The 1990 Population Census

Switzerland in Profile

Swiss Federal Statistical Office

Berne / Switzerland 1994
 n / Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO)
Schwarztorstrasse 96, CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland

111
BFS OFS UST

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Publisher: SFSO, January 1994

Editor: Population and Household Structure Section, SFSO
Layout: Logistics and Organization Section, SFSO
Jacket design: Orio Galli, Caslano
Order no.: 001-9053
ISBN: 3-303-00079-4
Foreword

Switzerland, a country undergoing dynamic changes

The population census of 1990 shows that Switzerland is undergoing great
changes. Fundamental alterations in many areas of economic and social life
took place during the 1980's.

The country experienced a considerable growth in its population, mainly due

to the immigration of foreigners. Switzerland is in the process of becoming a
multicultural society with new linguistic and religious minorities. An
increasing proportion of women are working. The primary and secondary
sectors are being replaced by the service industries. Commuters using their
own cars aretravelling increasingly long distances to reach their place of work.
The rise in the number of one or two-person households, as opposed to family
households with children, illustrates a tendency toward greater individualiza-
tion.

Such changes not only affect housing development and the growth of urban
aggiomerations but also the cultural identity of Switzerland and the relations
between linguistic regions and between the cantons. The speed with which
these new developments have taken place has sharpened an awareness of new
realities. However, it is still necessary to analyse and clarify the causes and
links between these facts. Consequences will then need to be drawn to
elaborate new policies oriented towards the future. Science and politics are
thus equally faced with a challenge.

This pocket edition presents the most important results of the 1990 census for
Switzerland as a whole as well as for its individual cantons. lt simultaneously
describes essential facts and developments from a historical viewpoint.
Federal censuses have been conducted each decade since 1850. As a kind of
Swiss 'collective memory', they document and analyse the demographic,
economic and cultural changes which the communes, the neighbourhoods of
towns and Cities, the districts and the cantons of our country have undergone.
Contents

Population structure 4
Origin and sex 6
Age groups 8
Marital Status 10

Languages and religions 12

Main language 14
Language usually spoken 16
Religion 18

Spatial mobility 20
Place of birth 22
Place of residence five years ago 24
Principal means of transport 26
Commuters 28

Education and occupation 30

Educational attainment 32
Socio-economic status 34

Working life, main occupation 36

Type of activity 38
Activity ratio 40
Economic sectors 42
Status in employment 44
Persons not economically active 46

Households and families 48

Type of households 50
Households by size 52
Families with children 54

Buildings and dwellings 56

Type of buildings 58
Size of dwellings 60
Tenure Status 62
Rental fees 64
 Population structure

Demographic growth and expansion of agglomerations

The population of Switzerland on December 4, 1990, comprised approximately
6,874,000 persons. Compared to 1980, this is equivalent to an increase of some
508,000 persons (+ 8.0%). The rate of growth between 1980 and 1990 is
therefore rauch faster than it was in the preceding decade, when it amounted
to only 1.5%. Two-thirds of this expansion is the result of foreign immigration
and the other third is due to an excess of births. With the exception of the
Canton of Basle-City (- 2.2%), a growth in the population is observed in all
cantons, whereas between 1970 and 1980, it declined in ten.

The number of agglomerations is continually on the rise; they increased from

33 in 1980 to 48 in 1990. Urban areas are hence expanding in comparison to
rural regions. The share of the resident population living in urban areas
increased from 61.5% in 1980 to 68.9% in 1990.

The aging of the population continues

As of the 1990 census, some 989,000 persons (14.4%) aged 65 and older lived
in Switzerland (1980: 13.9%). A quarter of the elderly population, i.e. 255,000,
were 80 years of age or older. Certain differences among the cantons are
noticeable. The largest share of persons aged 65 and older is to be found in the
canton of Basle-City (20.1%), as opposed to only 11.0%, the smallest
proportion of elderly persons, in the Canton of Zug. On the other hand, about
1,158,000 children under 15 years of age (16.9%), were living in Switzerland in
1990 (1980: 19.2%).

The ratio between the population of working age and the economically
dependent (children, adolescents and the retired) is expressed by dependency
ratios.

The dependency ratio of the young indicates the number of persons between
0 and 19 years per hundred persons of working age (20-64 years old). The ratio
in Switzerland in 1990 was 36.8. The difference between urban and rural areas
is conspicuous, 33.3 for the cities as opposed to 45.0 for rural regions. The
dependency ratio of the young dropped sharply between 1900 and 1990 (75.6
at the beginning of the century), which reflects the change from a high to a low
birthrate. The dependency ratio of the elderly is the ratio between the elderly
population (65 years and older) and those of working age. In 1990, it amounted
to 23.0 in Switzerland, in contrast with only 10.9 in 1900.
The total dependency ratio (ratio of the elderly plus the young to the population
in the working ages) was 59.7 in 1990 as opposed to 86.5 in 1900. The
population structure of Switzerland was then very different from that of 1990
since such a large share of its inhabitants (about 40%) was under the age of 20.
Similar situations today are mainly found within the population structure of
developing countries.

Nearly one person in two is married

A slight increase in the proportion of married persons is seen when comparing
the percentages of 1980 (47.3%) and 1990 (47.5%). At the beginning of the
century, only 32.6% of the population was married, partially because of the
differente in the age structure. Single persons then constituted 60.7% of the
population, against only 42.1% in 1990.

Widowed persons made up 6.0% of the population enumerated in 1990, with

widows constituting 82.8% of this group. Amongst women aged 65 and older,
44.7% are widows. The number of divorced persons grew by a third between
1980 and 1990, from 3.2% to 4.3%.

Immigration increase and new countries of origin

At the time of the census, some 1,246,000 foreigners were living in Switzerland,
an equivalent of 18.1% of the total population. The current situation appears
somewhat similar to that of 1970, when foreigners represented 17.2% of the
population, as opposed to 1980, when their percentage was only 14.8%.
However, in comparison to 1970, the foreign population structure has
changed. Even though the majority of the 1990 resident alien population
(67.9%) originates from EC or EFTA countries, their corresponding share in
1970 (90.6%) was substantially higher.

Foreigners make up more than 20% of the resident population in six cantons,
the Canton of Geneva having the highest share (36.6%). And foreigners, more
than Swiss nationals, tend to live in urban areas. Of all the resident aliens living
in Switzerland in 1990, 80.1% were established in urban areas, as opposed to
only 66.5% of the Swiss population.

5
`ir
1 d Origin and sex
d_
SFS OFS UST

Resident population by origin and sex, 1990

Resident population Swiss nationals Citizens of other countries

Total Total Men Women Total Men Women

Switzerland 6 873 687 5 628 255 2 665 344 2 962 911 1 245 432 724 868 520 564

Cantons
Zurich 1 179 044 948 593 445 446 503 147 230 451 135 818 94 633
Berne 958 192 860 768 410 828 449 940 97 424 58 812 38 612
Lucerne 326 268 284 675 137 497 147 178 41 593 25 310 16 283
Uri 34 208 31 618 15 785 15 833 2 590 1 586 • 1 004
Schwyz 111 964 97 636 48 356 49 280 14 328 8 556 5 772

Obwalden 29 025 26 520 13 309 13 211 2 505 1 548 957

Nidwalden 33 044 30 488 15 283 15 205 2 556 1 638 918
Glarus 38 508 30 752 14 706 16 046 7 756 4 569 3 187
Zug 85 546 70 995 34 336 36 659 14 551 8 620 5 931
Fribourg 213 571 186 713 91 796 94 917 26 858 15 985 10 873

Solothurn 231 746 197 993 95 525 102 468 33 753 19 822 13 931
Basle-City 199 411 152 601 67 550 85 051 46 810 27 246 19 564
Basle-Country 233 488 197 292 94 566 102 726 36 196 21 370 14 826
Schaffhausen 72 160 59 338 27 831 31 507 12 822 7 419 5 403
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 52 229 44 619 21 590 23 029 7 610 4 369 3 241

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 13 870 12 524 6 361 6 163 1 346 779 567

St. Gall 427 501 355 404 170 908 184 496 72 097 42 559 29 538
Grisons 173 890 150 845 72 088 78 757 23 045 14 434 8 611
Aargau 507 508 420 616 204 546 216 070 86 892 51 107 35 785
Thurgau 209 362 171 437 82 774 88 663 37 925 22 080 15 845

Ticino 282 181 209 900 93 507 116 393 72 281 40 617 31 664
Vaud 601 816 448 970 206 446 242 524 152 846 86 844 66 002
Valais 249 817 211 777 101 868 109 909 38 040 22 069 15 971
Neuchätel 163 985 127 259 58 448 68 811 36 726 21 466 15 260
Geneva 379 190 240 534 106 166 134 368 138 656 75 542 63 114
Jura 66 163 58 388 27 828 30 560 7 775 4 703 3 072

Urban areas 4 737 376 3 739 742 1 735 801 2 003 941 997 634 575 439 422 195

Rural areas 2 136 311 1 888 513 929 543 958 970 247 798 149 429 98 369

The five largest cities

Zurich 365 043 276 496 123 496 153 000 88 547 51 586 36 961
Basle 178 428 133 752 59 022 74 730 44 676 26 040 18 636
Geneva 171 042 98 812 41 662 57 150 72 230 38 855 33 375
Berne 136 338 112 599 49 099 63 500 23 739 13 769 9 970
Lausanne 128 112 88 905 37 907 50 998 39 207 21 717 17 490
 Origin and sex
BFS OFS OST

Resident population by age, sex and origin, 1960 and 1990

1960 1990
Men Age Women Men ge Women
99 A 99 ›
in thousands in thousands in tliouSandS in thousands
95

770
1 50 30 10 0 0 10 30 501 *) 7 10 550
1 30 10 0 0 10

Swiss nationals Citizens of other countries

Resident population, 1900 - 1990 Citizens of other countries (%),

1900-1990
7 miiiioris 20% –
Resident
– population 16% 7

4– Swiss 12%
nationals
3
8% –
2– Citizens of'
othereounffies 4% –
1–
0-1
1900 1920 19'41 1960 1980 1900 1920 1941 1960 1980

7
 d_
Age groups
BrS UST

Resident population by age groups and dependency ratio, 1990

Age groups Dependency ratio in %
-19 20 - 64 65 -79 80 + Depen- Depen- Total
dency dency denen-
ratio of ratio of dency
the Young the elderly ratio
Switzerland 1 581 574 4 303 228 734 366 254 519 36,8 23,0 59,7
Cantons
Zurich 239 348 773 255 121 894 44 547 31,0 21,5 52,5
Berne 217 552 586 756 114 228 39 656 37,1 26,2 63,3
Lucerne 82 914 199 547 32 696 11 111 41,6 22,0 63,5
Uri 9 409 19 636 3 973 1 190 47,9 26,3 74,2
Schwyz 30 055 68 548 10 103 3 258 43,8 19,5 63,3
Obwalden 8 202 16 683 3 088 1 052 49,2 24,8 74,0
Nidwalden 8 560 20 602 3 039 843 41,5 18,8 60,4
Glarus 9 599 22 584 4 696 1 629 42,5 28,0 70,5
Zug 21 123 55 053 7 118 2 252 38,4 17,0 55,4
Fribourg 54 907 131 063 21 098 6 503 41,9 21,1 63,0
Solothurn 53 999 143 441 25 802 8 504 37,6 23,9 61,6
Basle-City 31 321 128 028 28 227 11 835 24,5 31,3 55,8
Basle-Country 52 829 151 062 23 012 6 585 35,0 19,6 54,6
Schaffhausen 16 053 44 113 8 958 3 036 36,4 27,2 63,6
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 13 285 30 087 6 319 2 538 44,2 29,4 73,6

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 4 087 7 716 1 504 563 53,0 26,8 79,8

St. Gall 110 316 257 274 44 684 15 227 42,9 23,3 66,2
Grisons 42 961 105 370 19 287 6 272 40,8 24,3 65,0
Aargau 124 868 321 939 46 262 14 439 38,8 18,9 57,6
Thurgau 55 138 125 036 21 832 7 356 44,1 23,3 67,4

Ticino 59 261 176 927 34 430 11 563 33,5 26,0 59,5

Va ud 135 541 378 093 64 402 23 780 35,8 23,3 59,2
Valais 65 755 152 720 24 589 6 753 43,1 20,5 63,6
Neuchätel 37 139 100 747 19 244 6 855 36,9 25,9 62,8
Geneva 80 124 248 234 36 280 14 552 32,3 20,5 52,8
Jura 17 228 38 714 7 601 2 620 44,5 26,4 70,9
Urban areas 1 012 946 3 040 252 505 135 179 043 33,3 22,5 55,8
Rural areas 568 628 1 262 976 229 231 75 476 45,0 24,1 69,1
The five largest cities
Zurich 52 885 241 511 49 779 20 868 21,9 29,3 51,1
Basle 27 469 115 355 24 972 10 632 23,8 30,9 54,7
Geneva 30 084 113 445 19.526 7 987 26,5 24,3 50,8
Berne 20 306 87 606 20 082 8 344 23,2 32,4 55,6
Lausanne 23 348 82 534 15 819 6 411 28,3 26,9 55,2
8
 Age groups
d_

Resident population by age group, 1900, 1930, 1960 and 1990

1900 1930 1960 1990

0-19 years 20-39 years tal 40-64 years
Ili 65-79 years BI 80 years and older

1900 1990
0,5%
5,3%

22,6%

31,1%

Dependency ratio, 1900-1990

80% - r-70ependeticy ratio Of the young
(ratio: betweert those under 20 years and
60% - those aged 20-64 years, pereentage)

40%
Dependency ratio of theelderiy>
' (ratio between those over64;yeera and
20% —• those aged "70-64 years, in percentage)

0%
1900 1910 1920
i 1930 1941 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

9
 Marital status
BTS OFS UST

Resident population by marital status, 1990

Resident population
Total Single Married Widowed Divorced

Switzerland 6 873 687 2 895 681 3 266 943 415 544 295 519
Cantons
Zurich 1 179 044 494 962 549 631 68 885 65 566
Berne 958 192 402 237 455 720 63 066 37 169
Lucerne 326 268 149 356 149 224 18 295 9 393
Uri 34 208 15 607 16 108 1 989 504
Schwyz 111 964 51 754 51 292 5 749 3 169

Obwalden 29 025 13 991 12 859 1 572 603

Nidwalden 33 044 15 025 15 552 1 569 898
Glarus 38 508 15 776 18 738 2 781 1 213
Zug 85 546 39 060 39 856 3 771 2 859
Fribourg 213 571 96 306 99 382 11 769 6 114

Solothurn 231 746 93 762 114 484 14 578 8 922

Basle-City 199 411 79 825 90 044 16 463 13 079
Basle-Country 233 488 92 003 119 545 12 341 9 599
Schaffhausen 72 160 28 104 35 575 5 102 3 379
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 52 229 22 238 24 749 3 504 1 738

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 13 870 6 711 6 156 807 196

St. Gall 427 501 187 999 199 563 24 627 15 312
Grisons 173 890 76 374 82 008 10 409 5 099
Aargau 507 508 214 395 248 592 26 452 18 069
Thurgau 209 362 89 415 100 309 12 112 7 526

Ticino 282 181 112 370 138 107 20 249 11 455

Vaud 601 816 , 245 448 287 595 37 342 31 431
Valais 249 817 107 302 122 009 14 085 6 421
Neuchätel 163 985 63 577 80 034 11 544 8 830
Geneva 379 190 154 719 177 603 21 856 25 012
Jura 66 163 27 365 32 208 4 627 • 1 963

Urban areas 4 737 376 1 968 269 2 241 571 288 259 239 277

Rural areas 2 136 311 927 412 1 025 372 127 285 56 242

The five largest cities

Zurich 365 043 157 310 152 467 28 746 ' 26 520
Basle 178 428 72 321 79 044 14 837 12 226
Geneva 171 042 70 397 76 490 11 350 12 805
Berne 136 338 59 763 56 870 11 237 8 468
Lausanne 128 112 55 447 54 188 9 292 9 185
10
 Marital status1
Z1
11_
BFS OFS UST

Resident population by marital status, 1900, 1930, 1960 and 1990

1900 1930
0,5%
6,2%

32,6%

1960 1990
1,7% 4,3%
5,5% 6,1%

44,8% 47,5%

Single Married Widowed • Divorced

Marital status by age group, 1900 - 1990

20-49 years 50 years and older
– 80%–
married
60%–•
married
single 40%–

20% widowed
single
widowed •• divorced
divorcedr """""""–
1900 1950 1990 1900 19'50 1990

11
 CJ Languages and religions
n
French progresses
German as a main language (i.e., the language in which one thinks, or that one
knows best) has lost a bit of its relative importance since 1980 (having dropped
from 65.0% to 63.6%).
French is the only national language that gained ground as a main language,
both in relative terms (from 18.4% to 19.2%) and in absolute figures. The
increase of 150,000 persons in comparison to 1980 is mainly observed in the
French-speaking part of the country. Languages foreign to Switzerland have
gained in importance, as opposed to German, Italian and Romansh, which
have lost ground.
Italian as a main language has decreased from 9.8% to 7.6%. In the Canton of
Ticino, a slight growth is seen among those who speak Italian as the main
language (+ 10,600), even though their share of the resident population
dropped slightly (from 83.9% to 82.8%). The decline of German in the canton
of Ticino is noticeably greater (from 11.1% to 9.8%). Outside Ticino, nearly
110,000 persons fewer than in 1980 declared Italian to be their main language.
Romansh was the main language of some 39,600 persons (0.6%) living in
Switzerland in 1990.0980: 0.8%). In the Canton of Grisons, Romansh is the main
language of 17.1% of the population (1980: 21.9%). The comparison with 1980
shows a decrease of 11,500 persons (- 22.0%). The biggest drop (each by
approximately a third) is seen outside the Canton of Grisons, in the
agglomeration of Chur and in the tourist resorts where the population
substantially increased.

New diversity of languages

In the 1990 census, 43.3% of all foreigners (1980: 34.4%) and 1.3% of all Swiss
nationals (1980: 1.0%) declared having a language other than one of the
national languages as their main language. For the first time, non-national
languages, with a share of 8.9% (1980: 6.0%), were more common than Italian.
Slavic languages, especially Serbo-Croatian, are most often represented
(1.9%), followed by Spanish (1.7%), Portuguese (1.4%), Turkish (0.9%) and
English (0.9%).
Declarations regarding the language usually spoken provide information
concerning knowledge of languages, ability to speak more than one language
and the use of dialects and standard languages. A total of 0.9% of the resident
population maintains everyday use of Romansh. The habitual use of German
is claimed by 72.0%, 33.0% speak French, 14.5% Italian, 10.9% English and
12
11.2% another language (several could be named). The importance of French,
Italian and particularly English is much greater among the languages
customarily used than the distribution of main languages would have lead one
to expect.

The importance of dialect varies greatly from one linguistic group to another.
Of all German-speaking persons, 93.3% speak a Swiss-German dialect an an
everyday basis; indeed, 66.4% claim to speak only a dialect and no high
German. Dialect is foremost in the everyday life of the German-speaking
population. The situation is exactly the reverse among the French-speaking
population. Only 2.0% speak patois, and only 0.6% use it exclusively. Amongst
the Italian-speaking population, the situation of their dialects is midway
between the previous two; Ticino and Grisons italian dialects are spoken by
17.5%, and only 5.4% speak one of these exclusively.

Diminishing importance of the Evangelical Reformed

Church
In comparison with 1980, a noticeably smaller number of persons (- 74,000)
identified themselves as Protestants in 1990. Their share in the resident
population has dropped from 44.3% to 40.0%. Protestantism however still has
the largest following among the population of Swiss nationality (47.3%). And
even though membership in the Evangelical Reformed Church has decreased,
that of other Protestant denominations and congregations has grown. The
number of Roman Catholics has raised slightly since 1980 (+ 142,000), even
though their relative importance decreased from 47.6% to 46.2%. Among the
population of Swiss nationality, 43.3% designated themselves as Roman
Catholics. A decline is seen in the membership of the small Jewish community
(from 0.29% to 0.26%) and even more in that of the Christian Catholic Church
(from 0.26% to 0.17%).

Increase in the number of people without religious

affiliation and of members of other religions
In the 1990 census, 4.8% of the resident population did not belong to a national
church (1980: 2.9%). Noticeable increases are seen in the number of members
of Eastern Churches (they doubled to 72,000 or 1.0%) as well as in the number
of Muslims (they tripled to 152,000 or 2.2%). lt is possible that these figures are
underestimated, inasmuch as an above-average proportion of foreigners
described themselves as being without religious affiliation.
The number of persons with no religious affiliation has in fact almost doubled
since 1980, rising from 3.8% to 7.4%. A further 1.5% of the population provided
no answer to the question. The share of those without religious affiliation is
particularly high among persons aged 30-39 years (10.0%), those aged 40-49
years (9.2%) and children between 0 and 9 years (8.0%). The proportion of
elderly persons without religious affiliation is much smaller.
13
 Main language
8FS OFS UST

Resident population by main language, 1990

Resident population
Total German French Italian Romansh Other
languages

Switzerland 6 873 687 4 374 694 1 321 695 524 116 39 632 613 550
Cantons -
Zurich 1 179 044 972 922 17 291 68 953 3 293 116 585
Berne 958 192 802 740 74 338 26 359 875 53 880
Lucerne 326 268 289 160 2 046 9 192 473 25 397
Uri 34 208 31 870 66 656 68 1 548
Schwyz 111 964 100 124 446 3 415 239 7 740

Obwalden 29 025 26 924 124 402 32 1 543

Nidwalden 33 044 30 749 167 559 50 1 519
Glarus 38 508 32 178 126 2 610 86 3 508
Zug 85 546 72 737 917 3 162 222 8 508
Fribourg 213 517 63 347 130 199 3 970 117 15 938

Solothurn 231 746 201 949 2 602 10 927 250 16 018

Basle-City 199 411 156 638 5 426 12 842 288 24 217
Basle-Country 233 488 200 927 4 024 10 721 325 17 491
Schaffhausen 72 160 62 555 418 2 863 91 6 233
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 52 229 46 269 178 1 508 91 4 183

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 13 870 12 723 22 234 14 877

St. Gall 427 501 372 569 1 999 15 225 1 070 36 638
Grisons 173 890 113 611 847 19 190 29 679 10 563
Aargau 507 508 435 103 4 399 24 758 755 42 493
Thurgau 209 362 eo 379 906 9 218 354 18 505

Ticino 282 181 27 525 5 454 233 710 365 15 127

Vaud 601 816 35 950 463 754 26 601 322 75 189
Valais 249 817 73 342 149 178 7 528 125 19 644
Neuchätel 163 985 8 568 131 516 7 839 110 15 952
Geneva 379 190 20 692 267 133 20 013 304 71 048
Jura 66 163 3 143 58 119 1 661 34 3 206

Urban areas 4 737 376 2 921 738 903 133 420 855 11 899 479 751
Rural areas 2 136 311 1 452 956 418 562 103 261 27 733 133 799
The five largest cities
Zurich 365 043 281 317 7 953 24 948 1 257 49 568
Basle 178 428 137 369 4 997 12 482 257 23.323
Geneva 171 042 9 610 112 419 9 786 149 39 078
Berne 136 338 110 279 5 236 7 134 224 13 465
Lausanne 128 112 6 799 95 455 6 755 79 19 024
 Main language
BfS OfS

Resident population by main language, 1960-1990

1960 1970
4,3%
0,8%
69,3%
11,9%

18,1%

1980 1990
6,0%
0,8%
9,8%

18,3%

German 1111 Italian Others

French 1-1 Romansh

Other main languages, 1990

Slavic languages
Spanish
Portuguese
Turkish languages
English
Albanian
Arabic
Other European
languages
Other languages

15
 Language usually spoken
BFS OFS UST

Resident population by language (including dialect) usually spoken, 1990

German of which French of which Italian of which Romansh
speaking speaking speaking (no dis-
Swiss- French Italian tinction
German patois dia- of dia-
dialect lect(s) lects)
Total in % Total in % Total in %
Switzerland 4 951 280 93,28 2 268 499 2,04 998 187 17,46 62 353
Cantons
Zurich 1 108 213 93,97 183 114 2,47 174 752 6,37 7 151
Berne 846 947 96,57 249 975 3,26 84 831 5,47 2 408
Lucerne 309 106 97,06 32 433 2,14 27 369 6,11 995
Uri 33 130 98,70 1 938 1,86 2 232 8,92 137
Schwyz 107 055 97,28 9 469 1,86 8 917 6,00 473
Obwalden 28 005 97,60 2 264 1,55 1 342 4,62 64
Nidwalden 31 936 97,56 3 103 1,71 2 099 5,81 102
Glarus 35 673 97,18 2 570 1,87 5 707 2,89 189
Zug 81 042 94,91 11 388 1,91 8 890 5,85 408
Fribourg 82 996 82,97 171 429 3,36 10 132 6,74 240
Solothurn 220 901 96,89 32 463 2,74 25 520 4,26 579
Basle-City 175 637 92,52 40 006 2,92 29 199 5,94 769
Basle-Country 222 166 95,82 43 665 2,41 28 708 4,95 785
Schaffhausen 68 545 95,85 6 909 2,32 7 164 4,47 193
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 49 988 96,31 3 894 2,03 4 129 4,89 190

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 13 473 97,36 809 1,24 618 2,91 28

St. Gall 404 665 96,24 36 897 1,92 38 593 4,44 2 215
Grisons 141 828 94,89 14 143 2,91 38 447 37,12 39 777
Aargau 477 854 95,95 61 273 2,54 61 766 4,14 1 641
Thurgau 195 932 96,16 16 369 2,23 21 422 3,30 728
Ticino 57 281 62,68 36 022 1,93 268 313 45,97 958
Vaud 91 695 51,77 570 047 0,82 60 193 4,89 915
Valais 86 189 84,24 179 888 5,44 19 894 3,55 243
Neuchätel 22 352 56,54 154 550 0,64 17 597 5,06 269
Geneva 48 985 45,30 341 118 0,62 46 502 5,25 822
Jura 9 686 56,04 62 763 3,09 3 851 5,19 74
Urban areas 3 367 082 92,16 1 641 543 1,69 797 926 15,72 24 734
Rural areas 1 584 200 95,66 626 956 2,98 200 261 24,38 37 619
The five largest cities
Zurich 334 057 90,13 62 412 2,42 62 603 8,37 2 678
Basle 155 573 92,28 35 778 2,99 27 597 5,84 697
Geneva 20 624 45,13 148 396 0,70 22 158 5,79 372
Berne 118 801 94,19 36 644 3,44 20 896 6,36 634
Lausanne 17 815 48,02 121 238 0,89 14 918 6,05 269
 Language usually spoken
8FS OFS USI

Language usually spoken:

Unilingual and multilingual population, 1990

German French Italian Romansh English Others

Unilingual EJ Multilingual

Resident population by language usually spoken:

Standard language and dialect, 1990
100%

French Italian
Standard language Standard language Only
only and dialect S dialect

17
 Religion
11_

Resident population by religion, 1990

Protestant Roman Eastern Other Islamic Other No relig-
Catholic congre- Christian relig- IOLIS
gations denomi- jaus affili-
nations affili- ation,
ations no res-
ponse
Switzerland 2 747 821 3 172 321 71 501 70 249 152 217 46 752 612 826
Cantons
Zurich 583 624 410 105 16 719 14 608 30 706 12 910 110 372
Berne 691 812 172 906 4 132 11 857 13 136 6 133 58 216
Lucerne 42 670 255 106 4 604 2 262 6 123 1 828 13 675
Uri 2 043 30 480 277 156 556 33 663
Schwyz 13 398 89 977 1 593 531 2 722 381 3 362

Obwalden 2 057 25 532 198 55 503 85 595

Nidwalden 4 032 27 101 216 133 424 59 1 079
Glarus 18 618 15 882 464 346 1 653 247 1 298
Zug 15 830 60 562 1 348 546 2 482 591 4 187
Fribourg 31 384 169 363 882 836 3 162 628 7 316

Solothurn 80 863 117 850 1 784 3 637 7 268 1 265 19 079

Basle-City 64 003 50 705 2 899 1 939 7 878 2 636 69 351
Basle-Country 117 247 78 555 1 721 3 339 6 571 1 621 24 434
Schaffhausen 40 616 19 516 1 043 1 033 1 980 236 7 736
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 29 976 16 338 1 132 706 1 126 229 2 722

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 1 230 11 875 143 48 346 20 208

St. Gall 134 035 247 885 7 733 3 993 13 218 2 032 18 605
Grisons 76 296 86 148 1 637 803 2 067 455 6 484
Aargau 212 636 224 836 7 002 9 419 16 218 2 566 34 831
Thurgau 103 405 82 044 2 487 2 347 8 238 796 10 045

Ticino 20 527 235 669 2 436 2 120 2 532 1 029 17 868

Vaud 280 618 228 133 5 283 3 627 9 969 3 991 70 195
Valais 13 741 221 169 1 072 933 2 884 360 9 658
Neuchätel 73 245 59 683 414 1 552 1 716 623 26 752
Geneva 85 585 181 206 4 128 3 265 8 182 5 837 90 987
Jura 8 330 53 695 154 158 557 161 3 108
Urban areas 1 861 656 2 104 416 56 827 54 953 110 554 40 216 508 754

Rural areas 886 165 1 067 905 14 674 15 296 41 663 6 536 104 072
The five largest cities
Zurich 145 408 141 190 7 872 4 455 9 296 7 449 49 373
Basle 54 157 45 735 2 779 1 644 7 730 2 441 63 942
Geneva 33 577 79 575 2 487 1 536 4 753 3 489 45 625
Berne 79 889 36 723 1 024 1 779 2 494 1 415 13 014
Lausanne 48 007 56 464 1 606 719 2 775 1 503 17 038
 Religion
d_

Resident population by religion, 1960-1990

1960 1970
0,7% 1,5%
1,2% 1,4%

45,4% 49,4%

1980 1990
4,9%
3,2%

47,6%

Protestant 153 Other religious affiliations

Roman Catholic No religious affiliation, no response

Other religious affiliations, 1980 and 1990

thousandS
Christian Catholic
Eastern
congregations
Other Christian
denominations
Jewish time
Islamic
Other religious
affiliations
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

so
 Spatial mobility
r<>
Two out of three persons leave their place of birth
In 1990, a total of 29.9% of the resident population lived in the commune in
which they were born. This represents a slight decrease compared to 1980
(31.5%). A comparison with the beginning of the century shows that in 1900,
52.0% of the population lived in the commune of their birth. This proportion
shows a continual decrease in each following census. The percentage of
persons born abroad has varied greatly; it reached its lowest point during
World War II (1941: 6.8%). Between 1980 and 1990, the percentage of persons
born abroad increased from 16.7% to 20.3%. This growth must be seen in
relationship to the simultaneous increase in the foreign population.

Amongst Swiss nationals, 33.9% lived in the commune in which theywere born
(1980: 34.8%), 30.2% lived in another commune in the same canton (1980:
30.9%), 27.6% lived in another canton (1980: 28.2%) and 7.2% were born abroad
(1980: 6.1%). Amongst foreigners, 20.7% were born in Switzerland (1980:
22.2%).

Immigrants drawn to cities

A quarter (24.8%) of the population (aged five years and older) moved to a new
commune of residence between 1985 and 1990. This proportion represents a
slight decrease in comparison with the 1980 census (25.5%).

A total of some 365,000 persons, 5.6% of the population, were still living abroad
five years prior to the census (1980: 3.4%). As of the 1990 enumeration, 75.2%
of the immigrants lived in urban areas and only 24.8% resided in rural regions
(1980: 70.7% and 29.3% respectively). The tendency of the immigrant
population to settle in an urban zone, where more employment and dwellings
are available, grows stronger.

Migrant behaviour depends an age

The mobility of the population is largely influenced by age. Mobility is highest
amongst Swiss nationals aged 20-34 years; 42.4% have either changed their
commune or canton of residence or returned from abroad since 1985. The
percentage among those aged 35-39 years is only 25.9% and it continually
drops to reach a level of 5.3% amongst those between 75 and 79 years. A slight
increase is again noticeable among those aged 80 years and older.
9A
Among the allen population, mobility is also highest among those aged 20-34
years; 61.2% were living either in another commune or canton or abroad in
1985. lt should be noted that approximately half of those aged 20-29 years and
34.3% of those aged 30-34 years were living abroad in 1985.

New impulses for commuter flows

Strong demographic growth, the expansion of agglomerations and also the
increase in the number of economically active persons have provided new
impulses for the flow of commuters. In 1980, 40.1% of all employed persons
(working at least six hours per week) left their commune of residence to go to
their place of work. Their number increased to 49.7% in 1990.

The number of persons who leave the canton in which they live in order to go
to their place of work is also increasing and grew from 7.0% in 1980 to 9.8% in
1990. The proportion of inter-cantonal commuters in the five largest cities is
between 1% and 2% for Geneva, Berne and Zurich. lt is much higher for
Lausanne (3.1%), where the vast majority of the inter-cantonal commuters (a
little over 70%) travel between their city and the Canton of Geneva. As for the
City of Basle, their share is evidently even higher (15.3%).

Preferred means of transport: the car

The individual car is by far the principal means of transport used bycommuters
between domicile and place of work (55.8%). lt is also the most important for
persons who work in their commune of residence (27.7%), in preference to the
tram or bus (20.5%).

However, pupils and students (1.5% use cars), and also working women, show
a different behaviour. Women, rather than men, more often walk or use public
means of transport to get to their place of work. Only 33.5% of economically
active women use an individual car as opposed to 53.0% of men.
The ratio between the use of public transportation and private means of
transport differs greatly among the various cantons. For every hundred
commuters using private transportation, a further 168 commuters in the
Canton of Basle-City, as opposed to only 14 in the Canton of Appenzell-
Interior Rhodes use public means of transport. Throughout Switzerland
generally, commuters living in rural areas use public transportation much less
than those living in urban regions. The ratio between public means of transport
and private transportation is 61 to 100 in urban areas and 26 to 100 in rural
regions. Amongst the five largest cities of the country, this ratio varies
substantially between French-speaking and German-speaking cities. The
urban population of German-speaking Switzerland uses public transportation
much more frequently; Zurich leads (with a ratio of 211 to 100) and Geneva is
last (with 114 to 100).
C3 Place of birth
BFS OFS UST

Resident population by place of birth, 1990

Commune Another commune . Another Abroad No

of current in the canton canton response
residence of residence

Switzerland 2 058 512 1 766 380 1 585 125 1 392 282 71 388
Cantons
Zurich 311 841 284 214 307 437 267 921 7 631
Berne 304 254 353 989 165 002 116 782 18 165
Lucerne 110 768 100 293 67 976 44 299 2 932
Uri 16 769 9 015 5 536 2 710 178
Schwyz 46 699 17 849 31 514 14 963 939

Obwalden 14 424 4 015 7 547 2 868 171

Nidwalden 12 473 5 172 11 839 3 274 286
Glarus 12 993 8 244 9 699 7 285 287
Zug 24 200 12 637 32 239 15 891 579
Fribourg 73 272 72 255 37 897 29 870 277

Solothurn 72 991 55 196 66 394 35 332 1 833

Basle-City 73 161 7 791 61 326 56 399 734
Basle-Country 54 742 39 746 91 931 44 834 2 235
Schaffhausen 23 686 11 159 21 211 15 424 680
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 15 993 6 278 20 591 8 446 921

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 7 072 2 260 2 998 1 493 47

St. Gall 142 664 102 310 100 900 76 418 5 209
Grisons 67 099 45 577 32 995 26 646 1 573
Aargau 139 167 134 500 133 636 93 449 6 756
Thurgau 55 700 44 300 65 074 40 223 4 065

Ticino 81 056 80 413 37 351 81 391 1 970

Vaud 134 477 173 206 123 684 165 522 4 927
Valais 116 750 65 405 25 325 39 554 2 783
Neuchätel 45 432 39 507 38 430 39 095 1 521
Geneva 74 617 70 688 76 826 152 864 4 195
Jura 26 212 20 361 9 767 9 329 494

Urban areas 1 247 656 1 161 386 1 170 470 1 112 108 45 756

Rural areas 810 856 604 994 414 655 280 174 25 632

The five largest cities

Zurich 119 977 33 845 104 897 103 757 2 567
Basle 69 412 1 284 54 845 52 179 708
Geneva 45 610 9 334 35 479 78 321 2 298
Berne 46 707 31 221 30 066 26 853 1 491
Lausanne 35 616 22 687 26 956 41 839 1 014
 Place of birth
EFS OFS

Resident population by place of birth, 1900, 1930, 1960 and 1990

All of Switzerland
1900 1930
9,3% 8,8%
13,9%
21,0%

24,8%
25,0%

1960 1990
13,5% 20,5%
38,1%

24,0%

23,3%

24,4%

Commune of current residence Another canton

Note: Persons who
Another commune in the gave no response
canton of residence Abroad are excluded.

Largest cities, 1990 Urban/Rural areas, 1990

Zurich
Urban
Basle area

Geneva
Berne Rural
area
Lausanne

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

23
 d_ Place of residence five years ago
BFS OFS UST

Resident population by place of residence five years ago

Total resident At same At an- In an- In an- Abroad No re-
population over address other other com- other sponse
five years address in mune in canton
of age the same canton of
commune residence
Switzerland 6 476 590 4 128 492 746 673 764 590 399 558 364 740 72 537
Cantons
Zurich 1 118 517 704 101 149 187 130 012 61 132 64 813 9 272
Berne 904 751 590 650 94 785 128 063 38 258 34 313 18 682
Lucerne 305 149 198 656 34 127 36 814 18 471 14 411 2 670
Uri 31 937 23 917 3 120 2 606 1 334 833 127
Schwyz 104 238 68 266 12 676 7 440 10 059 4 954 843

Obwalden 26 979 18 687 3 064 1 578 2 419 1 057 174

Nidwalden 30 737 20 563 3 056 2 482 3 239 1 189 208
Glarus 36 058 23 600 3 701 3 868 2 735 1 845 309
Zug 80 380 51 163 8 527 7 481 8 113 4 416 680
Fribourg 199 792 127 594 19 004 25 269 15 995 11 520 410
Solothurn 218 202 143 010 22 264 24 155 18 983 8 454 1 336
Basle-City 191 218 121 002 36 748 1 134 18 007 13 865 462
Basle-Country 220 646 144 932 22 021 23 152 19 350 10 084 1 107
Schaffhausen 67 984 43 258 10 750 5 148 5 030 3 205 593
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 48 789 30 801 5 535 2 382 6 548 2 715 808
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 12 764 9 060 1 408 548 1 093 538 117
St. Gall 399 420 252 470 50 066 40 962 29 047 21 044 5 831
Grisons 163 173 105 560 18 648 17 457 10 308 9 197 2 003
Aargau 475 757 299 705 43 324 65 868 36 728 24 197 5 935
Thurgau 194 642 118 562 22 142 21 222 19 186 ' 10 500 3 030
Ticino 269 238 173 985 24 982 43 413 10 306 14 458 2 094
Vaud 566 786 334 731 64 213 85 333 32 784 46 294 3 431
Valais 233 457 156 517 28 832 22 345 9 135 13 726 2 902
Neuchätel 154 791 93 598 22 808 18 430 7 877 11 036 1 042
Geneva 359 170 231 573 34 474 41 008 10 575 33 442 8 098
Jura 62 015 42 531 7 211 6 420 2 846 2 634 373
Urban areas 4 486 649 2 789 389 572 355 523 931 275 553 274 166 51 255
Rural areas 1 989 941 1 339 103 174 318 240 659 124 005 90 574 21 282
The five largest cities
Zurich 351 346 210 529 66 252 18 254 23 281 27 504 5 526
Basle 171 136 106 239 33 869 714 16 750 13 149 415
Geneva 162 620 99 666 21 773 9 852 6 077 18 693 6 559
Berne 131 289 80 608 20 763 11 500 6 973 7 501 3 944
Lausanne 122 077 70 839 21 614 10 172 7 312 11 606 534
 Ad,
Place of residence five years ago 111

Resident population by place of residence five years ago, 1980/1990

Swiss nationals Citizens of other countries

1980
0,9%
7,3% 66,9% 18,7%
12,2%
4,7%
12,7% 10,5%

18,9%
1990
68,5% 46,1%
26,1%

11,2% 4,1%

9,9%
13,8%

At same address At another address in In another commune in

the same commune the canton of residence
Note: Persons who gave no
an In another canton au Abroad response are excluded.

Resident population by
place of residence abroad five years ago, 1990
70–
60 -
50–
40 –
30 -
20–
10–
0–

25
 Principal means of transport
11_
BFS OFS UST

Employed persons (working at least 6 hours per week), pupils and students
by principal means of transport, 1990
None; Bicycle, Car, Public No re- Ratio be-
pedestrian motor- factory means of sponse tween public
cycle, or school transport and private
scooter bus transporta-
tion (in %)
Switzerland 652 059 522 081 1 588 342 1 048 821 186 527 49,70
Cantons
Zurich 112 488 76 998 260 083 252 195 35 417 74,82
Berne 79 318 94 717 182 199 146 123 38 960 52,77
Lucerne 31 156 30 349 69 520 42 335 8 684 42,39
Uri 4 077 4 576 6 455 2 169 626 19,66
Schwyz 12 099 8 653 29 799 9 670 2 433 25,15
Obwalden 2 624 3 158 7 031 1 522 827 14,94
Nidwalden 3 083 3 303 9 034 2 294 666 18,59
Glarus 4 497 4 687 8 114 2 852 760 22,28
Zug 7 324 8 629 20 582 13 710 1 347 46,93
Fribourg 19 163 9 628 64 534 26 500 1 702 35,73
Solothurn 22 770 25 253 57 932 26 364 3 833 31,69
Basle-City 14 186 15 111 17 702 55 059 13 878 167,80
Basle-Country 18 051 20 950 48 390 50 843 4 185 73,32
Schaffhausen 7 100 5 041 14 321 12 894 1 288 66,59
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 6 425 3 505 10 983 4 983 1 346 34,39
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 1 736 1 377 2 873 594 379 13,98
St. Gell 47 970 44 124 92 585 47 975 10 029 35,09
Grisons 23 645 12 117 33 802 14 740 4 602 32,10
Aargau 46 974 48 023 132 446 64 143 10 340 35,54
Thurgau 21 277 23 824 48 061 15 742 5 470 21,90
Ticino 24 460 13 969 85 460 25 544 3 276 25,69
Vaud 57 478 23 222 171 727 94 989 11 164 48,73
Valais 25 242 11 908 67 502 20 864 6 367 26,27
Neuchätel 17 498 5 861 41 378 25 895 3 355 54,82
Geneva 36 262 19 901 89 175 82 971 13 685 76,07
Jura 5 156 3 197 16 654 5 851 1 908 29,47
Urban areas 454 727 360 107 1 067 327 870 874 129 399 61,01
Rural areas 197 332 161 974 521 015 177 947 57 128 26,05
The live largest cities
Zurich 28 462 11 520 44 610 118 522 23 666 211,16
Basle 13 204 13 268 14 892 50 007 13 220 177,58
Geneva 20 174 7 456 28 409 40 891 9 700 114,01
Berne 11 999 8 573 13 954 39 120 7 761 173,66
Lausanne 15 916 3 137 24 180 33 996 2 509 124,45
26
 Principal means of transport 1111
EFS OFS

Employed persons, pupils and students by principal means of

transport, 1970 and 1990
1990
Pedestrian 10,8%
17,1%
Bicycle, 16,7%
motorcycle,
scooter 13,7%
Car,
factory or
school bus
Postal bus,
tram or bus
Train
41,7%

Employed persons, pupils and students by principal means of

transport,1970-1990
1,6 — in nnillions .Pupils/students
Employedpersons
1,2 —

0,8

0,4

Bicycle, motor- Car, factory Postal bus, Train

Pedestrian
cycle, scooter or school bus tram or bus

Employed persons, pupils and students by time required to reach

place of work/study, 1970-1990
60% -
50% -
40% -
30% -
20% -
10% -
0%--
up to 15 minutes up to 30 minutes up to one hour over one hour

27
 Commuters
d_
SFS OFS UST

Employed persons (working at least 6 hours per week) by canton of

residence and canton of work, 1990
Employed Commuters Com- Com- Employed Balance
persons by to another muters muters persons of com-
canton of canton abroad from by canton muters
residence another of work
canton
Switzerland 3 546 140 347 150 5 345 347 150 3 540 795 - 5'345
Cantons
Zurich 648 777 21 631 177 83 605 710 574 61 797
Berne 487 374 20 877 94 25 491 491 894 4 520
Lucerne 167 727 15 774 15 11 607 163 545 - 4 182
Uri 16 064 1 236 0 484 15 312 - 752
Schwyz 58 073 14 475 6 4 806 48 398 - 9 675
Obwalden 14 198 2 154 0 1 140 13 184 - 1 014
Nidwalden 17 106 4 481 0 2 259 14 884 - 2 222
Glarus 19 774 1 882 2 1 485 19 375 - 399
Zug 46 952 6 337 10 12 421 53 026 6 074
Fribourg 105 359 15 124 4 5 575 95 806 - 9 553
Solothurn 120 420 24 373 41 17 193 113 199 - 7 221
Basle-City 100 156 14 964 296 57 495 142 391 42 235
Basle-Country 122 675 51 562 236 20 405 91 282 - 31 393
Schaffhausen 36 814 5 940 127 4 090 34 837 - 1 977
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 25 563 7 561 21 3 937 21 918 - 3 645
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 6 746 1 507 10 584 5 813 - 933
St. Gall 215 116 22 209 2 467 22 915 213 355 - 1 761
Grisons 88 156 2 775 204 1 630 86 807 - 1 349
Aargau 269 472 54 961 208 22 424 236 727 - 32 745
Thurgau 105 656 19 158 316 8 454 94 636 - 11 020
Ticino 135 531 588 691 1 503 135 755 224
Vaud 308 020 23 843 85 12 851 296 943 - 11 077
Valais 119 053 4 206 29 2 141 116 959 - 2 094
Neuchätel 82 553 3 685 36 3 630 82 462 - 91
Geneva 197 010 3 050 243 18 109 211 826 14 816
Jura 31 795 2 797 27 916 29 887 - 1 908
Urban areas 2 490 917 237 051 3 689 294 791 2 487 466 54 051
Rural areas 1 055 223 110 099 1 656 52 359 1 053 329 - 59 396
The five largest cities
Zurich 201 094 3 838 84 41 706 238 878 37 784
Basle 90 805 13 874 220 56 964 133 675 42 870
Geneva 90 641 1 467 107 11 959 101 026 10 385
Berne 72 475 1 311 18 9 483 80 629 8 154
Lausanne 65 348 2 026 12 2 802 66 112 764
28
 Commuters
AFS OFS UST

Inter-cantonal commuters, 1980 and 1990

Commuters to another canton Commuters from another canton

ZH
BE
LU
UR
SZ
OW
NW
GL
ZG
FR
SO
BS
BL
SH
AR
Al
SG
GR
AG
TG
TI
VD
VS
NE
GE
JU ih thousands

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Employed persons working at least 6 hours per week 1980 11111 1990

29
 Education and occupation

Improvement in the educational level of the population

The educational level of the resident population of Switzerland has improved
in recent decades, as seen in a comparison between people over 64 years of age
and those between 26 and 39 years. Whereas in 1990, one person in two of
those over 64 years (49.7%) had received no further education after having
completed compulsory schooling, the same situation applied to only one
person in five (22.2%) among those between 26 and 39 years. Vocational
education or upper-level secondary general education is the highest level
reached by a little over a third (36.2%) of those over 64, as opposed to over half
(57.1%) of those aged 26-39 years. The proportion of higher education
graduates (university degree or higher vocational education or polytechnical
schools) in the group between 26 and 39 years (17.2%) is more than double the
percentage of those in the group over 64 years of age (8.0%).

Higher educational attainment for men than women

The educational attainment varies considerably from one sex to the other.
Among persons having completed only compulsory education, three-fifths
(60.8%) are women. Vocational education was received by almost as many
women as men (women's share: 48.6%). But nearly three-fourths of those who
completed their higher education are men (72.7%). Strikingly, two-thirds
(62.3%) of the persons with an upper-level secondary general education or
with a primary teacher's diploma are women. But this is due to the fact that,
after having reached this level, men, much more frequently than women,
pursue their studies further.

Rural and urban differences

The educational attainment is higher among the urban than among the rural
population. Compulsory schooling is the highest level reached by 39.2% of
those living in rural areas. This proportion is lower (35.7%) amongst those
living in urban areas. Furthermore, the percentage of higher education
graduates is much higher in urban areas (15.5%) than in the countryside (8.9%).

Switzerland's social structure at a glance

The socio-economic status provides information about Switzerland's social
structure. lt is determined by the declarations provided on occupational and
work status and on the level of education attained.
30
A little over one-fifth of all employed persons (21.4%) fall within the category
of unskilled workers. About one employed person out of three (35.0%) belongs
to one of the categories of skilled workers. More than a sixth of all employed
persons (18.6%) hold intermediate positions (mid-level management, persons
who have completed higher vocational education or polytechnical schools),
while one out of five (19.6%) falls within one of the following four categories:
top executives, liberal professions (such as doctors and lawyers), other self-
employed persons, or academic professionals and executives.

A comparison between town and country also reveals differences. Of all

employed persons in Switzerland, 70.2% live in an urban area. A substantially
higher proportion of top executives (78.7%), persons in liberal professions
(81.4%) or academic professionals and executives (80.0%) live in urban areas,
whereas the figures for other self-employed persons (55.8%) and skilled
manual workers (61.8%) are lower than the national average.

31
 Educational attainment
BFS OFS UST

Resident population over 15 years by educational attainment, 1990

No Compulsory Vocational/ Higher Other No re-
education education upper-leyel education edu- sponse
(primary and secondary cation
secondary) education

Switzerland 69 785 1 908 006 2 805 080 691 917 43 045 106 811
Cantons
Zurich 10 626 279 560 543 040 140 337 6 082 7 909
Berne 8 157 230 859 411 596 88 909 6 737 38 221
Lucerne 2 417 89 798 134 223 28 828 1 585 3 320
Uri 152 12 784 11 598 2 042 140 104
Schwyz 779 35 568 42 262 7 939 600 922
Obwalden 118 9 232 10 841 1 953 159 125
Nidwalden 155 8 774 13 894 2 869 161 206
Glarus 608 12 162 14 479 2 556 236 620
Zug 605 20 559 36 809 10 203 506 543
Fribourg 513 77 941 74 406 17 607 999 184
Solothurn 1 333 66 925 97 641 19 393 1 306 1 433
Basle-City 1 721 62 164 83 397 23 016 729 3 740
Basle-Country 1 416 56 746 104 934 26 093 1 364 616
Schaffhausen 797 17 845 31 843 7 170 587 869
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 556 15 794 19 907 4 236 330 447
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 28 5 088 4 663 681 61 26
St. Gall 5 057 119 237 169 823 33 847 2 890 7 827
Grisons 2 062 49 035 71 731 12 804 1 279 3 301
Aargau 6 204 124 088 213 217 49 810 2 982 9 351
Thurgau 2 659 55 171 84 064 16 289 1 440 4 549
Ticino 5 074 96 004 111 450 23 874 2 047 1 338
Vaud 7 069 184 222 228 001 71 537 3 802 2 256
Valais 2 135 88 506 84 127 17 180 2 076 5 759
Neuchätel 1 998 56 507 60 287 15 896 1 129 313
Geneva 7 043 106 687 125 499 62 815 3 529 12 796
Jura 503 26 750 21 348 4 033 289 36

Urban areas 52 032 1 249 236 1 998 568 542 084 30 919 73 341
Rural areas 17 753 658 770 806 512 149 833 12 126 33 470
The five largest cities
Zurich 3 447 101 207 168 787 46 134 1 637 2 254
Basle 1 667 57 453 73 662 19 764 671 3 611
Geneva 3 882 47 706 51 955 29 973 1 955 12 111
Berne 1 630 28 452 61 447 17 857 1 367 9 964
Lausanne 2 126 40 165 50 346 16 594 990 260
32
 Educational attainment

Educational attainment, 1990

26-39 year old men / women

No education
Compulsory
education
Vocational education
Upper-level secondary
general education
Higher vocational
education
Polytechnical schools
University education
Other education
No response

Men Women

Educational attainment, 1990

Over 64 year old men / women

No education
Compulsory
education
Vocational education
Upper-level secondary
general education
Higher vocational
education
Polytechnical schools
University education
Other education
No response

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Men la Women

33
 d_
Socio-economic status
SFS OFS UST

Employed persons by socio-economic status, 1990

Total Top Liberal Other Academic
employed executives profes- self-em- professionals
persons sions ployed and
persons executives

Switzerland 3 580 913 47 201 31 438 325 485 297 226

Cantons
Zurich 655 701 9 639 6 676 47 457 65 789
Berne 493 110 6 053 3 547 47 420 34 910
Lucerne 169 689 1 945 1 132 17 455 10 842
Uri 16 246 140 101 1 799 712
Schwyz 58 606 630 316 7 253 3 448
Obwalden 14 371 117 96 2 079 740
Nidwalden 17 290 237 98 2 041 1 257
Glarus 20 016 202 98 2 005 1 060
Zug 47 418 680 448 4 007 4 710
Fribourg 106 023 1 045 787 11 692 7 779
Solothurn 121 737 1 487 764 10 316 7 804
Basle-City 101 097 1 154 1 121 6 006 9 319
Basle-Country 124 283 2 124 1 017 9 115 12 775
Schaffhausen 37 363 394 266 3 403 2 641
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 25 856 319 249 3 388 1 609
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 6 785 45 37 1 424 283
St. Gall 217 724 2 383 1 252 20 601 14 216
Grisons 88 953 988 675 10 736 5 155
Aargau 272 701 3 348 1 649 21 480 23 070
Thurgau 106 851 1 140 567 12 118 6 030
Ticino 136 237 2 283 1 742 13 706 13 304
Vaud 309 951 4 659 3 695 31 174 29 662
Valais 119 961 1 092 1 012 13 543 6 111
Neuchätel 83 074 1 024 716 7 671 6 461
Geneva 197 875 3 817 3 187 13 891 25 826
Jura 31 995 256 190 3 705 1 713
Urban areas 2 514 965 37 151 25 580 181 565 237 915
Rural areas 1 065 948 10 050 5 858 143 920 59 311
The live largest cities
Zurich 203 032 2 210 2 500 12 575 20 358
Basle 91 608 941 943 5 362 7 901
Geneva 91 045 1 543 1 367 5 510 11 891
Berne 73 269 978 780 3 597 7 028
Lausanne 65 716 670 861 4 069 6 866
 Socio-economic status
RFS OFS UST

Employed persons by socio-economic status, 1990

Inter- Skilled Skilled Unskilled Other
mediate non-manual manual workers employed
occupations workers workers persons

666 385 815 116 438 860 767 346 191 856 Switzerland
Cantons
133 541 170 860 66 334 117 014 38 301 Zurich
92 487 112 289 69 025 86 765 40 614 Berne
33 127 36 329 25 436 38 062 5 361 Lucerne
2 939 2 876 2 529 4 675 475 Uri
10 380 11 294 8 573 15 169 1 543 Schwyz
2 417 2 633 2 482 3 386 421 Obwalden
3 524 3 546 2 711 3 525 351 Nidwalden
3 497 3 659 2 951 6 070 474 Glarus
9 797 11 419 5 316 9 449 1 592 Zug
16 746 21 324 14 752 29 750 2 148 Fribourg

23 731 26 875 17 484 28 055 5 221 Solothurn

18 238 24 319 8 913 20 553 11 474 Basle-City
25 892 31 858 14 045 23 897 3 560 Basle-Country
7 604 8 855 5 474 7 723 1 003 Schaffhausen
4 435 4 896 3 631 6 082 1 247 Appenzell-Ext. Rh.
851 1 085 1 033 1 663 364 Appenzell-Int. Rh.
40 637 45 450 31 021 50 898 11 266 ' St. Gall
15 265 19 996 12 748 18 764 4 626 Grisons
55 154 61 422 36 619 56 522 13 437 Aargau
19 220 20 501 16 695 23 964 6 616 Thurgau
18 163 33 399 15 146 34 811 3 683 Ticino
54 659 69 294 31 209 74 217 11 382 Vaud
18 413 24 352 17 371 30 629 7 438 Valais
14 164 16 483 9 969 22 758 3 828 Neuchätel
36 750 44 604 12 996 43 574 13 230 Geneva
4 754 5 498 4 397 9 281 2 201 Jura

486 469 616 993 271 148 520 434 137 710 Urban areas

179 916 198 123 167 712 246 912 54 146 Rural areas
The five largest cities
37 973 54 567 16 439 38 750 17 660 Zurich
16 174 21 646 8 289 19 547 10 805 Basle
15 585 19 788 5 361 21 274 8 726 Geneva
14 294 19 524 6.552 12 087 8 429 Berne
11 504 17 024 5 514 16 748 2 460 Lausanne
 Working life, main occupation

Increase in the number of Jobs

The economically active population increased by 18.3% during the 1980's (+
560,000) and thereby grew more than twice as fast as the resident population
(+ 8.0%). The ratio of the working population to the total population (activity
ratio) rose from 48.6% to 53.2%. In 1990, 2.1% of the enumerated persons in the
labour force was unemployed (registered and non-registered unemployed). In
1980, the unemployment rate was 0.8%.

During the 1980's, foreigners contributed the most towards the growth of the
economically active population. Their number rose, mainly through immigra-
tion and a greater participation in working life (especially for women), by sonne
250,000 persons, the majority of whom were employed full-time.

Family obligations influence women's participation in

working life
The activity ratio among Swiss women has also increased substantially. In the
group aged 15 to 64 years, it rose from 49.4% to 59.9%. However, it still remains
largely dependent an the family life cycle. The activity ratio among Swiss
women reaches a peak of 81.8% amongst the 22-year olds. lt drops to 54.7%
among 32-year old women and then climbs back to reach 64.8% amongst those
46 years of age. Thereafter, their activity ratio steadily falls to reach 34.1%
among women approaching retirement age (61 years).

Among Swiss men, the activity ratio follows a completely different pattern.
While it is also 81.8% for 22-year old men, it then still rises to exceed 98%
amongst those 32 years of age. lt begins to gradually decline only after the age
of 55 and then drops abruptly fronn 79.2% to 25.3% in the group between 62 and
65 years old.

As of the 1990 census, a total of 221,000 more Swiss women were employed
than in 1980. However, 175,000 of these women worked part-time and only
46,000 full-time. In the 1990 census, 43.6% of all employed Swiss women
worked part-time (1980:35.1%). Part-time employment is rare among the Swiss
male population; only 5.2% held a part-time job in 1990 (1980: 4.8%).
Decrease in the agricultural and industrial sectors
The sectorial structure of the economy continued to change in the 1980's.
Many small establishments in the primary sector (agriculture and horticulture)
closed down, and in geographically unfavorable regions (such as Ticino and
the valleys of the Valais), farming as a main source of income showed signs of
disappearing. The proportion of persons active in the primary sector fell from
6.3% to 4.1%.

The number of persons employed in the secondary sector (industry,

construction and production) also declined from 39.4% (1980) to 30.5%. Only
26.8% of the Swiss nationals worked in the secondary sector (1980: 35.6%), as
opposed to 43.5% of the foreigners (1980: 56.2%). In 1980, the industrial sector
still employed a majority of people in eleven of the Swiss cantons. The 1990
census shows that such is the case only in the Canton of Glarus, where 47.7%
of its employed population worked in the industrial sector. Jobs in industry
have simultaneously shifted to small firms an the outskirts of the
agglomerations or even entirely away from urban agglomerations.

During the 1980's, the service sector not only compensated for jobs lost in the
primary and secondary sectors, but also succeeded in creating new ones. In
1990, 61.8% of the employed population (65.0% of the Swiss nationals, 50.7%
of the foreigners) worked in the service sector. lt is here that new employment
opportunities have become available, particularly for women, 76.5% of whom
are employed in the service sector. lt has furthermore become the most
important economic sector for men (52.4%). On the national level, the Canton
of Geneva holds the record, 76.2% of its population being employed in the
service sector.

More self-employed; Stagnation in the number of directors

and chief executives
Following a long period of decline, the proportion of self-employed persons in
comparison with 1980 has remained more or less stable (about 10%). In
absolute numbers, the figure for the self-employed has increased by 81,000,
primarily as a result of the 'new self-employed' in the tertiary sector
(consulting, health, office work, etc.), many of whom however often work only
part-time. The highest number of self-employed in proportion to the employed
population is still to be found in cantons with the highest percentage of
agriculture (22.2% were self-employed in the Canton of Appenzell-
Interior Rhodes, as opposed to only 7.6% in the Canton of Basle-City, the
canton with the lowest share of people employed in agriculture). The cantons
with a preponderant service sector are also those with the highest share of
directors and chief executives. In the Canton of Geneva, 8.0% of the employed
held such positions. Between 1980 and 1990, the total number of directors and
chief executives increased by only 7%, whereas in the previous decade it had
an increase of over 50%.
37
 Type of activity

Economically active persons by type of activity, 1990

Total econo- Employed Full-time Part-time Unem-
mically active persons employed employed ployed
persons

Switzerland 3 656 489 3 580 913 2 907 977 672 936 75 576
Cantons
Zurich 667 818 655 701 524 180 131 521 12 117
Berne 501 175 493 110 394 087 99 023 8 065
Lucerne 172 263 169 689 138 723 30 966 2 574
Uri 16 461 16 246 13 917 2 329 215
Schwyz 59 317 58 606 49 204 9 402 711
Obwalden 14 532 14 371 11 993 2 378 161
Nidwalden 17 534 17 290 14 428 2 862 244
Glarus 20 278 20 016 16 304 3 712 262
Zug 48 105 47 418 38 992 8 426 687 ,
Fribourg 108 418 106 023 88 087 17 936 2 395
Solothurn 123 529 121 737 99 419 22 318 1 792
Basle-City 103 970 101 097 78 898 22 199 2 873
Basle-Country 126 842 124 283 98 109 26 174 2 559
Schaffhausen 38 120 37 363 29 410 7 953 757
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 26 240 25 856 21 140 4 716 384
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 6 883 6 785 5 720 1 065 98
St. Gall 221 080 217 724 178 392 39 332 3 356
Grisons 90 494 88 953 74 672 14 281 1 541
Aargau 277 108 272 701 222 124 50 577 4 407
Thurgau 108 369 106 851 88 104 18 747 1 518
Ticino 140 134 136 237 116 220 20 017 3 897
Vaud 319 377 309 951 252 157 57 794 9 426
Valais 123 332 119 961 99 215 20 746 3 371
Neuchätel 85 478 83 074 67 470 15 604 2 404
Geneva 206 919 197 875 160 227 37 648 9 044
Jura 32 713 31 995 26 785 5 210 718
Urban areas 2 573 756 2 514 965 2 031 583 483 382 58 791

Rural areas 1 082 733 1 065 948 876 394 189 554 16 785

The five largest cities

Zurich 207 737 203 032 162 404 40 628 4 705
Basle 94 309 91 608 71 706 19 902 2 701
Geneva 95 571 91 045 74 049 16 996 4 526
Berne 74 929 73 269 57 446 15 823 1 660
Lausanne 68 149 65 716 52 662 13 054 2 433
38
 Type of activity dl
RFS OFS UST

Resident and economically Activity ratio*, 1900-1990

active population, 1900-1990 orrizdpeegopns atitohnousand
*A
population
7-
in millions

6-

5 Resident
population
4-

3 _ Economically
active
population
2-

. Women:
0-i
1900 1930 195' 0 1970 1990 1900 1930 1950 1970 1990
1900-1950: 1900-1950:
excluding part-time employed excluding part-time employed

Part-time and full-time

employed persons, 1960-1990
100% -

80%

60% _

40%

1960 1970 1980 1990

Full-time 113 Part-time

39
 Activity ratio
SFS OFS UST

Economically active persons per thousand of resident population, 1990

Swiss nationals Citizens of other countries

Total Men Warnen Total Men Warnen Total Men Women

Switzerland 532 654 413 505 627 395 655 752 518

Cantons
Zurich 566 678 457 538 648 440 684 777 550
Berne 523 648 403 504 629 390 690 777 556
Lucerne 528 657 400 507 636 386 673 769 522
Uri 481 627 331 468 617 319 643 719 524
Schwyz 530 659 396 510 642 381 661 754 524

Obwalden 501 627 368 484 610 358 672 769 516
Nidwalden 531 668 386 515 652 378 715 821 526
Glarus 527 641 412 493 611 385 661 740 547
Zug 562 677 446 541 655 434 666 767 519
Fribourg 508 632 380 491 617 369 622 720 478

Solothurn 533 657 410 514 638 398 647 748 502
Basle-City 521 644 410 486 608 390 636 734 498
Basle-Country 543 662 426 524 642 415 650 749 509
Schaffhausen 528 649 413 500 619 395 658 759 519
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 502 621 385 467 590 351 713 777 626

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 496 616 369 472 597 344 719 775 642
St. Gall 517 638 397 488 612 374 659 745 536
Grisons 520 652 390 484 615 364 758 839 624
Aargau 546 671 419 522 649 401 665 758 531
Thurgau 518 644 391 490 617 370 644 742 509

Ticino 497 648 359 459 611 337 607 735 441
Vaud 531 644 423 495 606 401 635 733 505
Valais 494 636 354 468 615 332 636 732 503
Neuchätel 521 634 414 484 593 392 649 746 513
Geneva 546 651 449 508 603 432 612 718 485
Jura 494 630 364 467 601 345 700 801 547

Urban areas 543 661 431 514 631 413 653 751 519

Rural areas 507 638 373 486 619 358 662 760 515

The five largest cities

Zurich 569 671 475 526 623 448 702 787 585
Basle 529 650 418 492 612 397 638 737 501
Geneva 559 663 466 509 602 442 626 728 508
Berne 550 656 459 518 622 438 698 775 592
Lausanne 532 631 446 488 581 419 632 717 526
40
 Activity ratio
11_

Activity ratios, 1960-1990

1000 — per thobsand 1960
800 - L:« 1970
1980
600 -
la 1990
400-
Activity ratio:
active persons
200- per thousand
of resident
population
Swiss men Swiss women Foreign men Foreign women

Activity ratio of Swiss men by age, 1980 and 1990

1000-pertipp, re - 1990
800 - - 1980

600 -

400

200 -

0-1 I• 1 1 1
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 years

Activity ratio of Swiss women by age, 1980 and 1990

1000- per thousand — 1990
800- - 1980

600 -

400 -

200 -

0-1
15 20 25 30 - 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 years

41
 Economic sectors
11_
SFS OFS UST

Employed persons by economic sector, 1990

Primary Secondary Tertiary Unknown

sector sector sector sector
(in %) (in %) (in %) (in %)

Switzerland 4,1% 30,5% 61,8% 3,6%

Cantons
Zurich 2,1% 26,3% 67,9% 3,8%
Berne 5,9% 29,2% 58,9% 6,0%
Lucerne 8,5% 33,5% 56,6% 1,4%
Uri 8,4% 39,3% 51,4% 0,9%
Schwyz 6,6% 38,4% 53,7% 1,3%

Obwalden 9,9% 34,7% 54,0% 1,4%

Nidwalden 7,2% 34,1% 57,6% 1,1%
Glarus 5,4% 47,7% 45,6% 1,2%
Zug 3,6% 29,9% 64,9% 1,5%
Fribourg 7,1% 32,6% 59,6% 0,7%

Solothurn 3,0% 40,9% 54,2% 1,9%

Basle-City 0,4% 25,6% 63,4% 10,5%
Basle-Country 2,3% 34,1% 62,3% 1,3%
Schaffhausen 4,1% 39,2% 54,7% 1,9%
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 7,0% 36,1% 53,9% 3,0%

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 17,2% 35,2% 45,8% 1,8%

St. Gall 4,7% 38,2% 53,2% 4,0%
Grisons 5,9% 26,1% 64,7%, 3,3%
Aargau 3,4% 37,1% - 56,3% 3,3%
Thurgau 7,3% 40,2% 48,6% 3,9%

Ticino 1,7% 24,8% 71,8% 1,8%

Vaud 4,4% 25,0% 69,3% 1,3%
Valais 3,4% 31,0% 60,9% 4,7%
Neuchätel 3,2% 37,7% 55,8% 3,3%
Geneva 0,9% 16,5% 76,2% 6,4%
Jura 6,8% 40,3% 48,9% 3,9% ,

Urban areas 1,7% 28,4% 66,0% 3,9%

Rural areas 9,7% 35,3% 51,9% 3,1%

The five largest cities

Zurich 0,5% 18,1% 73,3% 8,1%
Basle 0,3% 25,6% 63,0% 11,1%
Geneva 0,3% 14,7% 75,0% 10,0%
Berne 0,6% 19,8% 70,2% 9,4%
Lausanne 0,5% 19,2% 78,7% 1,6%
42
 Economic sectors

Employed persons by economic Employed persons by economic

sector, 1960-1990 sector (in percent), 1960-1990
2,5 in millions

1,5 -

0,5 -

1960 1970 1980 1990

Primary sector Tertiary
Secondary sector sector

Employed persons by economic sector and canton, 1990

Primary
100%-
1111111Rig1 ur nun n 1111• 10,- sector
90% - Secondary
sector
80% -
70% -
60% -
50% -

40% - Tertiary
sector
30% -
20%
10% -
0% -
_t-C)DccNOurrIDLLIC.9ccui_Ju30CCOmcn w
0<i-,DWO <co_lz<zi.,..coco>N0>Nm 1-Ls

43
 Status in employment
8FS OfS UST

Employed persons by status in employment, 1990

Self-employed Family Directors, Managers White-, Appren- No re-
workers chief blue- tices sponse
execu- collar
tives workers
Switzerland 379 926 116 669 195 729 612 966 1 950 283 190 017 135 323
Cantons
Zurich 57 527 15 842 45 059 118 966 363 116 29 855 25 336
Berne 55 480 18 002 22 243 86 048 253 278 29 674 28 385
Lucerne 19 278 9 599 7 386 30 254 88 769 10 666 3 737
Uri 1 955 926 497 2 712 8 644 1 227 285
Schwyz 7 853 3 096 2 634 9 694 30 948 3 436 945

Obwalden 2 237 886 509 2 237 7 172 952 378

Nidwalden 2 217 870 995 3 273 8 463 1 057 415
Glarus 2 185 969 782 3 215 11 487 1 111 267
Zug 4 675 1 572 3 333 9 247 24 985 2 674 932
Fribourg 12 814 4 601 4 442 17 146 58 966 6 603 1 451

Solothurn 11 643 3 818 5 352 21 414 69 048 7 020 3 442

Basle-City 7 664 1 320 5 201 16 455 59 873 3 650 6 934
Basle-Country 10 863 3 278 9 146 24 412 65 981 6 406 4 197
Schaffhausen 3 832 1 393 1 747 6 681 20 977 2 026 707
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 3 827 1 228 1 133 3 883 13 409 1 462 914

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 1 503 639 180 728 3 056 489 190

St. Gall 23 204 8 453 9 750 37 036 ' 117 720 14 243 7 318
Grisons 12 175 3 883 3 014 14 277 47 316 5 168 3 120
Aargau 24 828 8 440 15 533 51 828 146 916 15 400 9 756
Thurgau 13 557 4 751 4 077 17 691 56 486 6 692 3 597

Ticino 16 496 2 553 9 281 18 396 79 303 6 882 3 326

Vaud 36 773 9 022 18 780 49 910 171 954 14 503 9 009
Valais 15 746 4 143 3 544 15 480 66 545 7 630 6 873
Neuchätel 8 909 2 606 4 122 13 683 48 151 3 666 1 937
Geneva 18 494 3 005 15 733 33 778 110 265 5 446 11 154
Jura 4 191 1 774 1 256 4 522 17 455 2 079 718
Urban areas 221 947 55 470 156 197 449 072 1 413 291 121 234 97 754

Rural areas 157 979 61 199 39 532 163 894 536 992 68 783 37 569
The five largest cities
Zurich 16 594 2 596 10 863 33 324 120 346 6 690 12 619
Basle 6 794 1 117 4 255 14 537 55 110 3 262 6 533
Geneva 7 557 868 6 601 12 561 53 483 1 881 8 094
Berne 4 809 797 3 305 13 774 41 743 3 232 5 609
Lausanne 5 220 727 3 280 10 286 41 704 2 360 2 139
44
 Status in employment 1:1111

Employed persons by professional status, 1960-1990

3,6 –

3,0 –

2,4 –

1,8 –

1,2 –

0,6 –

0–
Total Seif- Family Aperen- Directors, Managers,
persons employed workers chief white- and
employed executives blue-collar
workers
1960 M 1970 IM 1980 1/1 1990

Self-employed persons, directors and chief executives, in percent

of employed persons by canton, 1990
25% –
Self-employed
IM Directors and chief executives:

U) C) (2 LU C] OC cc (9 ul r4 cc 3:
co N4 C7 ON u) u) 2T -J u_ F: h- 2T -1 > (n (2 <2 C) <I ()

45
 Persons not economically active
11_
SSS OFS UST

Persons not economically active, 1990

Total Children Students Home- Pension Others

persons under 115 or makers and aid
not eco- 15 years older) recipients
nomically
active

Switzerland 3 217 198 1 158 440 298 174 631 662 1 094 350 34 572
Cantons
Zurich 511 226 176 147 51 597 97 310 179 624 6 548
Berne 457 017 159 005 37 888 89 347 166 737 4 040
Lucerne 154 005 61 066 12 133 32 344 46 901 1 561
Uri 17 747 6 827 1 058 4 087 5 623 152
Schwyz 52 647 22 249 4 076 11 503 14 250 569
Obwalden 14 493 6 068 1 100 2 929 4 298 98
Nidwalden 15 510 6 491 1 009 3 636 4 185 189
Glarus 18 230 7 312 920 3 013 6 793 192
Zug 37 441 15 077 3 874 8 133 9 920 437
Fribourg 105 153 39 822 12 054 21 247 31 171 859
Solothurn 108 217 40 085 8 106 21 635 37 510 881
Basle-City 95 441 22 681 10 030 15 484 46 166 1 080
Basle-Country 106 646 38 587 10 796 22 379 33 935 949
Schaffhausen 34 040 12 105 2 393 6 119 13 090 333
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 25 989 10 196 1 548 4 467 9 502 276
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 6 987 3 078 439 1 309 2 120 41
St. Gall 206 421 81 683 17 977 39 950 64 927 1 884
Grisons 83 396 31 554 5 856 17 529 27 768 689
Aargau 230 400 93 430 17 779 49 897 66 793 2 501
Thurgau 100 993 41 790 7 036 19 779 31 262 1 126
Ticino 142 047 41 013 10 452 33 522 56 260 800
Vaud 282 439 97 768 33 105 49 361 99 000 3 205
Valais 126 485 47 686 10 937 29 939 36 766 1 157
Neuchätel 78 507 26 352 8 656 12 706 29 777 1 016
Geneva 172 271 57 884 25 097 27 370 58 200 3 720
Jura 33 450 12 484 2 258 6 667 11 772 269
Urban areas 2 163 620 732 180 226 870 417 240 762 283 25 047
Rural areas 1 053 578 426 260 71 304 214 422 332 067 9 525
The five largest cities
Zurich 157 306 38 017 19 846 21 599 75 641 2 203
Basle 84 119 19 888 8 806 13 294 41 143 988
Geneva 75 471 22 232 10 186 10 122 31 168 1 763
Berne 61 409 14 161 7 054 8 751 30 805 638
Lausanne 59 963 16 263 9 701 7 997 25 159 843
 Persons not economically active
11_

Persons not economically active, 1960-1990

1,6 —

Children under
15 years

Pension and
aid recipients

Homemakers

Students
(15 or older)

1960 1970 1980 1990

Persons not economically active, 1960 - 1990

Pension and
aid recipients

Homemakers

Students
(15 or older)

Children under
15 years

1960 1970 1980 1990

47
 Households and families

One household in three comprises just one person

During this century, the number of households has increased continually and
more nnarkedlythan the resident population. The gain of 16% between the 1980
and 1990 censuses is virtually double the growth of the population. During the
same period, the average number of persons per household decreased further
from 2.6 to 2.4. After 1945, not only the number of three-generation households
rapidly decreased, but also that of large families, while the number of married
couples without children as well as of one-person households increased.

Nearly one-thi rd of the households in Switzerland now consist of one person

(920,000 or 32.2% of the 2,860,000 enumerated households). Multi-person
households are almost exclusively family households. For census purposes, a
family household comprises at least a married or unmarried couple (with or
without children) or one parent with a child or children. Some 1,828,000 family
households (63.9%) were counted in the 1990 enumeration. The most frequent
family households are those consisting of couples with children (32.2%),
which is the same frequency as for one-person households. Couples without
children comprise more than a quarter (26.4%) of all households. The
proportions of other types of households are small, 5.1% in the grouping 'Ione
fathers or mothers with children' and 0.3% for the category 'individuals with
mother and/or father'.

One household in thirty (3.3%), although made up of several persons, is not a

family household. Such is the case, for example, in instances when brother(s)
and/or sister(s), students or other combinations of persons share living
quarters.

In comparison to private households, the share of institutional households,

such as hospitals, care centers and boarding schools, is small (18,000 or 0.6%)

A decrease in family households

Within the last thirty years, the number of family households has dropped from
more than three-quarters (78.0%) of the total number of households to less
than two-thirds (63.9%). However, when the number of persons living in family
households is taken into account, the decrease is considerably less, from
85.7% in 1960 to 80.1% in 1990.
48
Some 37.2% of households are family households with children; in 1980 the
share of households comprising parents and children was 42.1%. This
decrease occurred in all cantons except the Canton of Geneva, where a very
slight increase was noted. Nevertheless, the average number of children per
family household (1990: 1.83) `remains practically unchanged (1980: 1.87). Of all
the cantons, Basle-City had by far the smallest percentage of family
households with children (23.0%), as opposed to such cantons as Uri, Schwyz,
Obwalden, Appenzell-lnterior Rhodes and Valais, where the percentage is
between 46% and 48%.

More consensual union couples - Women head a majority

of tone parent families
At 121,000, the number of couples living in consensual unions has more than
doubled since 1980. A small increase in the number of consensual union
couples with children is noticeable, although their share within the general
grouping of parents with children (2.9%) still remains very small. A slight
increase may also be seen in the number of households comprising only a
father or mother with a child or children.

Warnen headed 83.9% of all lone parent households, 57.4% of which included
single minors (children under the age of 20). Cantonal differences are again
very large. In the cantons of Ticino, Geneva and Basle-City, between 17% and
20% of all the family households with children are lone parent households,
whereas in the cantons of Central Switzerland they amount to only a little over
10%.

Large households now mainly found only in rural areas

The developing changes in types of households are linked to the trend favoring
small households. Within the course of a generation, i.e. since 1960, the
number of private households with five or more persons has dropped from
21.0% to 6.4%. Vast regional differences again come to light. While the share
of such relatively large households remains between 14% and 17% in the more
rural cantons of Uri, Obwalden and Appenzell-Interior Rhodes, it amounts to
just 3% in the urban canton of Basle-City and to 4% in Geneva.

Individualization in the form of an increasing number of one-peffln

households is particularly noticeable in urban areas. In 1990, their share
comprised over 45% of all households in the Canton of Basle-City and even
more than 50% in the City of Zurich. Whether young or old, persons living alone
are mainly warnen.
49
 d_
Type of households
BFS OFS UST

Type of households, 1990

Private households Insti-
One-person Family households Other tutional
households Couples Couples Lone lndivid- multi- house-
without with fathers or uals with person holds
children child(ren) mothers mother hause-
with and/or holds
child(ren) father
Switzerland 920 330 755 989 919 433 145 1,08 7 269 93 721 17 916
Cantons
Zurich 195 376 139 385 144 079 25 409 905 18 531 2 096
Berne 126 985 113 732 124 906 18 136 1 065 12 583 3 249
Lucerne 35 371 30 931 45 823 6 187 391 4 275 666
Uri 2 759 2 981 5 180 624 58 411 64
Schwyz 10 113 9 823 16 789 1 988 213 1 320 225
Obwalden 2 634 2 346 4 219 500 66 358 79
Nidwalden 3 224 3 188 4 873 588 45 355 84
Glarus 4 356 4 119 5 402 727 50 415 83
Zug 8 943 8 528 12 135 1 517 99 1 032 191
Fribourg 20 112 19 961 31 669 4 149 388 3 053 310
Solothurn 26 306 27 153 32 802 4 553 223 2 656 423
Basle-City 45 211 26 496 18 478 4 627 159 4 955 582
Basle-Country 26 333 28 470 33 023 5 264 160 2 567 322
Schaffhausen 9 679 9 079 9 363 1 468 77 789 100
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 6 085 5 715 6 923 850 56 632 213
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 1 224 1 006 2 049 225 42 199 37
St. Gell 51 443 41 925 59 678 8 403 440 5 722 1 222
Grisons 20 996 17 301 23 195 3 503 173 2 318 1 005
Aargau 51 866 55 573 74 604 9 471 475 5 235 1 029
Thurgau 22 344 21 837 29 908 3 775 248 2 431 485
Ticino 37 431 28 287 39 999 8 498 448 3 321 767
Vaud 89 891 69 727 77 398 12 880 629 9 535 1 542
Valais 24 287 22 910 38 128 5 598 240 2 785 981
Neuchdtel 24 058 19 803 21 125 3 692 124 2 119 624
Geneva 66 484 39 080 47 965 10 981 400 5 451 1 383
Jura 6 819 6 633 9 720 1 495 95 673 154
Urban areas 725 310 547 222 604 405 107 185 4 107 70 541 12 130
Rural areas 195 020 208 767 315 028 37 923 3 162 23 180 5 786
The five largest cities
Zurich 95 249 44 420 31 525 8 527 308 9 267 831
Basle 42 570 23 467 15 961 4 135 135 4 731 537
Geneva 40 729 18 676 17 812 4 791 216 3 478 857
Berne 32 535 17 837 11 882 3 176 131 3 621 680
Lausanne 29 358 14 707 12 784 3 466 142 3 123 387
50
 Type of households

Private and family households, 1960-1990

Private households Family households (in millions)

1960 1,0 -
14,2% 0,8 --
0,6 -
7,1% 0,4 -
78,7% 0,2 -
0-

1970 1,0 -
19,7% 0,8 -
0,6 -
5,9%
0,4 -
0,2 -
74,4%
0-

1980 1,0 -
29,0% 0,8-
0,6 -
4,4% 0,4 -
0,2 -
66,6%
0-

1990 1,0 -
0,8 --
32,4%
0,6 -
3,3% 0,4 -
0,2 -
64,3% 0-
Couples Couples Lone Individuals
without with fathers or with
One-person households children child(ren) mothers mother
Family households with and/or
child(ren) father
Other multi-person
households

51
 Households by size
6FS OFS US1

Private households by number of members, 1990

Total Total Private households with ... members
private number
house- of
holds members 1 2 3 4 5+

Switzerland 2 841 850 6 635 334 920 330 899 754 424 241 413 171 184 354
Cantons
•
Zurich 523 685 1 136 136 195 376 167 161 70 249 66 562 24 337
Berne 397 407 926 333 126 985 131 255 56 338 56 962 25 867
Lucerne 122 978 314 271 35 371 36 972 18 340 19 195 13 100
Uri 12 013 33 245 2 759 3 555 1 893 2 125 1 681
Schwyz 40 246 107 424 10 113 11 740 6 541 7 216 4 636
Obwalden 10 123 27 592 2 634 2 806 1 554 1 683 1 446
Nidwalden 12 273 32 110 3 224 3 716 1 897 2 076 1 360
Glarus 15 069 37 084 4 356 4 815 2 208 2 402 1 288
Zug 32 254 80 845 8 943 10 005 5 025 5 655 2 626
Fribourg 79 332 206 046 20 112 23 833 13 680 14 216 7 491
Solothurn 93 693 226 693 26 306 31 421 14 833 14 709 6 424
Basle-City 99 926 191 398 45 211 32 828 11 017 8 003 2 867
Basle-Country 95 817 228 962 26 333 33 081 15 917 15 297 5 189
Schaffhausen 30 455 69 882 9 679 10 433 4 310 4 281 1 752
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 20 261 49 536 6 085 6 568 2 793 2 939 1 876
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 4 745 13 364 1 224 1 257 720 739 805
St. Gell 167 611 413 388 51 443 50 263 24 483 25 676 15 746
Grisons 67 486 162 245 20 996 20 654 10 166 10 467 5 203
Aargau 197 224 494 469 51 866 63 693 31 952 34 369 15 344
Thurgau 80 543 202 715 22 344 25 388 12 250 12 944 7 617
Ticino 117 984 273 149 37 431 35 786 21 958 17 172 5 637
Vaud 260 060 579 927 89 891 83 815 38 777 35 358 12 219
Valais 93 948 240 877 24 287 27 843 16 574 17 233 8 011
Neuchätel 70 921 158 392 24 058 23 428 10 331 9 929 3 175
Geneva 170 361 364 891 66 484 49 565 26 179 21 759 6 374
Jura 25 435 64 360 6 819 7 873 4 256 4 204 2 283
Urban areas 2 058 770 4 572 946 725 310 658 499 298 588 277 059 99 314
Rural areas 783 080 2 062 388 195 020 241 255 125 653 136 112 85 040
The five largest cities
Zurich 189 296 345 583 95 249 56 667 18 896 13 814 4 670
Basle 90 999 171 398 42 570 29 375 9 657 6 891 2 506
Geneva 85 702 163 487 40 729 24 410 10 976 7 543 2 044
Berne 69 182 129 001 32 535 22 500 7 205 5 332 1 610
Lausanne 63 580 122 123 29 358 19 253 7 608 5 772 1 589
52
 Households by size

Resident population and Average number of members

households, 1860-1990 per household, 1860-1990
600 - ndice, 1860-100
500 -
400
300 -
200 -
100 •

1860 1900 1950 1990

— Resident population
— Households

Private households of ... member(s), 1920, 1930, 1960-1990

100% - five and more
four
80% -
three
60% -
two
40% -

20% -
one
0% -
1920 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990

Persons living in private households of ... member(s),

1920, 1930, 1960-1990
100% -
five and more
80% -
four
60% --
three
40% -
two
20% -
one
0% -
1920 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990

53
 Families with children
11_

Families by number of children, 1990

Total Family Family Family households with ... single children
family house- house- under 20 years
house- holds holds
holds with with single
children children
under
20 years 1 2 3 4+
Switzerland 1 827 799 1 064 541 838 125 349 065 355 630 106 629 26 801
Cantons
Zurich 309 778 169 488 131 495 56 731 56 852 14 690 3 222
Berne 257 839 143 042 113 282 45 378 49 356 14 768 3 780
Lucerne 83 332 52 010 40 577 15 113 16 254 6 706 2 504
Uri 8 843 5 804 4 453 1 442 1 814 896 301
Schwyz 28 813 18 777 14 769 5 384 6 081 2 490 814
Obwalden 7 131 4 719 3 702 1 229 1 440 751 282
Nidwalden 8 694 5 461 4 239 1 519 1 736 717 267
Glarus 10 298 6 129 4 869 1 786 2 068 807 208
Zug 22 279 13 652 10 652 4 162 4 666 1 462 362
Fribourg 56 167 35 818 28 380 11 276 12 075 4 140 889
Solothurn 64 731 37 355 28 947 11 733 12 569 3 761 884
Basle-City 49 760 23 105 17 614 8 921 6 737 1 604 352
Basle-Country 66 917 38 287 29 537 12 679 13 046 3 150 662
Schaffhausen 19 987 10 831 8 566 3 447 3 695 1 172 252
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 13 544 7 773 6 379 2 266 2 627 1 113 373
Appenzell-Int. Rh. 3 322 2 274 1 782 558 617 396 211
St. Gell 110 446 68 081 54 425 20 178 22 266 9 003 2 978
Grisons 44 172 26 698 21 223 8 119 9 202 3 181 721
Aargau 140 123 84 075 66 132 25 908 29 183 8 940 2 101
Thurgau 55 768 33 683 27 435 10 265 11 236 4 496 1 438
Ticino 77 232 48 497 34 819 17 633 13 724 2 958 504
Vaud 160 634 90 278 74 296 33 539 31 936 7 523 1 298
Valais 66 876 43 726 34 334 13 847 14 705 4 845 937
Neuchätel 44 744 24 817 20 418 8 962 9 025 2 008 423
Geneva 98 426 58 946 46 885 23 464 19 074 3 668 679
Jura 17 943 11 215 8 915 3 526 3 646 1 384 359
Urban areas 1 262 919 711 590 558 362 247 951 238 292 59 864 12 255
Rural areas 564 880 352 951 279 763 101 114 117 338 46 765 14 546
The five largest cities
Zurich 84 780 40 052 29 916 14 991 11 702' 2 596 627
Basle 43 698 20 096 15 474 7 938 5 853 1 375 308
Geneva 41 495 22 603 18 027 10 017 6 607 1 185 218
Berne 33 026 15 058 11 455 5 828 4 530 932 165
Lausanne 31 099 16 250 13 179 6 757 5 269 987 166
 Families with children 11_
BFS OFS UST

Families with children by number of children, 1920, 1930, 1960-1990

1920 1930
10,5%
31,5%
8,9%

16,5%

26,7%

1960 1970
5,0%
6,9%

16,3%

31,8% 34,1%

1980 1990
1,4%
3,9%
14,8% 37,5%

42,4%

1 child os 3 children BZ 5 or more children

2 children MB 4 children Note: No age limit for children

55
 Buildings and dwellings

lncrease in the number of buildings

Residential buildings in Switzerland numbered 1,293,000 an December 4, 1990,
an increase of some 17.0% between 1980 and 1990. A particularly strong
increase (33.3%) is seen in the number of one-dwelling houses. Over half of the
buildings in Switzerland (53.8%) are one-dwelling houses. This high
proportion is particularly noticeable in the cantons of Glarus (70.3%) and
Ticino (68.1%).

On the other hand, the share of buildings not restricted to being domiciles but
used for mixed or collective use, such as care centers and boarding schools
('other buildings'), showed a marked decrease from 34.7% (1970) to 20.6%
(1990).

More dwellings, particularly more spacious dwellings

As of December 1990, the total number of dwellings amounted to 3,160,000,
comprising 2,801,000 which were permanently occupied and 359,000 which
were either intermittently inhabited or vacant.

Compared with 1980, the number of dwellings has increased by 17.0% (1990).
Development of the quantity of dwellings varies distinctly from one canton to
another. The greatest increases, those of more than 25.0%, were in the cantons
of Valais, Fribourg, Schwyz and Nidwalden. By contrast, less pronounced
increases not exceeding 10% were in the cantons of Basle-City, Neuchätel and
Geneva.

That Switzerland's population has an increasing need of dwellings is apparent

from the following facts. Firstly, the number of occupied dwellings has clearly
increased faster than the population (8.0%). Furthermore, although the share
of !arger dwellings (with four or more rooms) is higher in 1990 (51.6%) than in
1980 (50.1%) or in 1970 (46.0%), the proportion of !arger households
simultaneously diminished to some extent.

Switzerland still a country of tenants

Of the total of 2,801,000 occupied dwellings in 1990, 1,862,000 (66.5%) were
inhabited by tenants and members of cooperative associations. This
represents a slight reduction in comparison with the 67.1% determined in 1980
and confirms the downward trend which became apparent between 1970 and
1980. The proportion of owner-occupied dwellings has increased, by contrast,
from 29.9% in 1980 to 31.3% (1990). Included therein is a marked growth in the
number of condominium unit owners. Notwithstanding this increase, the
proportion of owner-occiApied dwellings nevertheless remains relatively low,
comprising scarcely a third of all occupied dwellings.

The chance of living in one's own dwelling is considerably greater for middle-
aged persons (between 35 and 64 years) than for youth or those of old age.

The urban cantons of Geneva and Basle-City have the highest proportion of
tenants and members of cooperative associations, 84.6% and 88.1%
respectively. In the cities of Zurich, Basle, Geneva, Berne and Lausanne, this
proportion is situated between 89.5% and 93.8%.

Marked rental fee differences between urban

and rural areas
As expected, average monthly rental fees are generally much higher in urban
areas than in rural regions. A comparison amongst cantons shows that Zurich
and Zug have the highest rents, whereas dwellings with the most reasonable
rental fees are in the Canton of Jura.

Private individuals own seven of ten dwellings

The largest proportion of dwellings, 68.7%, are privately owned. As of 1990,
only 18.1% were the property of institutional investors such as construction
and real estate agencies, insurance companies, real estate investment funds
and employees pension foundations.

The Canton of Valais has the highest proportion of dwellings that are owned
by private individuals (91.5%). The lowest share (31.0%) is in the Canton of
Geneva. Striking differencesexist between urban and rural areas. In the Canton
of Basle-City, for example, only 52.2% of dwellings are privately owned, as
opposed to 79.6% of those in the Canton of Jura.

Vigorous renovation
For the first time, the 1990 census includes information concerning renovation.
Results show that out of all 3,160,000 dwellings, some 1,277,000 (40.4%)
underwent extensive renovation between 1961 and 1990. More than three-
quarters of the renovated dwellings were built prior to 1961.

57
 Type of buildings
111

Buildings by type, 1990

Total One-dwelling Two-dwelling Buildings with Other

buildings buildings buildings three or more buildings
dwellings

Switzerland 1 292 502 695 624 126 734 203 759 266 385
Cantons
Zurich 173 121 87 999 9 900 43 096 32 126
Berne 192 355 87 321 22 159 31 909 50 966
Lucerne 49 615 20 710 5 083 8 745 15 077
Uri 7 494 3 295 1 499 911 1 789
Schwyz 22 241 10 778 3 011 2 937 5 515

Obwalden 6 942 3 121 1 263 853 1 705

Nidwalden 5 969 2 179 1 088 1 152 1 550
Glarus 11 514 8 090 733 818 1 873
Zug 11 958 5 204 1 403 2 645 2 706
Fribourg 44 790 25 909 4 963 3 913 10 005

Solothurn 50 694 32 108 4 749 5 668 8 169

Basle-City 22 406 8 460 872 8 210 4 864
Basle-Country 45 937 30 945 2 805 6 412 5 775
Schaffhausen 14 621 7 962 1 119 2 150 3 390
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 13 986 6 996 1 183 1 331 4 476

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 4 009 1 756 373 205 1 675

St. Gall 85 994 47 695 6 646 11 912 19 741
Grisons 48 956 23 620 7 176 8 081 10 079
Aargau 107 462 68 876 8 918 10 807 18 861
Thurgau 44 465 24 130 3 461 5 213 11 661

Ticino 83 032 56 537 11 082 7 821 7 592

Vaud 100 271 52 730 10 016 16 029 21 496
Valais 69 914 40 175 11 724 9 742 8 273
Neuchdtel 24 632 10 314 2 350 5 790 6 178
Geneva 32 694 18 046 1 680 6 143 6 825
Jura 17 430 10 668 1 478 1 266 4 018

Urban areas 706 420 372 449 59 396 151 372 123 203
Rural areas 586 082 323 175 67 338 52 387 143 182

The five largest cities

Zurich 35 856 10 015 1 057 15 899 8 885
Basle 18 566 5 931 660 7 401 4 574
Geneva 6 717 903 97 2 604 3 113
Berne 13 970 3 750 652 6 125 3 443
Lausanne 7 783 1 726 367 3 330 2 360
58
 Type of buildings
EFS nrs

Buildings by type, 1970-1990

All of Switzerland

1970 1980 1990

Buildings with three

One-dwelling buildings or more dwellings
Two-dwelling buildings Other buildings

Urban area Rural area

60% -

40% -

20% —

0%-,
1970 1980 1990

59
 Size of dwellings
BFS OFS UST

Occupied dwellings by number of rooms, 1990

Total
occupied
dwellings 1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms 6+ rooms

Switzerland 2 800 953 185 003 381 415 787 803 754 840 389 273 302 619
Cantons
Zurich 510 659 42 232 76 063 158 937 132 420 60 823 40 184
Berne 391 735 20 488 52 136 123,797 108 102 50 701 36 511
Lucerne 121 373 5 701 12 264 30 449 38 564 17 942 16 453
Uri 11 879 301 868 2 521 4 338 2 044 1 807
Schwyz 39 819 1 575 3 816 8 828 12 711 7 229 5 660

Obwalden 9 992 409 1 031 2 208 2 943 1 680 1 721

Nidwalden 12 128 514 1 193 2 751 4 138 1 989 1 543
Glarus 14 937 571 1 211 2 911 4 576 3 309 2 359
Zug 31 892 1 538 3 432 8 059 10 305 4 830 3 728
Fribourg 78 566 4 486 9 249 21 802 21 709 11 886 9 434

Solothurn 93 009 3 105 8 434 24 633 27 259 16 906 12 672

Basle-City 98 702 11 463 23 604 36 824 15 784 5 661 5 366
Basle-Country 94 406 3 147 9 433 28 343 27 005 15 017 11 461
Schaffhausen 30 200 1 061 2 903 8 338 9 466 4 858 3 574
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 20 070 784 1 815 3 574 5 471 3 947 4 479

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 4 698 129 299 845 1 039 1 150 1 236

St. Gall 165 103 7 991 15 985 34 264 49 004 30 796 27 063
Grisons 66 406 4 560 6 987 14 214 21 284 10 890 8 471
Aargau 195 351 7 316 17 345 46 806 55 406 40 216 28 262
Thurgau 79 835 3 022 6 710 17 248 23 226 15 191 14 438

Ticino 116 930 5 826 16 563 33 260 35 974 14 371 10 936

Vaud 257 470 22 474 49 965 78 472 54 519 27 892 24 148
Valais 93 226 5 253 10 732 24 084 33 132 12 493 7 532
Neuchätel 70 019 3 758 9 720 24 855 18 297 7 672 5 717
Geneva 167 377 26 424 37 703 43 838 30 559 15 001 13 852
Jura 25 171 875 1 954 5 942 7 609 4 779 4 012
Urban areas 2 025 623 159 858 309 488 616 468 528 569 239 589 171 651
Rural areas 775 330 25 145 71 927 171 335 226 271 149 684 130 968
The live largest cities
Zurich 180 329 24 548 38 606 67 893 35 381 8 544 5 357
Basle 89 834 11 141 22 578 34 121 13 467 4 414 4 113
Geneva 84 113 18 425 23 888 21 765 11 898 4 552 3 585
Berne 67 646 7 737 15 322 26 510 12 344 3 435 2 298
Lausanne 62 859 9 602 17 894 20 550 8 981 3 523 2 309
60
 Size of dwellings
d_
EWS OFS LIST

Occupied dwellings by number of rooms, 1970-1990

All of Switzerland
35% —

30% —

25% —

20% —

15% —

10% —

5% —

1970 1980* 1990

W 1 room KM 4 rooms
1980*:
2 ° 2 rooms im 5 rooms including any possible separate
rooms outside of dwelling
3 rooms U 6 + rooms

Largest cities, 1990 Urban/Rural areas, 1990

Zurich
Urban
Basle area

Geneva
Berne Rural
area
Lausanne

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0/. 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

61
 Tenure status

Occupied dwellings by tenure status, 1990

Total
occupied Tenants Members Owners Co- Owners Others
dwellings of cooper- of owners of condo-
ative asso- building of minium
ciation building unit
Switzerland 0 953
2 80 1 758 928 102 776 673 322 82 114 122 456 61 357
Cantons
Zurich 510 659 350 679 46 517 80 689 9 723 16 094 6 957
Berne 391 735 239 925 12 046 102 935 12 850 14 604 9 375
Lucerne 121 373 78 328 5 059 26 796 3 235 4 456 3 499
Uri 11 879 5 535 627 4 217 626 470 404
Schwyz 39 819 22 077 391 12 923 1 357 1 850 1 221

Obwalden 9 992 4 886 23 3 667 465 451 500

Nidwalden 12 128 7 363 164 3 158 429 649 365
Glarus 14 937 7 543 107 6 133 523 283 348
Zug 31 892 21 215 663 6 223 710 2 401 680
Fribourg 78 566 43 391 711 26 419 2 864 1 662 3 519

Solothurn 93 009 50 482 1 230 33 771 2 993 2 770 1 763

Basle-City 98 702 77 417 9 588 7 341 1 643 1 840 873
Baste-Country 94 406 55 351 2 797 28 983 3 148 2 913 1 214
Schaffhausen 30 200 18 163 1 135 8 551 786 1 049 516
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 20 070 10 722 324 7 474 543 455 552

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 4 698 1 920 47 2 436 128 37 130

St. Gall 165 103 102 700 2 576 47 045 4 982 4 846 2 954
Grisons 66 406 34 162 1 287 19 658 3 340 5 860 2 099
Aargau 195 351 104 238 2 596 70 847 6 234 7 830 3 606
Thurgau 79 835 46 260 719 26 525 2 419 1 949 1 963

Ticino 116 930 68 136 648 31 726 6 106 5 857 4 457

Vaud 257 470 176 903 4 323 51 265 6 515 11 044 7 420
Valais 93 226 35 727 697 27 245 5 809 21 997 1 751
Neuchätel 70 019 49 542 1 585 12 400 1 639 3 415 1 438
Geneva 167 377 135 150 6 428 13 874 1 987 7 177 2 761
Jura 25 171 11 113 488 11 021 1 060 497 992
Urban areas 2 025 623 1 409 028 97 793 353 466 45 665 90 468 29 203
Rural areas 775 330 349 900 4 983 319 856 36 449 31 988 32 154
The five largest cities
Zurich 180 329 136 917 30 787 6 568 1 837 2 694 1 526
Baste 89 834 72 576 8 345 5 394 1 386 1 427 706
Geneva 84 113 74 741 4 142 493 209 3 524 1 004
'Berne 67 646 58 450 2 108 3 767 974 1 761 586
Lausanne 62 859 57 063 1 419 1 899 401 1 616 461
62
 Tenure status
BFS OhSik

Occupied dwellings by tenure status, 1970-1990

1970

1980

28%

4%
1990

Tenants
Members of cooperative
association
Owners of building*

n Owners of condominium
unit
Others

Owners of building*:
including co-owners

63
 Rental fees
BFS OFS UST

Average rental fees by size of dwelling, 1990

Total in
Swiss francs Dwelling with ... room(s)
1 2 3 4 5 6+

Switzerland 820 492 641 761 945 1 249 1 626

Cantons
Zurich 969 572 791 895 1 119 1 540 2 064
Berne 759 466 594 703 899 1 178 1 437
Lucerne 772 454 605 693 835 1 102 1 381
Uri 653 378 496 597 693 826 995
Schwyz 867 462 633 772 944 1 231 1 458

Obwalden 751 393 571 681 849 1 070 1 111

Nidwalden 888 437 635 808 971 1 234 1 442
Glarus 708 425 585 640 750 937 1 081
Zug 997 559 772 858 1 073 1 521 1 916
Fribourg 736 462 578 690 862 1 136 1 312

Solothurn 726 398 549 655 837 1 093 1 233

Basle-City 776 478 629 759 1 016 1 469 1 986
Basle-Country 891 410 640 807 1 059 1 379 1 674
Schaffhausen 723 431 565 646 793 1 082 1 396
Appenzell-Ext. Rh. 740 410 547 660 786 938 1 119

Appenzell-Int. Rh. 732 429 561 646 809 909 1 062

St. Gall 776 443 609 721 826 1 033 1 227
Grisons 753 476 620 712 838 997 1 143
Aargau 867 459 655 778 978 1 288 1 466
Thurgau 765 419 596 687 818 1 065 1 230
Ticino 738 466 569 697 848 1 033 1 380
Vaud 813 480 618 789 1 031 1 343 1 789
Valais 638 432 500 600 743 875 1 093
Neuchätel 588 381 441 523 716 991 1 151
Geneva 812 510 603 774 986 1 302 2 272
Jura 576 368 436 536 659 766 910

Urban areas 839 502 657 783 981 1320 1805

Rural areas 733 415 543, 650 815 1027 1201

The five largest cities

Zurich 929 604 810 891 1 124 1 645 2 305
Basle 766 479 630 760 1 014 1 447 1 988
Geneva 782 529 611 791 1 033 1 381 2 017
Berne 777 500 643 771 977 1 340 1 723
Lausanne 748 488 596 762 1 011 1 282 1 712
64
 Switzerland and its cantons Sch hausen
SH
BS
Frauenfeld TG

AG ZH St. Gallen
Aarau
Delömont Zürich
He Ap. zel?
JU SO
AI
Solothu SG

Neuchätel„,
NE °Bern

Fnbourg BE

FR
VD
Lausanne

GE
.Sion
Geneve
VS

20 40 60 km
if

üf Federal Statistical Office

This pocket edition presents the most important results of the 1990
population census for Switzerland as a whole as well as for individual
cantons and describes essential facts and historical developments.
Federal censuses have taken place each decade since 1850. They form
a kind of Svviss 'collective memory' and document the demographic,
economic and cultural changes which the communes, the neighbour-
hoods of towns and cities, the districts and the cantons of our country
have undergone.