details of the courses. These include, Dr. Akhtar Hussain, IIUI, Dr. Mohammad Idrees, Dr.
Mohammad Shakeel, Mr. Atta Ullah, Special Secretary Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly.
Credit Hours
According to HEC scheme for B.S (4-Year Program), a total of 42 courses of at least 130 credit
hours is required. B.S Political Science Program offers 25 credit hours as Compulsory courses, 24
credit hours as General courses, 30 credit hours as Discipline specific foundation courses, 39 credit
hours Major courses including thesis/internship and 12 credit hours as Elective courses (see
Annexure–B).
A template of the courses offered in different semesters is formed (See Annexure–C). A separate list
of optional courses is also attached (See Annexure – D).
Details of the courses i.e. title, credit hours description, objectives/learning outcome, contents,
recommended readings and further readings is attached (See Annexure E).
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ANNEXURE – A
Minimum Eligibility Criteria for Admission
Students are selected for admission based on the following factors:
 Academic Background (FA. / FSc. / A levels or any other HSSC recognized program)
 Performance in the Admission Test
 Submission of a completed application form and supporting documents
 Interview (if called)
Academic Year/Session
The academic year/session shall comprise of two Regular and optional Summer Semesters as
follows:
 Fall Semester, starting from First Monday of September to second week of January.
 Spring Semester, starting from First Monday of February–Second week of June.
 Summer Semester, during summer vacations to be used for offering minor/related or special
courses, OR in special circumstances, particularly during the first academic years of students, the
Head of the Department may conduct Spring Semester classes during Summer Semester.
Admissions
 Admission to BS 4-Year, Master 2-Year, MPhil & MS will be announced within one week of the
declaration of Intermediate, Bachelor and Master Examinations respectively and the process shall
be completed within one month prior to commencement of semester.
 If the number of students admitted in a program is less than 15, the admission will be considered
as cancelled.
 The Regulations for Admissions and Eligibility Requirements for various programs of studies are
already prescribed and described in the Prospectus(s) of various programs.
Assessment/Evaluation
Marks Breakdown for assessment of each course shall be made as follows:
Maximum Marks for Courses without Maximum Marks for Courses
S.No. Item Laboratory (3+0) with Laboratory (2+1)
1 Mid Terms 9 Weeks 30% 30%
Quizzes/Assignments/ 20% (HoD/Teacher concerned will 20% (HoD/Teacher concerned will
2 Presentation/Attendance determine the distribution as per their determine the distribution as per
Laboratory requirement) their requirement)
3 Final Terms 18 Weeks 50% 50%
Note-2: The format of the question paper(s) shall be designed by the concerned teacher(s) in such a way
that it should explore the students’ grasp of the subject and originality of thoughts/concept
clearance and not only the stored up knowledge. All the subjective and objective questions
should be on higher cognitive level.
i. MID TERM-30%
(Duration 1.5 Hour) Number & Nature of test questions: Ten objective type questions of
1 mark each. Two essay type questions of 10 marks each with no choice.
Nature of Question Paper No. of Questions Marks Allotted
Objective Type 10 10 (01 marks each)
Essay Type 02 20(10 Marks each)

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ii. FINAL TERM:
(Duration 2.0 Hours) Number & Nature of test questions: Ten objective type questions of
20 marks. Three essay type questions of 10 marks each with no choice.
Nature of Question Paper No. of Questions Marks Allotted
Objective Type 10 20 (02 marks each)
Essay Type 03 30(10 Marks each)
Note-3:
1. The Final Term paper shall cover 20% from Mid Term and 80% from the Final Term courses.
Every teacher shall be required to inform the students regarding this distribution in the beginning
of the Semester.
2. The viva-voce of internship/research report shall be conducted by a committee comprising:
 Head of concerned department
 Teacher concerned
 One senior faculty member of the department concerned
3. For thesis an external examiner may be appointed and paid remuneration as per university rules.
Attendance Requirement:
 A minimum of 75% attendance of the lectures delivered in each course will be prerequisite to
appear in Examinations.
 A student who does not satisfy the requirements of attendance (at least 75% in each course) shall
be ineligible to appear for the final-term examination of that course. And he/she shall repeat that
course as regular student whenever it is offered again.
Note-4: If a student represents the University, Province or Country in Sports, or any other officially
sponsored activities during a semester, he/she will be given benefit in attendance up to 20 days in
that semester on the recommendation of the head of the department concerned.
Organization of Teaching:
 Teaching in various courses shall be organized through lectures, tutorials, discussions, seminars,
demonstrations, practical work in laboratories, field work, project, and any other method of
instruction approved by the University.
 Teaching shall be conducted by the University teachers or such other persons as may be declared
to be teachers by the competent authority.
 The university shall offer every required course at least once in an academic year.
 English shall be the medium of instruction and examination for all courses except where
otherwise approved by the competent authority.
Change of Course(s):
 A student, with the permission of relevant dean/respective head of department, may be allowed
to change the course/(s) within 7 days of the commencement of a semester. No change of course
shall be allowed beyond this time limit.
 So far change in a Program/Discipline is concerned; the already existing university rules shall
apply.
Drop/Addition of Course(s):
 A student, with the permission of respective head of department may be allowed to drop/add a
course within 7 days of the commencement of semester subject to the provisions of maximum
and minimum semester work load.
 The dropped course will be deemed not taken by the student ab-initio and will not appear on
his/her transcript altogether.
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Withdrawal from Course(s):
 Withdrawal from a course will be allowed latest up to one week before the final-semester
examination on the recommendation of the concerned teacher with approval by the respective
Head of Department/Institute/Centre.
 Withdrawn course shall be represented by the letter grade ‘W’ on the transcript and will not be
treated as ‘F’ grade, i.e. the credit hours of a ‘W’ course will not be taken into account while
calculating GPA/CGPA of the student.
Repeating Courses:
 If a student was not allowed to take the examination of any subject due to shortage of attendance
in that subject, he/she shall be required to register himself/herself in that subject whenever
offered again, attend the classes regularly and reappear in examination.
 If a student fails in any subject, he/she shall be required to register himself/herself in that subject
whenever offered.
 The credit hours of repeating courses shall not be considered for the purpose of calculating
maximum semester work load of the student.
 The student(s) may repeat up to 6 courses in which he/she failed throughout the program.
 In case a student repeats the course which has already been taken, the old grade will be
substituted with the new grade, (for CGPA calculation) but in case student takes a new course in
lieu of the course in which he/she failed, both the grades will reflect on his/her transcript i.e. old
course grade and new course grade.
Improvement of Grades:
 A student desirous of improving grade(s), from B or C, in selected course(s) may be allowed by
the Head of the relevant Department, with information to the Controller of Examinations, after
declaration of the result of the Final Semester (end of Program).
 Such improvement shall be allowed for not more than four courses, and shall be done within two
semesters after declaration of the result of the Final Semester.
 On improving subject, if one gets the grade less than the previous, the previous grade will be
counted towards his passing.
 Attendance will not be mandatory in the courses for which one has registered for improvement of
grades. Nevertheless, it will be the sole responsibility of the concerned student to coordinate with
the subject teacher regarding class quiz, assignments, presentation etc.
Make-up Examination:
 Make up test will be given on the request of those students who have fulfilled all requirements
for appearing in the Mid/Final Term Examination but could not appear for any genuine reason or
due to attending national/international event on behalf of the University.
 Make-up Examination shall be conducted within 2 weeks of the end of the semester.
 The pattern, i.e. nature and number of questions and weightage of the Make-up Examination
shall remain similar to that of the Mid/Final Term Examination.
 Students appearing in the Make-up Examination shall be charged with double examination fee.
 Any student failing in the Make-up Examination shall be required to re-register for the same
semester as and when that semester starts in future.
 There will be no Makeup/Special Examination in a semester for failed students; if a student fails
in a course, he/she is required to repeat it.
Note-5: Answer books/assignments must be shared with students after grading before the submission
of the result by the concerned teacher.
Promotion (undergraduate program):
For promotion the following conditions shall be followed:
 If a student’s CGPA falls below 2.0, he/she will be promoted (conditionally) and will be put on
1st probation for the next semester.
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 If the student does not come out by increasing his/her CGPA to 2.0, he/she will go on Last
Probation.
 If the student who was earlier on last probation, does not come out by achieving the minimum
desired CGPA, he/she shall be dropped from the Institute and cannot be re-admitted by the same
Institute.
Note: Whenever a student fails or gets a ‘F’ grade, s/he has to repeat the course, whenever offered. The
maximum number of courses that a student may be allowed to repeat will be six (6).
The re-registration for students with ‘F’ grade shall be allowed (on a written request)
to appear in the Mid Term and Final Term examinations for the failed courses whenever
such examinations are conducted again. However, their grades earned in the previous
semester in quizzes/attendance/assignments/presentation/laboratory work will be
considered for grading with the results of the new semester. No new
quizzes/attendance/assignment/ presentation/laboratory work will be required.
S.No. Promotion to A Student Should Pass 50% of A Student Should Pass
the Courses of 100% of the Courses of
1. 2nd Semester 1st Semester ------
2. 3rd Semester 2nd Semester ------
3. 4th Semester 3rd Semester 1st Semester
4. 5th Semester 4th Semester 2nd Semester
5. 6th Semester 5th Semester 3rd Semester
6. 7th Semester 6th Semester 4th Semester
7. 8th Semester 7th Semester 5th Semester
Semester Freezing/leave of Absence:

 Semester freezing will be granted by the relevant Dean on recommendations of the concerned
Head of the Department in response to a request made by the student with reasonable
justification.
 A student can freeze up to two semesters at the maximum during the entire period of a relevant
program of studies.
 No freezing during the semester is allowed, i.e. whenever semester freezing is granted on the
request of the student it would be effective from the beginning of the respective semester, thus all
the attendance, quizzes, assignments, mid-term etc. taken so far in the semester by the student
would be deemed as not have taken place in respect of the concerned student.
 At the end of semester freezing the student will retake admission in the same semester when
offered again and shall have to opt for courses in place at the time of readmission.
 The maximum duration allowed for completion of degree will be extended by the duration of
semester freezing.
Note: During the semester freezing the concerned student shall not be provided any facility by the
University.
Examination Fee:
 Examination Fee shall be collected along with admission fee and other dues by the concerned
Department at the time of admission to a Semester.
 The examination related stationary shall be provided by the Controller of Examinations.
 The amount of prescribed fee and remuneration rates etc. will be as per university rules to be
notified from time to time.
Conduct of Examination:
 Schedule of examination (Date Sheet) for mid-term and final-term examinations shall be notified
by the Coordinator of Examinations at least two weeks before the commencement of respective
examinations.
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 Every Course teacher shall submit the question paper to the coordinator of examinations at least
02 working days before the scheduled date of his/her paper.
 The coordinator of examinations shall make necessary arrangements for the conduct of
examinations including date sheets, acquisition of stationary (answer books) from the Controller
of Examinations office, seating arrangement, photocopying of question paper in required
number, notification of duty roster for teaching and non-teaching staff.
Unfair Means (UFM) Cases:
 Duty teacher/invigilator shall report any unfair means (UFM) case to the coordinator
examinations soon after the conduct of concerned paper.
 The coordinator of examinations shall report the UFM cases to the departmental semester
committee which shall decide all such cases at the most after three days of end of respective
midterm/final-term examinations.
 The UFM cases shall be dealt with as per approved university rules.
Cancellation of Admission:
If a student fails to attend any lecture during the first two weeks, after the commencement of the
semester as per announced schedule, his/her admission shall stand cancelled automatically as per
already existing University Rules without giving any notice.
Course File:
Maintenance of Course Files is mandatory for the teacher. It will have a complete record of
everything that happened during the Semester. The Course File will contain:
 Description of Course/course contents.
 Course coding.
 Weekly Teaching Schedule.
 Dates of Mid-semester Examination.
 Grading policy will identify each activity such as homework, quizzes, mid semester examination,
final examination, term papers.
 Copy of each homework assignment.
 Copy of each quiz given.
 Copy of mid semester examinations.
 Grading sheets of the Course detailing statistical data on the grades obtained by students.
 Difficulties, problems faced during classroom/course delivery
Result Declaration:
 The mid-term result of a semester shall be prepared and displayed on the departmental notice
board by the concerned teacher within 7 days of the end of such examination.
 After holding the final-term examination of a semester each teacher shall prepare three copies of
the result/awards on the prescribed subject award list (Annexure-I). He/she shall retain one copy
and submit two copies to the Coordinator of Examinations along with answer books and question
paper.
 The Coordinator of Examinations shall keep one copy in his/her record while forward the second
copy of the award list to the Controller of Examinations duly signed by the head of
department/institute/centre.
 The result of First Semester of any program of studies shall be prepared and notified
provisionally by the departmental semester coordinator of examinations after taking approval
from the concerned head of department. Such a result shall be notified within 10 days of the
conduct of final-term examination of the semester and a copy (Provisional) will be given to the
student concerned.
 The results of all the following semesters including the results of previous semester (s) as per
attached specimen (Annexure-II) will be prepared by the coordinator of examinations duly
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signed by the head of department/institute/centre and forwarded to the Controller of
Examinations of the University for Notification. One copy of the result will be given to the
student concerned also.
 The result of each semester shall be declared within 10 days of the conduct of the Final Term
examination.
 The consolidated result shall be declared within 30 days of the conduct of the last examination of
the Final Semester of the program.
 For the programs/degrees where research is optional, the students are required to submit the
Thesis/Research Project report within two months from the date of last examination of the final
semester. The evaluation of the project shall be made by the panel of three examiners comprising
the Head, external examiner (to be recommended by the departmental semester committee and
appointed by the controller of examinations) and a faculty member nominated by the
Departmental Semester Committee.
Record Keeping:
 Record of all results of each semester provided by the concerned Head of the Department to the
Controller of Examinations shall be kept on record by the Controller of Examinations.
 All Answer Books shall be kept on record for two years after declaration of the final result at the
concerned Department.
Grading System:
i. The grading shall be done on a scale of 1–4.
ii. Equivalence between Letter grading and Numerical grading shall be as follows:
iii. Fraction of marks obtained in a course shall be counted as one mark, e.g. 60.3 shall be
considered as 60 while 49.5 or more is to be considered as 50.
iv. Grade Point Average (GPA) is an expression for the average performance of the student in the
courses he/she has taken during any semester, thus GPA may be calculated for 1 st semester, 2nd
semester or any other semester.
v. GPA shall be rounded to two decimal places, e.g. a GPA of 2.064285 shall be reported as 2.06,
while a GPA of 2.065124 shall be reported as 2.07.
vi. GPA shall be calculated in the following manner:
GPA=ΣGP/ΣCH (for all the courses offered in a single semester), where:
GP=Numeric Value of % of Marks obtained in a course multiplied by credit Hours of the said
course
ΣGP = Sum of all the Grade Points of courses offered in the semester
ΣCH = Sum of all credit hours of courses offered in the semester
Example-1: Calculation of GPA without Withdrawal of courses:

Course Code %age of obtained Grade Value Credit Hours Grade Point
Marks (CH) (GP)
511 65 C 2.4 3 7.2
513 72 B 3.0 3 9.0
515 80 B 3.5 3 10.5
517 51 D 1.1 2 2.2
519 42 F 0.0 3 0.0
Total 14 28.9
GPA = ΣGP/ΣCH (for all courses offered in a semester) = 149.28= 2.064285, and by rounding to
two decimal places, the GPA will become 2.06.
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Example – 2: Calculation of GPA with Withdrawal of courses:
Course Code %age of obtained Grade Value Credit Hours Grade Point
Marks (CH) (GP)
511 65 C 2.4 3 7.2
513 72 B 3.0 3 9.0
515 80 B 3.5 3 10.5
517 51 D 1.1 2 2.2
519 42 F 0.0 3 0.0
Total 14 28.9
GPA = ΣGP/ΣCH (for all courses offered in a semester) =119.28= 2.6272, and by rounding to
two decimal places, the GPA will become 2.63.
vii. Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) is an expression for the average performance of the
student in all the courses he/she has taken during all the previous semesters (the entire course of
study), thus at the end of 1 st semester, CGPA will be the same as GPA, while CGPA at the end of
2nd or any subsequent semester will be calculated by taking into account all the courses taken by
the student in all the previous semesters.
viii.The CGPA shall be rounded to two decimal places.
CGPA=ΣGP/ΣCH (for all the courses taken so far in all the previous semesters/the entire course
of study),
Where:
GP = Numeric Value of % of Marks obtained in a subject multiplied by credit hours of
the said subject
ΣGP = Sum of all the Grade Points of courses offered in all the previous semesters
ΣCH = Sum of all the credit hours of courses offered in all the previous semesters.
ix. A student shall be awarded incomplete grade represented by ‘I’ in the following cases:
 If a student fails to complete any assignment, term paper or presentation assigned to him by the
teacher for the purpose of internal assessment.
 In case a student is unable to appear in part or whole of the mid or final term examination of a
semester on medical grounds or circumstances beyond the control of student to be determined by
the Head of the Department, provided that he/she fulfills the condition of having attended the
prescribed number of lectures.
Award of Degrees:
Minimum requirement for the award of 4 year BA/BS and ongoing MA/MSc or MS/MPhil/PhD
degrees shall be a CGPA of 2.0 and 2.5 respectively.
Departmental Semester Examination Committee:

The Head of every Department shall notify a Semester Examination Committee, comprising 4
members including the Head of the Department as the Convener, two senior faculty members
and Coordinator Examinations as the Secretary of the Committee, to perform the following
functions:
 Periodic assessment of the progress of different courses being taught.
 Periodic assessment of the contents of different courses being taught.
 Investigation of any irregularity in the assessment of any course taught.
 Periodic assessment of the method of teaching, pattern of question papers, and any other relevant
aspect.
 The Committee shall submit annual report on the academic performance and assessment of
students to the respective Dean.
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 The Committee shall also submit a report, to the respective Dean, on the evaluation of teachers
by the students and evaluation of the courses by the students, using the questionnaires available
with the Director, Quality Enhancement Cell.
 The Committee shall look after the use of un-fair means during the any examination, and also the
general behavior of students. The Committee shall be entitled to impose appropriate penalties as
per university rules.
 To review and analyze the question paper on standard format.
 All the proceeding of the Committee shall be recorded by the Secretary (Departmental
Coordinator Semester Examinations) and approved by the Convener.
University Semester Committee:

There shall be a University Semester Committee to be constituted by the Vice Chancellor. The
Committee shall comprise the following as members:
 All Deans
 Registrar or his nominee
 Director Admissions
 Controller of Examinations or his nominee
 Director, Quality Enhancement Cell (QEC)
 Coordinator Semester Program
The Committee shall perform the following functions:
 Provide consultation to the Departments regarding implementation of semester system.
 Provide support in the implementation of semester system by arranging short courses for the
faculty on various aspects.
 Monitor and report on the implementation of semester Regulations and address various issues
arising thereof.
 Recommend necessary amendments in the Semester Regulations, if needed.
Repealing Clause:
Subsequent to the approval of the above-mentioned Regulations for the Semester System at the
University of Peshawar, all existing Regulations pertaining to the conduct of Semester System at
any of the Department/College/Institute/Centre shall stand repealed.
Academic Calendar:
The university shall publish a schedule of complete academic year for Fall, Spring, and Summer
Semesters in the respective prospectus for the convenience of students and faculty members
mentioning the following:
 Semester starting date
 Holidays during the semester
 Semester culmination date
 Mid/Final-Exam Week
 Grade notification date
Note: Instruction should be given in the calendar to the students that they will be responsible to meet
the requirement and deadline published for each semester in the academic calendar of the
university. Students are expected to know, adhere to regulations, course loads, prerequisites and
policies of the university as well as those of the departments/ institutes/ centers in which they
will be enrolled.
Submission of Thesis:
Students will be required to submit the thesis within 120 days of last theory paper, failing which
will vacate the Hostels.
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ANNEXURE – B
STANDARDIZED FORMAT/SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS (4-YEAR)

IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
STRUCTURE
Sr. Categories No. of courses Credit Hours
1. Compulsory Requirement (No choice) 9 25
2. General Courses to be chosen from other departments 7 21
3. Discipline Specific Foundation Courses 9 32
4. Major Courses including research project / Internship 12 40
5. Electives within the major 4 12
Total 41 130
Total numbers of Credit hours 130
Duration 4 Years
Semester duration 16-18 Weeks
Semesters 8
Course Load per Semester 15–18 Cr. Hrs
Number of courses per semester /practical courses) 4-6 (not more than 3 lab)
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LAYOUT
Major
Compulsory Courses
Requirements General Courses Discipline Elective
Including
(the student to be chosen from Specific Foundation Courses
research project/
has no choice) other Depts. Courses within the major
internship
9 Courses 7-8 Courses 9-10 Courses 11-13 Courses 4 Courses
25 21–24 30–33 36–42 12
Credit Hours Cr. Hours Cr. Hours Cr. Hours Cr. Hours
Cr. Cr. Cr. Cr. Cr.
Subject Hrs. Subject Hrs. Subject Hrs. Subject Hrs. Subject Hrs.
1. English – I 03 1. Fundamental of 03 1. Political 03 1. Constitutional 03 1. Public 03

Economics Philosophy – I Development in Administration in
(Western: Ancient Pakistan Pakistan
& Medieval)
2. English – II 03 2. Introduction to 03 2. Political 03 2. Principles of 03 2. Basic Factors in 03

Law Philosophy – I Public International
(Muslim: Ancient Administration Relations
& Medieval)
3. English – III 03 3. Logical and 03 3. Political 03 3. Government and 03 3. International 03

Critical Thinking Philosophy – II Politics in Pakistan Law
(Western: Modern)
4. English – IV 03 4. Introduction to 03 4. Political 03 4. Local 03 4. Politics, 03

Sociology Philosophy – II Government in Information and
(Muslim: Modern) Pakistan Communication
Technologies
5. Pakistan Studies 02 5. Introduction to 03 5. Political 03 5. Civil & Military 03

History Systems (UK and Bureaucracy in
USA) Pakistan
6. Islamic Studies / 02 6. Political 03 6. Political 03 6. Public Policy 03

Ethics Sociology Systems (Russia, and Governance
Germany, France)
7. Introduction to 03 7. Introduction to 03 7. Political 03 7. Political Parties 03

Pol. Science – I Statistics Systems (China & and Elections in
India) Pakistan
8. Introduction to 03 8. Introduction to 03 8. International and 03 8. Constitution of 03

Pol. Science – II International Regional Pakistan 1973
Relations Organizations
9. Introduction to 03 9. Muslim Political 9. Pakistan 03

Basics in Computer Systems (Saudi Movement (Pre-
Science Arabia, Turkey, Independence)
Afghanistan and
Algeria)
10. Theories of 03 10. Religion and

Political Politics in Pakistan
Development
11. Research 03
Methodology
12. Internship / 06
Thesis / Or 6
Credit Hours from
Elective Courses
Total Cr. Hrs. 25 24 30 39 12
Total Credit hours: 130
* University has the option to recommend any other course in lieu of English IV
** University may recommend any other course in lieu of Mathematics II
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ANNEXURE – C
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR

4-Year Bachelor Degree Program in Political Science
Following is scheme of 4-Year Program in Political Science

Code Number: – Onward [for B.S 4-Year Program]
YEAR – 1 Semester – I
Course Code Course Title Cr. Hrs.
ENG-111 English – I 3
ISL-112 Islamic Studies / Ethics 2
POLS-113 Introduction to Political Science – I 3
POLS-114 Introduction to International Relations 3
ECO-115 Fundamental of Economics 3
TOTAL 14
YEAR – 1 Semester – II
ENG-121 English – II 3
PST-122 Pakistan Studies 2
POLS-123 Introduction to Political Science – II 3
HIST-125 Introduction to History 3
LAW-126 Introduction to Law 3
CS-245 Introduction to Basics in Computer Science 3
TOTAL 17
YEAR – 2 Semester – III

ENG-231 English – III 3
POLS-232 Political Philosophy – I (Western: Ancient & Medieval) 3
POLS-233 Political Philosophy – I (Muslim: Ancient & Medieval) 3
POLS-234 Basic Factors in International Relations 3
POLS- Political Systems (UK and USA) 3
TOTAL 15
YEAR – 2 Semester – IV
ENG- English – IV 3
POLS- Political Philosophy – II (Western: Modern) 3
POLS- Political Philosophy – II (Muslim: Modern) 3
POLS- International Law 3
POLS- Constitutional Development in Pakistan 3
POLS- Introduction to Sociology 3
TOTAL 18
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YEAR – 3 Semester – V
POLS- Pakistan Movement (Pre-Independence) 3
POLS- Political Systems (Russia, Germany and France) 3
POLS- Muslim Political Systems (Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan and Algeria) 3
POLS- Constitution of Pakistan 1973 3
POLS- Civil & Military Bureaucracy in Pakistan 3
TOTAL 15
YEAR – 3 Semester – VI
POLS- Government and Politics in Pakistan 3
Theories of Political Development 3
POLS- Political Systems (China and India) 3
POLS- Principles of Public Administration 3
POLS- Local Government in Pakistan 3
POLS- Public Policy and Governance 3
TOTAL 18
YEAR – 4 Semester – VII

POLS- Political Parties & Elections in Pakistan 3
POLS- Religion and Politics in Pakistan 3
POLS- International and Regional Organizations 3
Introduction to Statistics 3
POLS- Research Methodology 3
TOTAL 15
YEAR – 4 Semester – VIII

POLS- Political Sociology 3
POLS- Public Administration in Pakistan 3
POLS- Logical and Critical Thinking 3
POLS- Politics and Information and Communication Technologies 3
POLS- Internship/Thesis/ Or 6 Credit Hours from Elective Courses 6
TOTAL 18
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Annexure – D
List of Optional Courses [B.S 4-Year Program)
Apart from courses listed in the 4-Year Integrated Scheme for Bachelors’ Degree, the
following optional courses may be offered by the department. Course contents along
with a list of suggested readings will be made available to the students by the respective
teachers.
Course Course Title Cr. Hrs.
Code
POLS-101 Constitutional Development in Pakistan with reference to leading cases 3
POLS-102 Contemporary Theories of Comparative Governments 3
POLS-103 Economy of Pakistan 3
POLS-104 Foreign Policy Analysis and the Foreign Policies of USA, China, India and Pakistan 3
POLS-105 International Political Economy 3
POLS-106 Issues in International Relations: Terrorism, Environment, Drug Trafficking, Ethnicity 3
POLS-107 Muslim Political Philosophy with focus on Ghazali, Ibn-e-Khaldun 3
POLS-108 Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 3
POLS-109 Pakistan in World Affairs 3
POLS-110 Peace Studies 3
POLS-111 Political & Institutional Development in Pakistan 3
POLS-113 Political Systems of Europe (Germany, Switzerland and Albania) 3
POLS-115 South Asian Political Systems (India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) 3
POLS-116 Regional Organizations 3
POLS-117 Strategies of Good Governance in Pakistan 3
POLS-118 Communication Skills 3
POLS-356 Contemporary Political Thought 3
POLS-476 Politics of International Economic Relations 3
POLS-486 Muslim World 3
POLS-487 Social Change & Political Development 3
POLS-488 Political Ideologies 3
NOTE: More Courses can be added to the above list.

15
ANNEXURE – E
DETAILS OF COURSES
1st Semester
ENGLISH – I Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course introduces students to the requisite level of English language expression.
OBJECTIVES
1. Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Basics of Grammar
2. Parts of speech and use of articles
3. Sentence structure, active and passive voice
4. Practice in unified sentence
5. Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
6. Transitive and intransitive verbs
7. Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
2. Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the discretion of the
teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject teachers
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation Skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
1. A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Practical English Grammar: Exercises 1. Third edition.
Oxford University Press. 1997.
2. A. J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Practical English Grammar: Exercises 2. Third edition.
Oxford University Press. 1997.
b). Writing
1. Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Intermediate Writing: Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993.
c). Reading/Comprehension
1. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Reading. Upper Intermediate: Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Third Impression 1992.
d). Speaking
16
ISLAMIC STUDIES / ETHICS Cr. Hrs. 02
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course is designed to acquaint the students with some of the basic believes and required
practices from the Muslims, along with their philosophy. Emphasize will be on presenting Islam
in the modern period and addressing various issues of the young mind.
OBJECTIVES
 To enable the students to understand the basic articles of faith in the light of Quran and Sunnah.
 To introduce the students with the basic elements of Islamic civilization.
 To enable the students to understand the basic principles of economic, social and political life.
COURSE CONTENTS
Introduction to Quranic Studies
1. Basic Concepts of Quran.
2. History of Quran.
3. Uloom-ul –Quran.
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1. Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2. Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18)
3. Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of Faithful (Verse No-1-11)
4. Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5. Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran

1. Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2. Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment
3. Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I

1. Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah (Before Prophet Hood) 40
2. Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3. Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II

1. Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2. Important Events of Life of Holy Prophet in Madina
3. Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Introduction to Sunnah
1. Basic Concepts of Hadith
2. History of Hadith
3. Kinds of Hadith
4. Uloom –ul-Hadith
5. Sunnah & Hadith
6. Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
1. Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2. History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3. Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4. Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5. Islam and Sectarianism
17
Islamic Culture & Civilization

1. Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2. Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3. Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4. Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science

1. Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2. Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3. Quran & Science
Islamic Economic System

1. Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2. Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3. Islamic Concept of Riba
4. Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam

1. Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2. Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3. Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1. Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2. Period of Ummayyads
3. Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam

1. Basic Concepts of Social System Of Islam
2. Elements Of Family
3. Ethical Values Of Islam
1. Hameed Ullah Muhammad. Muslim Conduct of State.
2. Hameed Ullah Muhammad. Introduction to Islam.
3. Hussain Hamid Hassan. An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law. Leaf Publication:
Islamabad, Pakistan.
4. Ahmad Hasan. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamic Research Institute, International
Islamic University, Islamabad (1993).
5. Mir Waliullah. Muslim Jurisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes. Islamic Book Service
(1982).
6. H. S. Bhatia. Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society. Deep & Deep Publications: New
Delhi, India (1989).
FURTHER READINGS
1. Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Introduction to Al Sharia Al, Islamia, Allama Iqbal Open
University, Islamabad, (2001).
2. Hameed Ullah Muhammad. Emergence of Islam, IRI, Islamabad.
3. Mulana Amin Ahsan Islahi. Haqeeqat-e-Deen. Anjuman-e-Khuddam-ul-Quran: Lahore.
18
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE – I Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course provides an early conceptual exercise to students in Political Science. The course
begins with the elementary discussion of what political science is; what is the scope of the
subject and its core concepts. It teaches students about the origin and nature of the central
concern of political science – the state. It challenges the students’ view of what constitutes
political power and its various manifestations. Lastly, it familiarizes the students with the idea of
government and its operations.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is to introduce the students with the fundamentals of the subject of
Political Science and prepare them for advanced studies in the forthcoming semesters. The very
basic concepts and terminology commonly used in the further courses of studies are taught to
make the students friendly with the subject.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Definition, Nature, Scope and Sub-fields of Political Science.
2. Relationship of Political Science with other social sciences.
3. Approaches to the study of Political Science: Traditional and behavioral approach.
4. State: its origin and evolution; Western and Islamic concepts of State,
5. Nation and Sovereignty.
6. Basic concepts of Political Science: Power, Authority, Legitimacy
7. Organs of Government: Legislature, Executive, Judiciary.
Note: Sub-fields of Political Science include: Political Philosophy/Theory; Comparative Politics;

International Relations; Public Administration/ Public Policy; Local Government, etc.
1. Ahmad, Sheikh Bashir. Riyasat Jo Ilm (Sindhi meaning Science of State). Jamshoro Institute of
Sindhalogy, University of Sindh, 1985.
2. Mazher ul Haq. Theory and Practice in Political Science. Lahore: Bookland, 1996.
3. Ian Mackenzi (Ed.). Political Concepts: A Reader and Guide. Edinburgh, University Press, 2005.
4. Mohammad Sarwar, Introduction to Political Science, Lahore: Ilmi Kutub Khana, 1996.
5. R. C. Agarwal, Political Theory (Principles of Pol. Science). New Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 2006.
6. Robert Jackson and Dorreen Jackson, A Comparative Introduction to Political Science, New
Jersey, Prentice – Hall, 1997.
7. Rodee Anderson etc. Introduction to Political Science. Islamabad: National Book Foundation,
Latest Edition.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Roskin, Michael G. Political Science: An Introduction. London: Prentice Hall, 1997.
2. Shafi, Choudhry Ahmad. Usul-e-Siyasiat (Urdu). Lahore Standard Book Depot, 1996.
3. V. D. Mahajan. Political Theory- Principles of Political Science. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co.,
2006.
19
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course is designed to acquaint students with the early history and core concepts of
international relations. The developments in the discipline of international relations are
essentially intertwined with the world events at a particular phase.
OBJECTIVES
The course deals with the study of important events in International Relations and provides a
survey on different empirical perspectives of International Relations. The main objective is to
integrate theory and policy in the context of specific historical cases in international politics.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Origin and development of International Relations;
2. International Relations between the two world wars;
3. Origin and causes of World Wars I and II;
4. Developments in International Politics in the Post-World War – II era;
5. Origin and causes of the Cold War;
6. End of Cold War and its implications;
7. Collapse of the Soviet Union and the New World Order;
8. Characteristics of the International Politics after 9/11.
9. Contemporary issues in International Relations:
10. Role of non-state actors
a) Terrorism;
b) Religion and Politics;
c) Globalization;
d) Nuclear Proliferation.
1. Norman Lowe. Mastering Modern World History. 5th Edition. 2013. Palgrave Macmillan, UK.
2. David S. Mason. A Concise History of Modern Europe. Third Edition. 2015. Maryland, U.S.
3. Henry Kissinger. World Order. 2014. Penguin Press, New York.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Henry Kissinger. Diplomacy. 1994, Simon & Schuster.
2. John Baylis, Steve Smith & Patricia Owens. The Globalization of World Politics. 2011, Oxford
University Press.
3. David G. Williamson. War and Peace; International Relations 1878-1941. 1994, Hodder
Education.
4. Donald J. Puchala. Theory and History in International Relations. 2003, Routledge.
5. P. M. L Bell and Mark Gilbert. The World since 1945: An International History. Bloomsbury.
20
FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMICS Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is a one-semester introduction to the basic tools of micro- and
macroeconomic analysis. Microeconomics deals with consumers, firms, markets and
income distribution. Macroeconomics deals with national income, employment, inflation
and money. This would enable the students to have a basic idea about these topics and
understanding of various economic phenomena in everyday life.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Economics:
 Key Aspects of Economics
 Methodology of Economics: Micro VS Macro
 How to Define Economics
 Nature of Economics
 Economics and Business Environment
 Basic Problems of an Economy
2. Fundamental Concepts of Economics
 Scarcity and Choice
 Choice at Personal Level
 Choice at National Level
 Production
 Distribution
 Factor Pricing
 Consumption
 Factors of Production
 Functions of the Entrepreneur
3. Business and Public Structure in a Mixed Economy
 Mixed Economy
 The Sole Proprietor
 The Partnership
 Joint-Stock Company: The Public Company; The Private Company
 Co-operative Enterprise
 Public Enterprise
 The Nature of Profits
 The Location of Industry
4. The Market, Production Costs and Market Structures
 Market
 Classes of Market
 Types of Market
 Price Determination
 Demand Analysis
 Supply Analysis
 Equilibrium of Demand and Supply
5. Utility and Theory of Consumer’s Choice
 Consumer’s Surplus
 Indifference Approach
 Budget Line
 Consumer’s Equilibrium
 Income Change
 Single Price Change
6. Production Function and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns
 Production Function
 Law of Diminishing Returns
21
 Economies of Scale
 Internal Economies
 External Economies
7. Cost-Revenue Analysis
 Meaning of Cost
 Kinds of Cost
 Concept of Time-Factor
 Meaning of Revenue
 Kinds of Revenue
 Relationship Between Average and Marginal Revenue
8. Types of Market Situation
 Perfect Competition
 Monopoly
 Discriminating Monopoly
 Monopolistic Competition
 Oligopoly
 Kinked Demand Curve
 Price Leadership
9. National Income Analysis
 Meaning and Definition
 Kinds of National Income
 Measurement of National Income
 Problems of Computation
10. Money and Banking
 The Origin of Money
 Definition of Money
 Functions of Money
 Types of Money
 Monetary Standards
 Value of Money
 Banking
 Commercial Banks
 Central Bank
 Process of Credit creation
11. Economic Goals and Government Policies
 Full Employment
 Economic Growth
 Price Stability
 Balance of Payments Equilibrium
 Economic Security
 Economic Freedom
 Fiscal Policy
 Monetary Policy
12. Inflation and Unemployment
 What is Inflation
 Theories of Inflation
 The Philips Curve
 Controlling Inflation: Monetary Measures; Fiscal Measures
13. Pakistan’s Economic Problems and Development
 Economic System of Pakistan
 Measurement of Economic Development
 Components of Economic Growth
 Agricultural Problems
 Main Industrial Issues
22
14. Current Economic Issues of Pakistan and Their Solution
1. Jack Harvey. Mastering Economics. Macmillan Press Limited, 1994.
2. Khawja and Khawja. Economic Theory Part I.
3. Khawja and Khawja. Economic Theory Part II.
4. Krugman, Paul R., Martha L. Olney, and Robin Wells. Fundamental of Economics. 2008.
FURTHER READING
1. Conway, Edmund. 50 Economics Ideas You Really Need to Know. Quercus Books, 2011.
2. Pettinger. Cracking Economics.
3. Hazlitt, Henry. Economics in One Lesson. Westport, Conn.: Arlington, 1978.
23
2nd Semester
ENGLISH – II Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is intended for English language learners who need to develop an understanding
of English grammar to study at the college level. ... This course focuses on further practice of the
forms, meanings, and usage of grammatical structures of English. Oral and written practice
reinforces the structures studied.
OBJECTIVES
 Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
COURSE CONTENTS
Paragraph Writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary and précis writing
and comprehension.
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation)
Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
1. A. J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Practical English Grammar: Exercises 2. Third edition.
Oxford University Press 1986.
b) Writing
2. Rob Nolasco. Upper-Intermediate Writing: Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression,
1992, (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and
argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Advanced Reading: Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third
Impression 1991.
2. John Langan. Reading and Study Skills.
3. Richard Yorky. Study Skills.
FURTHER READINGS
2. Rob Nolasco. Upper-Intermediate Writing: Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression
1992. (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and
argumentative writing).
24
PAKISTAN STUDIES Cr. Hrs. 02
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course exposes the students to the history of the region comprising Pakistan, provide an
overview of contending perspectives on the origins of the country, and examine its politics,
society and culture. The course, furthermore, looks at some contemporary developmental issues
facing the country.
OBJECTIVES
Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan,
ideological background of Pakistan.
Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the modern age and
posing challenges to Pakistan.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal
and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
1. Ikram Rabbani, Pakistan Studies.
2. I. H. Qureshi. The Struggle for Pakistan.
3. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Abdul Hameed, Muslim Separatism in India.
2. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
25
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE – II Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course provides a broad critical introduction to politics and political science. It attempts a
broad exploration of the processes and practices that shape political life, the institutional contexts
and social framework of political activity, and the role of ideas, institutions and values in
influencing political behaviour. The course examines the relationship between power and
politics, provides a broad overview of the scope, methods and concerns of political studies, and
examines the institutional contexts within which politics is produced.
OBJECTIVES
This course is the continuation of Political Science-I. It mainly emphasizes on the functional
aspects of the politics in a society. The students are to be enabled to understand the various forms
of state and government, functioning of the political system and study its various components
and actors influencing this functioning.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Forms of State: Unitary, Federation, Confederation.
2. Forms of Government: democracy, Authoritarian Parliamentary, Presidential
3. Political System: Definition, Characteristics and Functions
4. Constitution: Definition, sources, kinds and amendments.
5. Law: Definition, Sources, kinds; rule of law, its relationship with Morality, individual Liberty
and Rights & Duties.
1. Ian Mackenzi (Ed.), Political Concepts: A Reader and Guide, Edinburgh, University Press, 2005.
2. Mazher ul Haq, Theory and Practice in Political Science, Lahore Bookland, 1996.
3. Michael G. Roskin, Political Science: An Introduction, London: Prentice Hall, 1997.
4. Mohammad Sarwar, Introduction to Political Science, Lahore Ilmi.
5. Rodee Anderson etc. Introduction to Political Science, Islamabad, National Book Foundation,
Latest Edition.
FURTHER READINGS
1. R. C. Agarwal. Political Theory (Principles of Pol. Science), New Delhi, S. Chand & Co., 2006.
2. Robert Jackson and Doreen Jackson. A Comparative Introduction to Political Science (New
Jersey, Prentice–Hall, 1997)
3. Rodee Anderson etc. Introduction to Political Science, Islamabad, National Book Foundation,
Latest Edition.
26
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
What is history? In this course the students will explore this question in depth. A definitive
answer is unlikely, but we can examine and discuss the various ways in which historians have
attempted to understand and write about the past. The course catalogue provides this description:
“The philosophy of history and various methodological approaches used in studying the past.
Critical reading and writing skills emphasized.” The focus will be on the latter, with some
attention to the former.
OBJECTIVES
By the end of this course, students will be able:
1. To understand various approaches to the study of the past, and how these approaches have
changed over time.
2. To be able to develop a good historical question, one that is limited, interpretive, and in some
sense original.
3. To write a concise, high quality, critical, and clearly presented summary of a chosen history
book, article or film.
4. To read, critically analyze, and write about historical documents.
5. To learn the skills needed to research and write a research paper on a topic of their own
choosing.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. What is history?
2. Nature and Scope of History
3. Benefits of History: History as a corrective force; History as a repetitive force
4. Branches of History (Political, cultural, social, economic, intellectual and art history, history
of science etc.)
5. Relationship of History with other disciplines
6. Causation
7. Objectivity and subjectivity
8. Kinds of History: Narrative History, Scientific History, Philosophy of History, Future
History
1. Carr, E. H., What is History? Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
2. Collingwood, R. G., The Idea of History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
3. Gorvranski, History Meaning and Methods, USA, 1969.
4. Muttahari, Murtaza, Society and History, Tr. (Urdu) Mahliqa Qarae. Tehran, 1985.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Gorvranski, History Meaning and Methods, USA, 1969.
2. Muttahari, Murtaza, Society and History, Tr. (Urdu) Mahliqa Qarae. Tehran, 1985.
3. Carr, E. H., What is History? Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
Collingwood, R. G. The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
27
INTRODUCTION TO LAW Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Introduction to Law guides the undergraduate students in an initial study of law and legal
reasoning. It covers the nature and function of rules/law, the distinctiveness of legal reasoning,
and the way in which law responds to social phenomena and contributes to the development of
different social, business and economic institutions. It is covering both criminal and civil
proceedings.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter students will understand the following main points:
1. The nature of law;
2. The ways in which the law may be classified, including the differences between public and
private law, civil and criminal law and common law and equity;
3. The development of English law including the emergence of the common law and equity;
4. The basic principles of legal liability, such as the distinction between civil and criminal
liability.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Jurisprudence
2. Law, its kinds
 Civil law
 Criminal law
 Constitutional law
 Administrative law
 Public and private laws
3. The nature and sources of law
4. Morality
5. Islamic Law or Shariah
6. Fundamental Rights
7. Liberty and Equality
1. Fitzgerald, P. J. Salmond on Jurisprudence. London: Sweet and Maxwell, 12th edition.
2. Farrani. M. Jurisprudence: Based on Salmond and Hibbert. Lahore, Nadeem Law Book House.
3. Mahajan, V. D. Jurisprudence. Lahore: Irfan Law Books, 1996.
4. Paton, G. W. A Text Book of Jurisprudence. London: English Language Book Society, 1964, 3rd
edition.
5. Lopatina, Oksana. Introduction to Law. Outline of the course. Higher School of Economics,
Moscow, 2004.
6. Poole, Iill. Casebook on Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2005.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Finer, S. E., Bodgdanor, V. and Rudden, B. Comparing Constitutions. Oxford University Press,
1998.
2. Church, J. Workbook for Introduction to the Law. Butterworths, 1996.
28
INTRODUCTION TO BASICS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Computer is the basic instrument in making knowledge generated and disseminated. It help in
analyzing data with better accuracy with minimum human input ensuring maximum transparency
and avoiding human errors otherwise most common in social science research. The course is
therefore mandatory at undergraduate level in all BS Program offered in HEC recognized
Institutions of Pakistan.
OBJECTIVES
The students are introduced to the basic structure and working of computer machine. This course
provide them basic understanding of its operational mechanism and some common feature useful
for students and researchers.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Computers, Concepts, Functions, Applications, Hardware.
2. Input/ Output Devices
3. Software (System Software, Application Software, Customized Software)
4. Word Processing
5. Spreadsheet
6. Tools of Statistical Analyses Using Computer
7. Database Application
8. Internet Browser
9. E-mail: Personal Organizers
10. Multimedia Applications
11. Business Applications
1. N., Peter. (2000). Introduction to Computers. California: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

2. Nethan, M. (1999). Statistical Methods for Social Scientists: An Introduction. New Delhi:
Prentice-Hall of Indian (Private) Limited.
3. Pine, Vanderlyn R. (1977). Introduction to Social Statistics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall Inc.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Senter, R. J. (1969). Analysis of Data Introductory Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New
Jersey: Scott, Foresman and Company.
2. Siegal, Sidney. (1956). Non Parameter Statistics for Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Company.
29
rd
3 Semester
ENGLISH – III Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is designed to develop writing skills based on their own thinking and
deliberation. Special emphasis will be done on academic and scholastic writing.
OBJECTIVES
To enable the student to learn language skills and develop critical thinking
COURSE CONTENTS
Presentation skills
Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper.
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content, language, form,
clarity, consistency).
Technical Report writing
Progress report writing
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building.
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills.
Essay Writing and Academic Writing

1. Advanced Writing by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0
19 435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report writing).
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St.
Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by northern Illinois University.
General Editors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton.
(A reader which will give students exposure to the best of twentieth century literature,
without taxing the taste of engineering students)
30
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – I (WESTERN: ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Political Institutions in Greece:
2. The Philosophy of Stoics and Epicurians;
3. Socrates
4. Plato;
5. Aristotle
6. St. Augustine
7. Polybius
8. Cicero
9. John of Salisbury
10. St. Thomas Aquinas.
1. G. H. Sabine, History of Political Thought, London, 1980.
2. D. R. Bhandari, History of European Political Thought, New Delhi, 1962.
3. Earnest Barker, Greek Political Thought: Plato and Aristotle, London, 1964.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Ebenstein, Political Thought From Plato to Present, London 1986.

2. Judd Herman, Political Thought from Plato to the Present, Islamabad, National Book Foundation,
1982.
31
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – I (MUSLIM: ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
a). The Concept of State in Islam:
i. Khilafat
ii. Shura
i. Sovereignty
ii. Iv. Equality
iii. Status of non-Muslim
b). Thinkers:
i. Al-Farabi
ii Al-Mawardi
iii Al-Ghazali
i. Ibn-e-Taymiaya
ii. Ibn-e-Khaldun
iii. Shah Waliullah
1. M.M. Sharif, History of Muslim Philosophy, Lahore, Sang-e-Meel Publication, n.d.
2. Haroon Khan Sherwani, Muslim Political Thought & Administration, Lahore, Ashraf
Publication, 1962.
3. Rosenthal, Muslim Political Thought in Medieval Age, Oxford University Press, 1967.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Rashid Ahmad (Urdu). Musalmano Key Siyasi Afkar, Lahore, Urdu Bazar, n.d.
32
BASIC FACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Approaches to the study of International Relations
2. Traditional and Modern
3. National Power and National Interests:
a). Limitations of National Power:
i. Sovereignty
ii. International Law
iii International Morality
b). Theories:
Power Theory
System Theory, and
Decision Making Theory.
Instruments of National Policy:

a). Imperialism and Colonialism
b). Foreign Policy and Diplomacy
Conflict and Conflict Resolution:
Concept of Conflict Resolution
Methods of Conflict Resolution
Analysis of Conflict Resolution.
1. Brown Seymon, International Relations in a Changing Global System, Boulder, Colorado,
Westview Press, 1992.
2. Deutch Karl W., The Analysis of International Relations, New Delhi, 1989.
3. Liver Robert, Theory of World Politics, 1972.
4. Lopez, George A & Michael S. Stohol, International Relations: Contemporary Theory and
Practice, Washington D.C., CQ Press (Latest Edition).
5. Marganthau, H. Politics among Nations. New York: 1973 (5th edition).
6. Palmer N. D. and H.C. Perkins. International Relations. Calcutta, 1976 (3rd edition).
7. Papp, Daniel S. Contemporary International Relations: Framework for Understanding.
Mcmillan Publishing Co., 1991.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Ruck, Anthony D. The Logic of Conflict: Its Origin, Development and Resolution in Michael
Banks (Ed.) Conflict in World Society: A New Perspective on International Relations, NY,
1984.
2. Walter, Johns, The Logic of International Relations (6th edition), Boston, 1988.
3. Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics, Recent Addison Welsey Publishing Co.
(Latest edition).
33
POLITICAL SYSTEMS (UK AND USA) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is designed to enable the students for a comparative study of the political systems of
UK and USA. This study will not only provide the students with basic knowledge about the
actual functioning of these political systems, but also enable them to make a meaningful
comparison among any of the countries and find out the reasons of sustainable running of
democracy.
COURSE CONTENTS
Following aspects of the political systems of UK and USA shall be studied.
1. Historical background and development;
2. Constitutional/legal foundations of the system;
3. Political process and political recruitment;
a. Political parties and pressure groups
b. Functioning of the organs of the government: legislature, executive and judiciary
c. Political environmental factors influencing the politics such as geographic, socio-economic,
international scenario, media etc.
4. Political culture
1. F. N Forman and N. D. J. Baldwin. British Politics. London: MacMillan, 1991.
2. G. Q. Wilson. American Government: Institutions and Politics. 3rd edition, Heath & Co., n.d.
3. Harold, J. Laski. Parliamentary Government in England. London, Allen & Unwin, 1960.
4. J. M. Colomer. Political Institutions in Europe, London, 1996.
5. M. Carter Gwendolen and John H. Hertz. Major Foreign Powers. New York: Harcourt,
Brace & World, Inc., 1967.
6. P. G. Cocker. Contemporary British Politics and Government. Kent, Tudor Business
Publishing Ltd., 1993.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Pomper McWilliams Baker. American Government. McMillan Publishing Co. London, 1993.
2. Ramsay Muir. How Britain is Governed. London, Constable & Co., 1940.
3. Robert G. Neumann. European Government. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC, 1968.
4. Thomas E. Patterson. The American Democracy. Boston, McGraw Hill College, 1999.
34
4th Semester
ENGLISH – IV Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course is designed to enable the students with some basic communication skills.
OBJECTIVES
The students will be able to use English language wherever it is required from job seeking to
express oneself.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Curriculum Vitae
2. Job Application
3. Letter-writing
4. Memo-writing
5. What is communication?
6. Types of Communication
7. Components of Communication (Process of Communication)
8. 7 C’s of Communication
9. Barriers of Communication
10. Legal Issues
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing
1. Ron White. Advanced Writing. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992,
(particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report writing).
2. John Langan. College Writing Skills. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2004.
3. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Patterns of College Writing. (4th edition) St.
Martin’s Press.
35
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – II (WESTERN: MODERN) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Machiavelli
2. Hobbes
3. Locke
4. Rousseau
5. Bentham
4. John Stuart Mill
5. Karl Marx
6. Laski
7. Mao Tse Tung
1. Ebenstien, Political Thought from Plato to Present, London, 1986.
2. John H. Hallowell, Trends in Modern Political Thought, London, 1963.
3. John Plamnatz, German Marxism and Russian Communism, NY 1980.
4. Zbigniew, Brzezinski, The Grant Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the 20 th
Century, NY, 1990.
5. W.T. Johns, Masters of Political Thought, London, 1949.
6. Judd Hermon, Political Thought from Plato to the Present, London, McGraw Hill, 1964.
7. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Thought: Plato and Aristotle, London, 1964.
8. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory: Plato and his Predecessors.
9. W. A. Dunning, History of Political Theories, New York, McMillan, 1935.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Bertrand Russel, A History of Western Philosophy, London, Allen Unwin, 1957.
2. G.H. Sabine, History of Political Thought, London, 1980.
3. D.R. Bhandari, History of European Political Thought, New Delhi, 1962.
36
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – II (MUSLIM: MODERN) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Allama Mohammad Iqbal
i. Concept of Territorial Nationalism,
ii. Concept of Millat,
iii. Concept of Sovereignty
2. Jalaluddin Afghani
i. Concept of Aqaid-e-Salasa
ii. Concept of Fazail
iii. Concept of Pan Islamism
3. Maulana Abul Aala Maudoodi:
i. Islamic Concept of State
ii. Concept of Adal (Social Justice)
iii. Concept of Equality
iv. Concept of Duties of an Islamic State.
4. Muhammad Abduh:
i. Concept of Modern Islamic State
5. Sheikh Abdul Wahab:
i. Concept of Revivalism in Islamic State
6. Al-Shariati
i. Concept of Individual and Millat,
ii. Sociology of Islam
iii. Comparative Study of Iqbal and Shariati.
Recommended Books:
1. M. M. Sharif. A History of Muslim Philosophy, Lahore, Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1968.
2. Ahmad Manzooruddin, Islamic Political System in Modern Age, Karachi, Saad Publications,
n.d
3. Rashid Ahmad, (Urdu), Musalmano Kay Siasi Afkar, Lahore, Urdu Bazar, 1970.
4. Asghar Ali Shah (Urdu), Mashriq Kay Siasi Afkar, Lahore, Urdu Bazar, 1980.
5. Sherwani, H.K, Studies in Muslim Political Thought and Administration, Karachi, A.B.
Corporation,
6. Ali, Shariati, Sociology in Islam, Iran, 1983.
7. Al-Shaukat, Masters of Muslim Political Thought, Lahore, 1988.
8. Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, Lahore, Sheikh
Ghulam Ali & Sons.
9. Maulana Israr Ahmad, (Urdu) Islam Ka Inqilabi Manshoor, Lahore, Tanzeem-e-Islami, 2000.
10. Syed Abul Aala Maudoodi, (Urdu), Islami Riasat, Lahore, Islamic Publication, 1990.
37
INTERNATIONAL LAW Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course is intended to focus on the main actors and institutions responsible for the
enforcement of international law. This is also to examine the issues of Nationality, Extradition,
Asylum and Treaties between states. In the post-Cold War era and after the September 11 (2001),
there is a renewed focus on terrorism, economic means of actions, human rights, diplomacy,
proliferation of nuclear and conventional weapons, globalization, peaceful methods of settlement
and effects of the outbreak of war.
OBJECTIVES
 To enable the students to understand the law that governs international society
 To enable them to make a critical analysis of different areas of international law with an
understanding of the main dynamics influencing the governance of global affairs
 To enlighten the students, especially in the context of today’s rapidly changing world, with the
nature and role of international law in the promotion of harmony and understanding among
states.
COURSE OUTLINES
Part – A: International Law
1. Nature, Definition, Origin, Sources, Basis, Codification of International Law and Relationship
with the Municipal Law.
2. Subjects of International Law, the Nature of State, Kinds of States, Non-State entitled, concept of
sovereignty and state equality, recognition and non-recognition of state.
3. Nationality, Extradition, Asylum, Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom.
4. Diplomatic and Consular Agents and their Immunities.
5. Treaties: Nature and Functions
6. International Disputes: Peaceful and Coercive Means of Settlement, Armed Conflicts and other
hostile actions, effects of the outbreak of war, rights and duties of neutral states, blockade and
contraband.
1. Antonio Casses. International Law. Oxford University Press, 2001.
2. D. J. Harris. Cases and Materials on International Law. London: Thomson, 2004.
3. Ian Brownlie. Principles of Public International Law. London: Oxford University Press, 2008.
4. J. G. Starke. Introduction to International Law. London: Butterworths, 1977.
FURTHER READINGS
1. L. Oppenheim. International Law. London: Allen & Unwin, 1962.
2. Malcolm N. Shaw. International Law. (5th edition). Cambridge University Press, 2008.
3. Shirley V. Scott. International Law in World Politics: An Introduction. New Delhi: Viva Books
(Pvt.) Limited, 2005.
38
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Constitution making was one of the challenging tasks for the newly independent state of Pakistan
in the late 1940s. For this task a Constituent Assembly was formed. For a decade the constitution
making task went on with lot of debates on various aspects of the potential political system of the
country. Once a Constitution was adopted and brought to life in 1956, it was abrogated within
next two years. Once again in early 1960s constitution making efforts began which resulted in
the 1962 Constitution. However it was also abrogated and a third Constitution was designed and
adopted in 1973. The constitutional history of Pakistan presents an excellent example of
constitution making efforts and interplay of various constitutional debates for students of
political science.
OBJECTIVES
This course has been designed to give a clear understanding to the students about constitutional
development of Pakistan. It also emphasizes on the dynamics of Pakistan politics. The main
objective of the course is to make students aware of the process of constitution making as well as
issues and problems faced by the constitution makers in Pakistan. The course includes main
features of three constitutions (1956, 1962 & 1973) and subsequent amendments.
COURSE CONTENTS
1: The Constitution Making (1947-1956)
I- Evolution of Constitution Making
II- Major Constitutional Issues
2: 1956 Constitution
i. Features
ii. ii) Parliamentary Form
iii. Major Political Institutions
iv. Iv) Reasons of Failure
3: 1962 constitution
i) Features
ii) Presidential Form
iii) Major Political Institutions
iv) Reasons of Failure
4: The Constitution of 1973
I- Features
II- Composition and Powers of Federal Legislature
III- Executive and Judiciary
IV- The Changes under Military Regimes
a) RCO and 8th Amendment
b) LFO and 17th Amendment
c) 18th Amendment
d) 19th and 20th amendment
1. Golam Wahed Choudhury. Constitutional Development in Pakistan. Longman, 1969.
2. Hamid Khan. Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2009.
3. Paula R. Newberg. Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan. Cambridge
University Press, 2002.
4. Safdar Mahmood. Constitutional Foundations of Pakistan. Jang Publishers, 1995.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Verinder Grover, Ranjana Arora. Political System in Pakistan: Constitutional Development in
Pakistan. Deep & Deep Publisher, 1995.
39
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This introductory course provides students with the skills to understand society from a
sociological perspective. It offers a comprehensive introduction to the discipline of sociology and
its foundational theories. It aims to provide students with the skills to understand, examine and
explain broad social trends and their impact on the individual in society.
OBJECTIVES
 Sociological perspectives to Human behaviour
 To know the global perspectives on cultural diversity and plurality
 To understand human inequalities, including race, gender, sexual orientation, age, and class
 To understand various social institutions within the local, national and international arena
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Introduction
 Sociology: The Science of Society
 Scope and Significance
2. Social Interaction and Social Structure
 Social Interaction
 The Nature and Basis of Social Interaction
 Social Processes
 Social Structure (i) Status (ii) Roles (iii) Power and Authority (iv) Role Allocation
3. Culture
 Meaning and Nature of Culture
 Elements of Culture
(i) Norms (ii) Values (iii) Beliefs (iv) Sanctions (v) Customs
 Culture and Socialization
(i) Formal and Non-forma Socialization
(ii) Transmission of Culture
 Cultural Lag
 Cultural Variation, Cultural Integration, Cultural Evolution, Cultural Pluralism
 Culture and Personality
4. Social organization
 Social Organization: (i) Definition (ii) Meaning (iii) Forms
 Social Groups: Types and Functions of Groups
 Social Institutions: (i) Forms (ii) Nature and Inter-relationship
 Community: Definition and Forms (Urban and Rural)
5. Collective Behaviour
 Definition and Characteristics/Features
 Types: (i) Crowd (ii) Mob and Public (iii) Social Movement
6. Mass Communication
 Media of Mass Communication
 Propaganda
 Globalization of Mass Media
 Formation of Public Opinion
7. Social Change
 Processes of Social Change
 Social Change and Conflict
 Social Change and Social Problems
 Resistance to Social Change
40
RECOMMENDED READING
1. Faris, Robert E. (1964). A Handbook of Modern Sociology. Chicago: Rand
MacNally and Co.
2. Hafeez, Sabeeha. (1991). The Changing Pakistani Society. Karachi: Royal
Book Company.
3. Hodges Harold M. (1971). Introduction to Sociology. New York: Harper and
Row Publishers.
4. Horton, Paul B. and Chester L. Hund. (1984). Sociology. New York:
McGraw Hill Book Co.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Kerbo, Harold R. (1989). Sociology: Social Structure and Social Conflict. New York: McMillan
Publishing Company.
2. Merrill, Francis E. (1969). Society and Culture: An Introduction to Sociology. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
3. Merton, Robert K. et al., (1959). Sociology Today: Problems and Prospects. New York: Basic
Books Inc.
4. Murdock, George Peter. (1966). Social Structure. New York: The Free Press.
5. Rose, Jerry D. (1971). Introduction to Sociology. London: Pitman Publishing Company.
41
5th SEMESTER
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT (PRE-INDEPENDENCE) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. War of Independence of 1857 and the resultant British Policies towards
India.
2. Establishment of All India Muslim League (1906) and the Changing
Political Scenario.
3. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements (1919-1922).
4. Simon Commission
5. Nehru Report
6. Jinnah’s Fourteen Points.
7. Round Table Conference.
8. Communal Awards.
9. Indian Act of 1935.
10. Provincial Elections of 1937.
11. Lahore Resolution of 1940.
12. Cripps Mission
13. 1945-46 Elections.
14. Cabinet Mission Plan.
15. Mount Batten Plan.
16. Indian Independence Act and the Birth of Pakistan.
1. Stephen Philip Cohen. The Idea of Pakistan, Lahore, Vanguard Books..
2. Lawrence, Ziring, Pakistan in the 20 th Century: A Political History, Oxford University Press,
1997.
3. Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History, Lahore, Vanguard, 1999.
1. Keith Kallard, Pakistan, A Political Study.
42
POLITICAL SYSTEMS (RUSSIA, GERMANY AND FRANCE) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course studies political systems of three major powers of the world—Russia, Germany, and
France. The history of political development in these countries is quite instructive and it has
contributed much to the understanding of how political systems in the world evolved and how
they work. All these countries saw political transformation from authoritarian kind of regimes to
democratic ones. They also adjusted their political systems to the reality of their local politics
and culture. It is important to study their political systems to develop understanding of
similarities and differences in various systems and for reflecting on Pakistan’s political system.
OBJECTIVES
This course is to make a comparative and analytical study of the political systems of these
countries. Emphasis is to be given on political process, political culture, interaction among
various political and governmental forces, and development aspects. Decision making process is
also to study including various factors influencing it. It should also be included study of structure
and functional aspects of the governments.
COURSE CONTENTS
A. Russian Political System
i) Historical Constitutional Developments; ii) Executive; iii) Legislature; iv) Judiciary,
and ; v) Political Parties
B. German Political System
ii) Historical Constitutional Developments; ii) Executive; iii) Legislature; iv) Judiciary,
C. French Political System
iii) Historical Constitutional Developments; ii) Executive; iii) Legislature; iv) Judiciary,
1. Archer, Clive and Finoa Butler. The European Union Structure and Process. (2nd edition), New
York: St. Martin Press, 1996.
2. Baker, Pomper, Mc. William. American Government. McMillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1983.
3. Cocker, P. G. Contemporary British Politics and Government. Kent, Tudor Business Publishing
Ltd., 1993.
4. Keef, W. J. Abraham, H. J. et. al. American Democracy: Institution, Politics and Policies.
Dorsay Press, Homewood Illinois.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Nugent and Neil. Government and Politics of European Union. London, 1999.
2. Palamountain, J. C. Issues and Perspectives in American Government (Readings). Scot Forsman,
Glenview, Illinois, 1971.
3. Peterson, Thomas E. The American Democracy. Boston, McGraw Hill College, 1999.
4. Starling, G. Understanding American Politics. Homewood, Illinois, 1982.
5. Wilson, G. Q. American Government: Institutions and Politics. (3rd edition), Heath & Co., 1982.
43
MUSLIM POLITICAL SYSTEMS (SAUDI ARABIA, TURKEY,

Cr. Hrs. 03
AFGHANISTAN AND ALGERIA)
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
This course is to make a comparative and analytical study of the political systems of these
countries. Emphasis is to be given on political process, political culture, interaction among
various political and governmental forces, and development aspects. Decision making process is
also to studied including various factors influencing it. It should also be included study of
structure and functional aspects of the governments.
1. Ahmad, Iqbal, The Islamic Revolution in Iran, Lahore, 1980.
2. Jansen, G.H., Militant Islam, London, 1980.
3. Genckaya, Omer F., and Ergun Ozbudun. Democratization and the Politics of Constitution-
making in Turkey. Central European University Press, 2009.
4. Masoud uz Zafar, The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran.
5. Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: A cultural and political history. Vol. 36. Princeton University
Press, 2010.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Fouad, Al-Farsy, Modernity and Tradition. The Saudi Equation, London, Kegan Paul
International, 1990.
2. Ruedy, John Douglas. Modern Algeria: the origins and development of a nation. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1992.
44
CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN 1973 Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTLINES
1. In depth study of each article of 1973 constitution.
2. Constitutional problems of Pakistan;
3. The constitution of 1973 with amendments and provisional constitutional orders;
4. Human Rights 1973 constitution
5. Future Prospects.
1. G.W. Choudhry, Constitutional Development in Pakistan, London, Longman, 1967.
2. H. Feldna, A Constitution for Pakistan, London, Oxford University Press, 1955.
3. Ivor, Jennings, Constitutional Problems in Pakistan, Cambridge University Press, 1968.
4. Khalid Bin Saeed, Politics in Pakistan: The Nature and Direction of Change, Lahore, Vanguard,
1988.
5. Khalid Bin Saeed. The Political System of Pakistan, Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1967.
6. Khan, Hamid, Constitutional Development in Pakistan, Lahore, Oxford University Press, 2002.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Rizvi, H.A., Military and Politics in Pakistan, Lahore, Progressive Publishers, 1988.
2. Safdar Mahmood, Pakistan: Political Roots and Development -1947-99, Karachi, Oxford
University Press, 2000.
3. Ziring, Lawrence, Pakistan in the 20th Century, Oxford University Press, 1997
45
CIVIL AND MILITARY BUREAUCRACY IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Pakistan is a developing country that remained a British colony until 1947. The institutions in
Pakistan particularly the civil and military bureaucracies are not indigenous rather they were
inherited from the British India. Hence, there is a need to understand the nature, dynamics and
functions of these institutions in Pakistan.
OBJECTIVES
This course will help students to comprehend features and role of bureaucracy and military in the
country’s political process. This will also enable the students to study these institutions as agents
of change and development in the society.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Understanding Civil & Military bureaucracy
2. Role of Bureaucracy in Developing Countries
3. Origin and growth of civil and military bureaucracy in Pakistan
4. Civil and military relations during military regimes.
5. Conduct of bureaucracy under civilian government.
6. Impact of administrative reforms of 1973 on civil & military Bureaucracy.
7. The civil military bureaucracy and socio economic change in Pakistan.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Ayesha Jalal. State of Martial Rule. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1999.
2. Kennedy, C. Bureaucracy in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1987.
3. Rizvi, H. A. Military and Politics in Pakistan. Progressive Publishers, 1986.
4. Saeed, Shafqat. Civil Military Relations in Pakistan: from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to Benazir Bhutto.
Lahore: Pakistan Book Corporation, 1997.
5. Ziring, L. Enigma of Political Development in Pakistan. Westview Press, 1984.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Saeed, Shafqat. Civil Military Relations in Pakistan: from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to Benazir Bhutto.
Lahore: Pakistan Books Corporation, 1997.
2. Ziring, L. Enigma of Political Development in Pakistan. Westview Press, 1984.
3. Ayesha Jalal. State of Martial Rule. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1999.
4. Kennedy, C. Bureaucracy in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1987.
5. Rizvi, H. A. Military and Politics in Pakistan. Progressive Publishers, 1986.
46
6th Semester
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is designed to discuss the constitutional and political development took place in
Pakistan since 1947. It will include the framing of 1956, 1962 and 1973 constitutions. Including
the amendments made in the subsequent years. Functions and performance of different
government dominated by politicians, bureaucrats or military generals will be highlighted. The
major developments of each regime will be discussed in detail.
OBJECTIVES
1. To apprise the students about the early problems of Pakistan and how these were addressed by
the political leadership.
2. To enable the student to make analysis of government in the light of political science literature.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Constitutional and Political Development since 1947
2. The Structure of government and its working after independence in 1947
3. Objectives Resolution: Constitution Making (1949-1954)
4. Constitutional Crisis: Federalism and Parity
5. The constitution of 1956
6. Failure of Parliamentary Democracy and the beginning of military rule
8. The Failure of Ayub regime
9. East Pakistan Crisis and the emergence of Bangladesh;
11. Government and Politics during the Bhutto regime;
12. The Zia era: process of Islamization
13. Restoration of Democracy 1985
14. Economic Policies pursued by different governments after 1985
15. Political Parties
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Ahmad, M. Pakistan: The Emerging Islamic State Auies, Karachi.
2. Karim, A.S., Pakistan Society, Polity & Economy, Karachi, Minna Publication.
3. Saeed, K. B., Politics in Pakistan: Nature & Direction of Change, Lahore, Vanguard.
4. Saeed, K. B., Political System of Pakistan.
5. Rizvi, Hasan Askari, Military & Politics in Pakistan, Lahore, Progressive Publications.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Pye, Lucian, Army in the Process of Political Modernization, Cambridge.
2. Feldmen, Herbert and Anwar Syed, Elections in Pakistan.
3. Choudhry, G.W., Constitutional Development in Pakistan.
47
THEORIES OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course familiarizes students with the fundamental concepts related to the processes and
outcomes of politics in a variety of political settings. Illustrating the rich diversity of political
life, the course seeks to educate the students about the available institutional alternatives to
explain the differences in processes and policy outcomes, and to communicate to students with
importance of global political, social and economic changes. In addition to covering the major
concepts that are used to organize and interpret what we know about political phenomena and
relationship, the course discussed developing countries and their government as case study.
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Political Development: Nature and Issues
2. Functional and Developmental Model and its application
3. Political Strategies of Development Characteristics of Developing societies
4. Development and the role of elite, armies and bureaucracy.
5. Political integration and political development.
1. So, Alvin Y. Social change and development: Modernization, dependency and world-system
theories. No. 178. Sage, 1990.
2. Charlton, Bruce, and Peter Andras. The modernization imperative. Vol. 8. Imprint Academic,
2003.
3. McMichael, Philip. Development and social change: A global perspective. Pine Forge Press,
2012.
4. Higgott, Richard. Political development theory: The contemporary debate. Routledge, 2005.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Haider, S. M. Social Change and Development in Pakistan. Progressive Publishers, 1981.
2. Schelkle, Waltraud, ed. Paradigms of social change: Modernization, development,
transformation, evolution. Campus Verlag, 2000.
3. Kausar, Zinat. Political Development: An Islamic Perspective. Other Press, 2000.
48
POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF CHINA & INDIA Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Since India and China are emerging as important players in global politics, there is a need to
focus on the internal politics of the two countries. This course is a detailed analysis of the
political systems of the two countries. The course further attempts to compare and contrast the
working of the two models and explores how each model is shaped by its peculiar history and
current socio-economic and political dynamics.
OBJECTIVES
This course intends help the students develop a comparative and analytical understanding of the
political systems of China and India. Emphasis is laid on political processes, political culture,
ideology and political institutions, the course of political development, respective constitutions
and government in practice. By the end of the course, the students should be able to comprehend
the various dynamics relevant to the political systems of both the countries.
COURSE CONTENTS
Following aspects of the political systems India and China shall be studied:
1. Historical background;
2. Constitutional/legal foundations of the system;
3. Political processes:
a. Political parties and b) Pressure groups;
b. Functioning of the organs of the government: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary;
c. Political and geo-physical setting: geography, socio-economic conditions, regional and
international dynamics, media, etc.;
4. Political Culture: Salient features, public participation, ideological orientations, nature of civil-
military relations.
1. Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. New Delhi, Prentice-Hall, (11th
edition), 1985.
2. June Teufel Dreyer. China’s Political System: Modernization and Tradition. Longman, 8th
February, 2011.
3. Kerry Dumbaugh. Understanding China’s Political System. Diane Publishing, 2010.
4. M. P. Singh & Himanshu Roy Singh. Indian Political System. Manak Publishers, 2005.
FURTHER READINGS
2. Robert L. Hardgrave. India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World, 1970.
3. William A. Joseph. Politics in China: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2010.

49
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Definition and Scope of Public Administration, Difference between Public and Private
Administration;
2. Development and Techniques in Public Administration, Administrative Aids and
Mechanization;
3. Rise of Big Government, Expansion of Public Sector, Objectives of Government;
4. Bureaucracy, Concept, Nature, and functions, Max Weber’s Ideal Type of Bureaucracy,
Criticism and Changing view of Bureaucracy;
5. Leadership: Meaning, Kinds, Nature, and Functions;
6. Decision-Making: Process, Barrier to Rational Choice, Basis of Administrative Authority;
7. Communication: Meaning, Types, Channels, Feed Back system;
8. Administrative Responsibility: Legislative, Executive and Judicial Control, Ombudsman;
9. Planning: Meaning, Kinds, Principles, Rationale, Planning Machinery;
10. Organization: Meaning, Nature, Types, Principles and Theories of Organization;
11. Control and Coordination: Meaning, Forms, Mechanism, Principles and Process of Controlling
and Controlling Machinery;
12. Personnel Administration: Nature, Scope, Techniques and Functions of Personnel
Administration;
13. Financial Administration: Budgeting, Auditing, Accounts, Importance of Financial
Administration;
14. Public Relations and its Importance for Administration;
15. Administrative Structure of Pakistan: Nature, Organization and Management Process at the
Centre and in the Provinces.
1. Dimock, Marshale, Public Administration, NY, Rinehart & Co., 1956.
2. Geol, S.L., Advanced Public Administration, New Delhi, Sterling Publishers, 1994.
3. Gladden, E.N., The Essentials of Public Administration;
4. Haimann, Theo et al., Management;
5. Hicks, Herbergg, Management, Organization and Human Resources: Selected Readings,
London McGraw Hill, 1972.
6. Koontz, Harold and Cyrill O; Donnell, Principles of Management, Selected Readings, London,
McGraw Hill, 1972.
7. Negro, Public Administration.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Pfiffner, John M., and Robert Presthus, Public Administration, NY, The Roland Press, 1967.
2. Rizvi, Shahid Ali, Nazmiat-e-Aamma, Karachi, Maktaba-e-Faridi;
3. Sheikh, Mohammad Hassan, Principles of Public Administration, Karachi, Kifayat Academy;
4. Stillman, Richard J., Public Administration, Concepts and Cases, London, Houghton Mifflin,
1976.
50
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Pakistan is federation where power is decentralized among the centre, province and also at the local
level. The course is designed to look the theory of local government and how it is practicing in
Pakistan. It will also include a cursory look to the evolution of the concept since the British period
and different measures taken by different government in Pakistan
Objectives
 To develop understanding of the meaning, importance and role of local government;;
 To acquaint the students about the basic concepts of local government system and the essentials
required for its successful functioning.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Meaning, Nature and Scope of Local Government Systems.
2. Evolution of Local Government System in Pakistan.
3. Organizational Structure and Performance of Local Government in Different Era: Ayub Khan,
Zia-ul-Haq and Pervez Musharraf.
4. Planning and Functional Structures of Local Governments
5. Sustainability Problem of Local Governments
1. Shahid Rizvi, Local Government in Pakistan
2. AnjamNaeem, Local Government, Mansoor Book House, Lahore, 2012
3. Hall Prentice, Constitution Study Guide, Simon and Schuster company, New Jersy,
4. Stewart John, Understanding the Management of Local Government, Pitman Publishing,
Glasgow, 1995 (Page 5 to 10) (Page 81 to 87)
5. Wajdi Mohammed Abu Zar, Local Government in Pakistan, Royal Book Company, Karachi.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Ali Hamid and Ali Zaka, The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, The Ideal
Publishers, Karachi, 1993.
2. Akhtar Hamid Khan, From Camilla to Orangi, Karachi
3. Hugh Tinker, The foundation of Local Self Government in India, Pakistan and Burma.
51
PUBLIC POLICY AND GOVERNANCE Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
A systematic and rigorous study of the genesis, formulation and implementation of public policy
improves our understanding of politics and governance. Public policies are developed and
implemented by governmental bodies under the influence of a range of actors. Such processes affect
the lives of millions of people living in modern nation states. It is therefore imperative for us to
understand such pivotal processes and actors. This course aims at understanding public policy, its
formulation and implementation, as salient component of governance.
OBJECTIVES
1. Through this course the students will learn what public policy is and how it is developed and
implemented.
2. The students will also be able to understand actors, factors influencing these policy processes.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Public Policy and Governance: Meaning, Approaches and Significance
a. What is Public Policy?
b. What is Governance?
c. Categories of Public Policy.
d. Theoretical Approaches to Public Policy.
2. Public Policy Formulation.
a. Policy Makers and their environment
b. Policy Problems
c. Policy Agenda Setting
d. Policy Formulation Process
3. Policy Adoption and Implementation
a. Decision Making and Public Policy
b. Public Policy Implementation: Actors and Processes
c. Administrative Organization.
4. Public Policy Impact and Evaluation
a. Policy Impact
b. Policy Evaluation Process
1. Anderson, James (2003). Public Policy Making: An Introduction. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company.
2. Birkland, Thomas. A. (2010). An Introduction to Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and
Models of Public Policy Making, London: Routledge.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Bickers, Kenneth and Williams, John. T. (2001). Public Policy Analysis. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company.
2. Chhotray, Vasudha and Stoker, Gerry. (2009). Governance Theory and Practice: A-Cross
Disciplinary Approach. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
3. Horn. Carl E. Van; Baumer, Donald. C and Gormley, William. T. (1992). Politics and Public
Policy. Washington DC: CQ Press.
4. Kingdom, John. W. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. New York: Harper
Collins.
5. Leftwich, Adrian. (eds). (2004). What is Politics? The Activity and its Study. Cambridge: Polity.
6. Sabatier, Paul. A. (2001). Theories of Policy Process. Boulder: Westview Press.
7. Salamons, Lester. M. and Elliot, Odus. V. (2002). The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New
Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Stone, Deborah. (2002). Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making. New York:
W.W. Norton.
52
7 Semester
th
POLITICAL PARTIES & ELECTIONS IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Political Parties, their nature, growth and role.

2. The major political parties in Pakistan along with some regional, ethnic and religious parties will
be taken up for case studies.
3. Electoral system and elections.
4. The different elections that have taken place so far will be studied with particular reference to the
impact individual elections had on political stability and development in Pakistan.
1. Palmer, Norman Dunbar. Elections and Political Development: The South Asian
Experience. C. Hurst, 1975.
2. Waseem, Mohammad, Elections in Pakistan 1994.
3. Aziz, K. K., Party Politics in Pakistan (1947-1958).
4. Afzal, Rafique, Political Parties in Pakistan (1947-58)
FURTHER READINGS
1. Saeed, Khalid Bin, Politics in Pakistan: Nature and Direction of Change, Lahore, Vanguard,
1988.
2. Afzal, M. Rafique. Pakistan, History & Politics, 1947-1971. Oxford University Press, 2001.
53
RELIGION AND POLITICS IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Everywhere in the world religion has played a crucial role in defining or influencing politics of the
state and the phenomenon is even vivid in various forms in various secular countries. The
relationship of religion and politics is delicate, complex and many a time conflicting with the notion
of modern world. Increase in religious extremism in South Asia in general and in Pakistan particular,
there is a need of in-depth study of the role of religion in modern state. The perspectives on religion
and politics in the recent history would help the students to understand the present precarious
situation of the country having far reaching consequences for the region and the world. This course
would attempt to explore/examine the role and relationship of religion and politics in Pakistan and
will provide an insight to understand the complex nature of the issue in a more systemic way.
OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the relationship of religion and politics in the Muslim context.
2. To enable the students to know more about society and politics in Pakistan, one of the most
important Muslim countries of the modern world.
3. To understand how the issue is addressed in Pakistan along with the susceptibilities in the policy
making process.
4. To offer an area of interest to the students and it can stimulate them to continue their further
intellectual pursuits in the study of orient.
5. To enable the students to grasp the problem in the context of the Muslims, which will help them,
how to address such issues in policy making process in the age of globalization.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Pakistan: An Introduction and Muslim culture as the raison d’être of Pakistan
2. Islam and Constitution Making in Pakistan
3. 1956, 1962, 1973 Constitutions and Religion
4. Who will interpret religious norms and injunctions?
5. Government in the sphere of Family-Family and Marriage laws 1961
6. Religious Education and Institutions
7. Women role in Politics- view of the scholars
8. Religious Political Parties: Structure and Policies
9. The March of Islamization: Islamization of laws
10. The March of Islamization: Islamization of Economy and Education
11. Radicalization and Religious Groups
12. Religion and Politics and Future of Pakistan
RECOMMENDING READINGS
1. Allama Iqbal’s Presidential Address 1930 to the All India Muslim League
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html
2. G.W. Choudhury, Constitutional Development in Pakistan (2nd ed.) Vancouver: Publications Centre,
University of British Columbia, 1969. pp. 35-57.
3. Ishtiaq Ahmad, The Concept of Islamic State An Analysis of the Ideological Controversy in Pakistan.
London: Frances Printer (Publishers), 1989.
4. Binder, Leonard. Religion and Politics in Pakistan Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.
5. Charles H. Kennedy, ‘Repugnancy to Islam: Who Decide? Islam and Legal Reform in Pakistan’, The
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4. (Oct., 1992), pp. 769-787.
54
6. Mumtaz Ahmad, ‘Madrassa Education in Pakistan and Bangladesh’
www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalis
mandSecurityinSouthAsiach5
FURTHER READINGS
1. Khurshid Ahmad, ed. Marriage Commission Report X-Rayed. Karachi: Chiragh-e-Rah
Publications, 1959.
2. Khalid Rahman and Syed Rashad Bukhari, ‘Pakistan: Religious Education and Institutions’, The
Muslim World, Vol. 96. April 2006. pp. 323-39.
3. Farhat Haq, ‘Women, Islam and the State in Pakistan’. The Muslim World, Vol LXXXVI, Mo 2.
(April, 1996), pp. 158-166.
4. Fazlur Rahman, ‘Islam and the Constitutional Problems of Pakistan’ Studia Islamica, No. 32.
(1970), pp. 275-287.
5. Dr. Dushka H. Saiyid, Women in Politics – Problems of Participation: A Case Study of Pakistan
(http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2001_files/no_3/article/5a.htm) date: March 14, 2009.
6. Fazlur Rahman, ‘A Recent Controversy over the Interpretation of “Shura”, History of Religions,
May 1981, Vol. 20, No. 4: pp. 291
55
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course focuses on the role of international and Regional organizations (League of Nations and
the United Nations) in the development of conducive environment required for the promotion of
international peace and security).
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. League of Nations, Assessment, Achievements and Causes of Failure.
2. United Nations Systems: Aims, Organizations, Structure, Functions.
3. Role of United Nations: Peace Keeping, Welfare and Development.
4. UN: Obstacles/Successes or Failure, Suggestions for Improvement.
1. International Court of Justice. New York: UN Publication Centre 2009.
2. United Nations and its Organs. New York: UN Publication Centre 2009.
3. Alvarez, José E. International organizations as law-makers. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2005.
4. Barnett, Michael N., and Martha Finnemore. The Politics, Power and Pathologies of
International Organizations. International Organization 53, no. 4 (1999): 699-732.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Barnett, Michael, and Martha Finnemore. Rules for the world: International organizations in
global politics. Cornell University Press, 2004.
2. Finnemore, Martha. “International organizations as teachers of norms: the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and science policy.” International
organization 47, no. 4 (1993): 565-597.
56
INTRODUCTION TO STISTICS Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course introduces students to basic concepts in statistics. Since the students are working towards
a degree in political science, it especially focuses on explaining and relating the utility of statistical
models for social sciences. It discusses various models for analyzing statistical data and surveys tools
that are necessary for applying quantitative methods in social sciences.
OBJECTIVES
The core objective of the course is to make students abreast of quantitative analysis in research. It is
pertinent to mention that the course only provides basic information. However, it serves as a useful
guide for students to undertake more complex statistical models.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Meaning and definition of statistics, relationship of statistics with social science, characteristics
of statistics, limitations of statistics and main division of statistics.
2. Frequency distribution: Organisation of data, array, ungrouped and grouped data, types of
frequency series, individual, discrete and continuous series, tally sheet method, graphic
presentation of the frequency distribution, bar frequency diagram histogram, frequency polygon,
cumulative frequency curve.
3. Measures of central tendency: Mean medium and modes, quartiles, deciles and percentiles.
Measures of dispersion: Range, inter quartile deviation mean deviation, standard deviation,
variance, moments, skewness and kurtosis.
1. Kaufmann. J. E. College Algebra and Trigonometry. PWS-Kent Company, Boston, Latest
Edition.
2. Mathematics For Chemistry.
3. Swokowski. E. W. Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry. Latest Edition.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Walpole, R. E. Introduction of Statistics. Prentice Hall, Latest Edition.
2. Wilcox, R. R. Statistics for the Social Sciences.
57
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course provides students an essential initial guide to research methods. It includes both the
theoretical discussions of scientific vs. non-scientific, quantitative vs. qualitative research, as well as
the more practical steps involved in research. The course is designed in such a manner as to bring the
classroom learning to actual research whether conducted over a desktop or in the field. Lastly, the
course also provides students with the basic knowledge regarding information technology and
research, especially the use of research softwares.
OBJECTIVES
This course aims at the dissemination of knowledge about the scientific methods of study and
conduction of research. The course is specifically designed to serve the needs of postgraduate
students in general, and the students with scholastic bent of mind, in particular who intend to go for
higher education. A familiarity with latest / modern methods of study and the basic skills of research
will facilitate the future assignments of would-be scholars. Tutors of this course should ask the
students to prepare their semester assignments with the application of basic research techniques.
COURSE CONTENT
1. Research: Meaning, Kinds and Importance
2. Methods:
a) Comparative;
b) Analytical;
c) Deductive / Inductive;
d) Quantitative / Qualitative;
e) Scientific.
3. Steps involved in Research Process:
a) Selection of the problems;
b) Hypothesis;
c) Research Design (Components);
d) Techniques for the collection of data – Observation, Interviews, Questionnaires, Scrutiny
of Documents;
e). Sampling, Sampling Design;
f). Application of Computer
g). Report writing
1. Beverly R. Dixon. A Handbook of Social Science Research. London, Oxford University Press,
1987.
2. Buttolpa Johnson Janet and Richard A. Joslyn. Political Research Methods. Englewood Cliffs,
Prentice Hall, 1986.
3. Chava Nachmias and David Nachmias. Research Methods in Social Sciences. New York: St.
Martins Press, 1981.
4. John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.
New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Philips W. Shively. The Draft of Political Research. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-
Hall, 1980.
2. Singleton (Jr.) Roycea and Bruce C. Straits. Approaches to Social Research. (4th ed.), London:
Oxford University Press, 2006.
3. W. G. Goode and P. K. Hatt. (Eds.). Methods in Social Research, New York. McGraw-Hill,
1952.
4. Welman. Research Methodology. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. 2005.
58
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY Cr. Hrs. 03
OBJECTIVES
In modernized societies the political system has become one of the most important components of the
total social structure. Accordingly, the major objectives of teaching this course are acquainting the
students with the nature and functioning of political system(s), and the political processes. Besides,
the course will generate in the minds of students an awareness of their status and role as citizens of
the state and will make the students aware of the prerequisites of sound democratic political system
and its vulnerability.
COURSE CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Meaning and dimension of political sociology
2. Scope and subject matter of political sociology
3. Reliance of political sociology to Pakistani social system
Typology of Political System/Political Organization
a. Origin of political organization/system
b. Political parties-origin and organization system
c. Political order and political participation.
d. Power politics and factionalism in Pakistan
e. Political parties in Pakistan
f. Voting patterns
g. Political behaviour
h. Voting behaviour
i. Ideologies of Intolerance
j. Horse trading
k. Agitative politics
l. Perennial Militarism and political under development
m. Political socialization
Functioning of Political System
a. Leadership: Role and functions
b. Family based political leadership in Pakistan
c. Power distribution in civil society
Functioning of Political Organization
1. Bureaucracy – meaning
2. Forms and functions
3. Bureaucracy in Pakistan
4. Colonial backdrop
5. Thrust of modern ideas
6. Role in arbitration of power in Pakistan
7. Political behaviour: analysis of political issues, street power, social and
8. Psychological analysis of political issues
Political Institutional Development
a. New challenges
b. Polarization
c. Problems and prospects
1. K. Nash (2010). Contemporary Political Sociology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Piven, F. (1988). Why Americans Don’t Vote: and Why Politicians Want That Way
Pantheon. ISBN 0-679-72318-8.
3. R. Sassatelli (2011). Body Politics in E. Amenta, K. Nach and A. Scott (eds). The
Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
4. Nagla K. B. (1999). Political Sociology. Rawat Publication.
59
FURTHER READINGS
1. Svailfors S. (2007). The Political Sociology of Welfare State. (Edited), Stanford University Press,
California.
2. Kaushik, S. (1993). Politics of Islamization in Pakistan. New Delhi: South Asia Publishers (Pvt).
Ltd.
3. Moghandam, V. M. (1992). Patriarchy and Politics of Gender in Modernizing Societies. Iran,
Pakistan and Afghanistan. International Sociology 7(1): 35-53.
4. Patel, R. (1991). Socio-economic, Political Status and Women and Law in Pakistan. Karachi,
Pakistan: Faiza Publishers.
5. Welss, A. M. (1999). Women, Civil Society and Politics in Pakistan. Carfax Publishing Ltd.
6. Zaidi, S. A. (1988). The Political Economy of Health Care in Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan:
Vanguard Books (Pvt.) Ltd.
60
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03
OBJECTIVES
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Historical Background and its development;
2. Civil Service of Pakistan;
3. Administrative Reforms;
4. Organizational Structure and working of federal, provincial and district governments;
5. Policy making and planning process;
6. Financial administration; Police and Judicial Administration
7. Administrative Accountability;
8. Semi Government and Non-government Organizations (NGOs);
1. Ahmad. A., Public Service in Pakistan, Karachi, 1967.

2. Choudhry, M., Pakistan: Its Politics and Bureaucracy, New Delhi, Vikas Publishers, 1987.
3. Kennedy, Charles, Bureaucracy in Pakistan, Karachi, Oxford University Press,
4. Khan, J.R., Government & Administration in Pakistan, Islamabad, 1987.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Kreesberg, M., Public Administration in Developing Countries, Washington, 1960.

2. Quddos, S.A (Ed.), Management in Pakistan, Lahore, Vanguard, 1984.
61
LOGICAL AND CRITICAL THINKING Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The basic purpose of the course is to enable students to think clearly and critically. The students will
understand the basic concepts such as: Arguments, premises and conclusion, Deduction and
Induction, truth and validity, statements, problem solving, language and its functions, fallacies,
inductive generalization, analogy, causation, explanations etc.
OBJECTIVES
1. Students should understand the difference between formal and Informal fallacies. Moreover, they
should be able to identify informal fallacies in day to day discourse.
2. The course will enable the students to test the validity of deductive arguments using Venn
diagrams, Truth Tables.
3. It will enable the students to understand Inductive arguments.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Basic Logical Concepts
 What is logic?
 Propositions and Sentences
 Arguments, Premises and Conclusions
 Conclusions and Premises Indicators
 Deductive and Inductive arguments
 Truth and validity
2. Problem solving using Logic
 Exercises
3. Language and Informal fallacies
 Three Basic Functions of Language
 Informal fallacies: Relevance, Ambiguity and weak induction
4. Categorical Propositions
 Categorical Propositions and Classes
 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution
 The Traditional Square of Opposition
 Further Immediate Inferences
 Existential Import
 Venn diagram and symbolic forms of categorical propositions
6. Categorical Syllogisms
 Standard Form Categorical Syllogisms
 Figure and mood of categorical syllogism
 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms
 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies
7. Symbolic Logic
 Modern Logic and its symbolic language
 Symbols for conjunction, Negation and Disjunction
 Conditional statements and Material Implication
 Testing argument validity using truth tables
8. Induction
 Argument by Analogy
 Appraising Analogical Argument
 Causation
 Mill’s methods
62
1. Barekr, Stephen F. (1985). The Elements of Logic. McGraw-Hill Company.
2. Copi, Irving M. and Carl Cohen. (2001). Introduction to Logic. Pearson Education: Singapore
(Pvt.) Ltd., India.
3. Hurley, Patrick J. (2003). A Concise Introduction to Logic. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
Belmont USA, Eighth Edition.
4. Walton, Douglas. (2008). Informal Logic: A Pragmatic Approach. Cambridge University Press.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Teays, Wanda. (1996). Second Thoughts-Critical thinking from a Multicultural Perspective.
Mayfield Publishing Company-Mountain View, California.
2. Walton Douglas and Fabrizio Macagno. (2009). Reasoning from Classifications and Definitions:
Argumentation.
3. Walton, Douglas. (1999). Rethinking Fallacy of Hasty Generalization: Argumentation.
4. Walton, Douglas. (1999). The Appeal to ignorance, or Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam.
Argumentation.
5. Walton, Douglas. (2006). Poisoning the Well: Argumentation.
6. www.grtbooks.com
7. http://www.iep.utm.edu/ (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
8. http://plato.stanford.edu/ (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
9. www.philosophypages.com
63
POLITICS AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTS) Cr. Hrs. 03
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The dissemination of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has enormously
influenced political institutions, activities, processes and behaviour. Internet in particular has
drastically altered the way politics is done in modern times. Such a change is evident in political
relations, government functioning, resistance movements, electoral campaigning etc. There is a need
to understand how ICT’s in general and Internet in particular has influenced politics in contemporary
world. Moreover, there is a need to see how such a change is discernible in Third World and
particularly in Pakistan. This course aims at developing such understanding. Through this course, the
students will be able to critically analysis various changes brought by ICTs in the politics around the
world and the way such changes have affected Pakistan.
OBJECTIVES
1. Through this course the students will learn about the utility of ICTs in political processes such as
electoral campaigning, governance, political mobilization, socio-political movements etc.
2. Students will be able to develop theoretical as well as empirical understanding of the political
transformation brought about by ICTs.
3. The students will also be able to reflect on political transformation through ICTs in Pakistan.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. The Information Age: Technology, Society and Change.
i. Technology and Social Change
ii. ICTs and Political Change.
2. Democracy and ICTs:
i. Democratic institutions and processes in the age of ICTs
ii. Participatory Governance and ICTs
3. Pakistan and Internet Politics:
i. Democratic governance and ICTs in Pakistan
ii. Political Empowerment and Internet in Pakistan
1. Bhatti, Zubair. K., Kusek, Jody. Zall and Verheijen, Tony. (2015). Logged On: Smart Government
Solutions from South Asia. World Bank Group. Washington.
2. Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip. N. (2008). Handbook of Internet Politics. London: Routledge.
3. Chadwick, Andrew. (2006). Internet Politics: States, Citizens and New Communication Technologies.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Dunleavy, Patrick, Margetts, Helen Z., Tinkler, Jane, Bastow, Simon (2006). Digital-era Governance: IT
Corporations, the State and e-Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
FURTHER READINGS
1. Ahmad, Ovais, Muhammad., Markkula, Juni and Ovio, Markku. (2013). Factors Affecting e-Government
Adoption in Pakistan: A Citizen’s Perspective, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy,
Vol. 7. No. 2, 225-240.
2. Castells, Manuel. (1996). The Rise of Network Society. Vol. 1 of The Information Age: Economy, Society
and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.
3. Government of Pakistan. (2015). e-Government Strategic Plan for Federal Government July 2012.
Electronic Government Directorate - Ministry of Information Technology, Available at
http://nitb.gov.pk/job/gop/index.php?
q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTM2L2VnZHdlYi91c2VyZmlsZXMxL2ZpbGUvcGVnYy9GaW5hb
EFicmlkZ2VkJTIwRUdvdmVybm1lbnRTdHJhdGVneSUyMFdlYjEucGRm. Last Accessed on 10 August
2015.
4. Hindman, Matthew. (2008). The Myth of Digital Democracy. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
5. Leston-Bandeira, Cristina. (2007). The Impact of the Internet on Parliaments. 2007, Parliamentary Affairs,
vol. 60, No. 4, 655-674.
6. Rachel K. Gibson, Rachel. K., Rommele, Andrea and Ward, Stephen. J. (2004). Electronic Democracy
Mobilization, Organization and Participation via New ICTs. London: Routledge.
64
7. Sarfaraz, Hina, (2007). e-Governance: A Case for Good Governance in Pakistan. Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1415689 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1415689

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UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Name of the Degree Programme: BS (4-Year Programme) POLITICAL SCIENCE

Rationale for BS (Political Science) Degree

Admission and Award of Degree

Nature of Question Paper No. of Questions Marks Allotted

Objective Type 10 10 (01 marks each)

Essay Type 02 20(10 Marks each)

Semester Freezing/leave of Absence:

Example-1: Calculation of GPA without Withdrawal of courses:

Departmental Semester Examination Committee:

University Semester Committee:

STANDARDIZED FORMAT/SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS (4-YEAR)

1. Compulsory Requirement (No choice) 9 25

2. General Courses to be chosen from other departments 7 21

3. Discipline Specific Foundation Courses 9 32

4. Major Courses including research project / Internship 12 40

5. Electives within the major 4 12

Total numbers of Credit hours 130

Semester duration 16-18 Weeks

Course Load per Semester 15–18 Cr. Hrs

1. English – I 03 1. Fundamental of 03 1. Political 03 1. Constitutional 03 1. Public 03

2. English – II 03 2. Introduction to 03 2. Political 03 2. Principles of 03 2. Basic Factors in 03

3. English – III 03 3. Logical and 03 3. Political 03 3. Government and 03 3. International 03

4. English – IV 03 4. Introduction to 03 4. Political 03 4. Local 03 4. Politics, 03

5. Pakistan Studies 02 5. Introduction to 03 5. Political 03 5. Civil & Military 03

6. Islamic Studies / 02 6. Political 03 6. Political 03 6. Public Policy 03

7. Introduction to 03 7. Introduction to 03 7. Political 03 7. Political Parties 03

8. Introduction to 03 8. Introduction to 03 8. International and 03 8. Constitution of 03

9. Introduction to 03 9. Muslim Political 9. Pakistan 03

10. Theories of 03 10. Religion and

Total Cr. Hrs. 25 24 30 39 12

Total Credit hours: 130

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR

Following is scheme of 4-Year Program in Political Science

YEAR – 2 Semester – III

YEAR – 4 Semester – VII

YEAR – 4 Semester – VIII

List of Optional Courses [B.S 4-Year Program)

NOTE: More Courses can be added to the above list.

Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran

Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I

Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II

Islamic Culture & Civilization

Islam & Science

Islamic Economic System

Political System of Islam

Social System of Islam

Note: Sub-fields of Political Science include: Political Philosophy/Theory; Comparative Politics;

1. N., Peter. (2000). Introduction to Computers. California: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Essay Writing and Academic Writing

1. Ebenstein, Political Thought From Plato to Present, London 1986.

Instruments of National Policy:

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – II (WESTERN: MODERN) Cr. Hrs. 03

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03

MUSLIM POLITICAL SYSTEMS (SAUDI ARABIA, TURKEY,

CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN 1973 Cr. Hrs. 03

CIVIL AND MILITARY BUREAUCRACY IN PAKISTAN Cr. Hrs. 03

THEORIES OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT Cr. Hrs. 03

3. William A. Joseph. Politics in China: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2010.