INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING

KG12303
(2022/2023-1)
DR. NORFAZLIANA BINTI ABDULLAH
[email protected]
Contact No. : 018-2944811
Room No. : 17
 CONTENTS OF THIS TEMPLATE

Part a: Overview of Petroleum

 What is Petroleum Engineering?
 Oil and Gas Segments
 Job Prospects
 Society of Petroleum Engineering (SPE)
 Petroleum Origin
Part b: Petroleum’s chemical composition
 PART A
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What is Petroleum (Oil & Gas)
Engineering?

4
an engineering discipline concerned with the activities related
to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude
oil or natural gas.

considered as upstream sector of the oil and gas industry,

which are the activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons.
OIL & GAS SEGMENT
7

OIL AND GAS VALUE CHAIN

Oil & Gas Operations
 What is Job Prospects/
Careers?
Petroleum engineering graduates work in the oil and gas industry where
they can find successful employment at oil exploration and production
companies, engineering consultancies and specialist drilling
contractors.
 Production
Drilling Engineer
Engineer

Assistant Operator
Process Reservoir Engineer
Degree
Engineer Engineer
Level

Field Operator
Diploma
Technician
Level
Quality Well
Assurance completion
Engineer Engineer

Driller Welder
Where does Petroleum Engineer/Technologist’s
work?
Employer: Location:
▪ Government ▪ Office
▪ Oil Company. ▪ Onland Oil Rig
▪ Service Company. ▪ Offshore Oil Rig
▪ Supporting ▪ Offshore Production
Company. Platform
▪ Academic
▪ Others
SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEER (SPE)

● The largest professional society

for petroleum engineers and
publishes much information
concerning the industry.
● SPE Student Chapter –has been
existed in UMS
HOW PETROLEUM WAS ORIGIN?
Petroleum System : Elements &
Processes
Elements Process
1. Source Rock 1. Generation
2. Migration Route 2. Migration
3. Reservoir Rock 3. Accumulation
4. Seal Rock 4. Preservation
5. Trap
Petroleum System : Elements
A. Source Rock

 Source rock refers to rocks from which hydrocarbons

have been generated or are capable of being
generated.
 They are organic-rich fine grained sediments that may
have been deposited in a variety of environments
including deep water marine, lacustrine and deltaic, and
under low energy, reducing conditions.
 The most important factor in the generation of petroleum
in source rock is temperature: 225o to 350oF (107o and
176oC) - the “hydrocarbon window”.
 Source rocks are mainly organic rich shale, which are
very fine grained and impermeable.
B. Reservoir Rock
 A petroleum reservoir is a porous and permeable rock in
communication with a mature source bed.
 Sandstones and carbonate rocks form the overwhelming
majority of reservoirs world-wide.
 Under special circumstances, igneous and metamorphic
rocks can also act as petroleum reservoirs.
 Porosity and permeability are the most important physical
properties of these reservoirs, so we'll quickly discuss ways
of describing these attributes, and how they may be
modified by diagenetic changes.
 It is about the size and lateral and vertical continuity of
rock, which will be important for calculations of oil and gas
reserves
Sandstones : Sandstone are common reservoir rocks
for petroleum and hold 60% of the world resources.

Limestone : A limestone behaves as a good reservoir

rock only where a secondary porosity is produced in the
rocks
C. Seals or Cap Rock
 The seal or cap rock is an impermeable rock which do not allow the
hydrocarbons to escape from the reservoir rock.

 The permeability of cap rock must be zero.

 D. Trap
 A geometric configuration of structure in which permeable rock
types are surrounded and confined by impermeable rock types.

 There are two trap system which are Hydrostatic and

Hydrodynamic
 There are two type of trap system which are:

 Structural Trap (Anticlinal/fold, salt domes & fault trap)

-These traps are types that form as a result of some structural deformation - a
bend or dip - of rock. These traps take on several forms and shapes as a result
of different types of deformation. This deformation tends to take place over tens
or hundreds of millions of years after sediment that creates the seals and rocks
themselves have been deposited

 Stratigraphic Traps (primary: Facies & secondary: Diagenesis)

- These traps are formed as a result of the deposition in sedimentary rocks.
When the sediment that creates the reservoir rock is deposited in a
discontinuous layer, the seals are created beside and on top of the reservoir.
In some cases, these seals are made of impermeable or low permeability
shale deposited around the reservoir, blocking the oil and gas inside. The
seals themselves may also be source rocks.
Structural Trap
Stratigraphic Trap
Combination Structural & Stratigraphic Trap
Petroleum System : Process

 Generation : Burial of source rock to temperature and

pressure regime sufficient to convert organic matter
into HC.

 Migration : Movement of HC out of the source rock

toward and into trap.

 Accumulation : A volume of HC migrating into a trap

faster than the trap leaks resulting in an accumulation.

 Preservation : HC remains in reservoir and is not

altered by biodegradation or “water-washing”
Generation of Petroleum

The big water bodies on the earth mainly seas

and big lakes and lagoons were rich in
microorganisms.

When these microscopic plants and animals

died, they sank to the bottom of the water body in
which they lived.

This resulted information of thick organic layer at

the bottom, which was quickly covered with the
sedimentary layers, one after another.
5

Generation of Petroleum
Sedimentary layers pile up and compacted.

Organic matter became kerogen.

Source layer became mature and liberated oil and gas–

move upward still obstructed by a cap rock.

The process of generation describes the conversion of

kerogen to petroleum (oil and gas)

Generation, as opposed to maturation, is measured in

terms of the extent of kerogen conversion (transformation
ratio, TR) and is used to define the oil and gas windows
6

Generation of Petroleum
Through the geologic time, some tectonic activity may
cause upliftment of sedimentary rocks–to form
hydrocarbon trap.
7

Generation of Petroleum
• The solid organic matter(kerogen)is the major source of oil
and gas deposits.

• The generation of hydrocarbons from the source material

depends primarily on the temperature to which the organic
material is subjected.

• Hydrocarbon generation appears to be negligible at

temperatures less than 150 oF(65oC) in the subsurface and
reaches a maximum within the range of 225o to 350 oF (107o
and176 oC), the “hydrocarbonwindow”.

• Increasing temperatures convert the heavy hydrocarbons into

lighter ones and ultimately to gas. However,at temperatures
above 500oF (260oC),the organic material is carbonized and
destroyed as a source material. Consequently, if source beds
become too deeply buried no hydrocarbons will be produced.
Diagenesis

 the chemical reaction process that occurred first few thousand years after burial at
temperatures less than 50°C.

 During this process oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur are removed from the organic matter leading
to an increase in hydrogen content of the sedimentary organic matter.

 About 10 to 20% of petroleum is formed during this process.

 Source rocks are considered as immature at this stage.

Catagenesis

 the reactions that occur between 60 and 200°C.

 During catagenesis, the organic compounds are exposed to diverse thermal degradation
reactions that include double bonds reduction by adding sulfur or hydrogen atoms, cracking
reactions and condensation reactions.

 This is the main zone of oil generation and the beginning of the cracking phase which produces
wet gas with a rapidly increasing proportion of methane.
Metagenesis

 takes place at temperatures over 200°C and is considered to be a type of very low-grade
metamorphism.

 Most petroleum is formed during the catagenesis and metagenesis of the residual
biogenic organic matter.
 Converting biomolecules into petroleum is called maturation.

 During this stage, a rearrangement of the aromatic sheets occurs.

 The stacks of aromatic layers, previously distributed atrandom in kerogen, now gather to
form larger clusters.

 At this stage, only dry gas is generated.

Kerogen, Oil and Gas Colors during Generation Process

 The color of kerogen changes over maturation process as follow:

Color Maturity Level Dominant HC

Greenish Yellow Immature Mixture Organic

compunds
Yellow Immature Biogenic methane

Orange Mature Oil

Brown Mature Wet gas

Black Metamorphosed Dry gas

Van Krevelen Diagram of Kerogen Types
 Petroleum Process : Migration
 Oil and gas move out of the source beds and accumulate in the reservoir rocks

Primary migration Secondary migration

definition the transfer from source movement of petroleum within the porous
rocks to reservoir rocks and permeable reservoirs beds
causes compaction and diffusion buoyancy forces
-different concentrations of -proportional to the density difference between
fluids in source rock and the hydrocarbon and water
surrounding rock
time & Slow and short Fast and long distances (>100 km)
distance
 The more permeable silt and sand bodies within compacting shale are the main channels of
fluid migration
Process : Accumulation

Generation Migration Entrapment Retention Recovery

Source rock type Vertical HC charge Top seal OnG quality

Total Organic Carbon Lateral Trap and type of trap Lateral Seal Recovery efficiency
Yield Curve Timing Trap history Bottom Seal Reservoir quality
Maturity Migration Loss Timing Timing PVT conditions
Drainage area Remigration Reservoir Transformation Overpressure
Geohistory graph Dynamic entrapment Economics
Time of migration PVT conditions

https://www.mhnederlof.nl/petroleumsystem.html
Process : Preservation
PART b
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Petroleum’s chemical composition
Substances present in petroleum fall
into four major groups :

Paraffins (alkanes)
Naphthenes
Aromatics
Non-hydrocarbon

The relative proportions of these

compounds determine the physical
properties(density,viscosity,vapourpoint
,etc.) of petroleum.
2

Paraffins
These are also known as aliphatic
hydrocarbons.

They include the alkanes, which are

saturated and have the general formula
CnH2n+2 (methane, ethane, etc) and the
alkenes,which are under saturated and
have the general formula CnH2n or
CnH2n-n.

The carbon atoms are joined together to

form chains.

May contain form C1 to C25

Naphthenes
These are referred to also as cycloparaffins (0r
cycloalkane)and are characterised by their carbon
atoms joined in such away as to form a ring.

The heavier MW fraction of petroleum often

contains quite complex naphtene molecules with
two or more ring joined together.

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Aromatics
The basic building block of these hydrocarbons is
the benzene ring.

The aromatics structure occurs especially in the

high MW fraction of petroleum.

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Non hydrocarbons
Compounds in this group contain
nitrogen,sulphur and oxygen(NSO’s).

Free nitrogen gas maybe generated during the

formation of petroleum.

Sulphur organic compounds are often foul

smelling. The best known is H2S.

Oxygen compounds include alcohols,ethers

and organic acids
Thanks!
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