INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING

KG12303
(2022/2023-1)
DR. NORFAZLIANA BINTI ABDULLAH
[email protected]
Contact No. : 018-2944811
Room No. : 17
 CONTENTS OF THIS TEMPLATE

Part a: OIL AND GAS MEASURE UNITS

Part b: HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES

 PART A
Before we start…..lets play a game

Go to www.menti.com and use the code 7905 3899

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 PART B
Go to www.menti.com and use the code 5977 7400
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Petroleum Basic Physical Properties

Specific
Viscosity Optical Flammability
gravity limit
activity Density

Color &
Odor Aniline
point
Flash point
Boiling
point
Refractive
Fluorescence Index
Heating
Value
Vapor
Pressure Compressibility
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Specific Gravity, Density & API

specific gravity = relative density, ratio of the density of a
substance to that of a standard substance normally at 60
deg F or 16 deg C

Other SG for different liquids

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-gravity-
liquids-d_336.html
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API Gravity
• API gravity (from American Petroleum Institute) is a measure of the specific gravity of the oil at 60°F or
16°C.
• It is somewhat arbitrarily defined by the equation: Small value
of API,
dense oil

• This system is used as it gives an integer value that is easier to display than a four decimal place number
(e.g., pure hexane with a specific gravity of 0.6594 is equivalent to an API of 83°).

• A heavy crude will generally have an API <25°, whilst a light crude will generally have an API between 35°
and 45°. Most condensates have an API >45°.

• Pure water, by definition, has an API of 10°, and thus crudes with API <10° will not float on water.

• The API gravity varies somewhat depending on the source of the oil and also increases significantly with
maturity regardless of source.
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Viscosity
• Viscosity is the internal friction due to molecular cohesion in fluids which results in resistance
to flow.

• It is measured in poise (P) = 0.100 kg m−1 s

centipoise (cP), 0.001 kg m−1 s−1. −1

water ∼1 cP, olive oil ∼80 cP, honey 2000–

10,000 cP,

• Viscosity of crude oil varies with pressure, temperature, and the quantity of dissolved gas in
the solution.

• Oil viscosity increases with a decrease in pressure at saturated condition due to release of
dissolved gas below the bubble point.

• The viscosity of crude oil decreases with an increase in temperature.

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Viscosity
• It is the ratio shear to stress per unit time

• e.g

What is shear ?

• Gas viscosities are important for determining flow characteristic and production rates. They
usually range from 0.01 to 0.03 cp.

• It is very difficult to directly measure these low viscosity values accurately. Instead, gas
viscosities are typically approximated based on the composition of the gas and the
temperature–pressure conditions.
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Color and Odor

NG is colorless BUT have a odor based on a Sulphur
contents

Light HC smell like gasoline

Aromatic HC has pleasant odor

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Reflactive Index (RI)

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Fluorescence
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 Flash Point
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Flash Point

NOTE:

A fundamental and important

property relative to fire and
explosion hazard
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Flammability Limit
• The Flammable Range (also called Explosive Range) is the concentration range
of a gas or vapor that will burn (or explode) if an ignition source is introduced.

• Three basic requirements must be met for explosion to take place:

• Below the explosive or flammable range the mixture is too lean to burn and
above the upper explosive or flammable limit the mixture is too rich to burn. The
limits are commonly called the "Lower Explosive or Flammable Limit" (LEL/LFL)
and the "Upper Explosive or Flammable Limit" (UEL/UFL).

Note! The limits indicated are for gas and air at 20oC and atmospheric pressure.
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Vapor Pressure
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Optical Activity
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Heating value
• The total amount of heat rejected during the process of combustion is called heating
value of the fuel.

• The heating value is usually measured in units of energy per unit mass of the substance, for
example, kJ/kg, kcal/kg, or Btu/m3.

• The three ways to express the heating values or calorific values of fuels are the lower
heating value (LHV), higher heating value (HHV), and gross heating value (GHV).

• HHV is obtained by reversing all the products taking part in combustion to the original
precombustion temperature as well as condensing the water vapor as a result of
combustion.
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Cont.
Example

Assignment 2 : Calculate LHV for this Question

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Aniline Point
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• Oil and gas engineers always dealing with oil and gas mixtures and rarely with single
component of oil or gases.

• The mixture is varied in types and the relative amounts of the compound then the overall
physical properties will very and its will determine the behavior of the oil or gas.

• Expressed either mole fraction, volume fraction or weight fraction of its components and may
also be in mole percent, volume percent or weight percent.

• •For gas,volume percent is based on gas component volumes measured at standard

condition,so that volume percent is equivalent to mole fraction.
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AMW
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Compressibility

Definition :

The ratio of the percent change in volume to the change

in pressure applied to a fluid or rock.
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A PVT cell is essentially

a piston which allows the
volume to be either
increased or decreased.
It is fitted with a pressure
gauge to allow for
pressures to be
recorded; a measuring
device to allow for the
determination of the
volume of the cell; and
temperature control to
ensure the test is
conducted at the desired
temperature.
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Compressibility of Gas
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Equation of State :
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Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?

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