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Complex Interation Notes

1. Cauchy's integral theorem states that if f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C, then the integral of f(z) around C is zero. 2. Cauchy's integral formula states that if f(z) is analytic within and on a closed curve C enclosing a point z0, then the integral of f(z) around C equals 2πif(z0). 3. Cauchy's integral formula can be extended to multiply connected regions bounded by two closed curves, where the integral equals a difference of integrals around the two curves.

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81 views20 pages

Complex Interation Notes

1. Cauchy's integral theorem states that if f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve C, then the integral of f(z) around C is zero. 2. Cauchy's integral formula states that if f(z) is analytic within and on a closed curve C enclosing a point z0, then the integral of f(z) around C equals 2πif(z0). 3. Cauchy's integral formula can be extended to multiply connected regions bounded by two closed curves, where the integral equals a difference of integrals around the two curves.

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21101130 naresh
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VIVA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, VIRAR
SECOND YEAR/SEM:IV
MODULE NO.2:COMPLEX INTEGRATION
SUBJECT INCHARGE
DR.J.C.JAIN
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
If f(z) is an analytic function and its derivative 𝑓 ′ (z) is continuous at each point
within and on a simple closed curve C the the integral of f(z) along the closed
curve C is zero. i.e.‫ = 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 ׯ‬0
Note: The French mathematician Goursat proved the theorem without assuming
that 𝑓 ′ (z) is continuous. Hence the theorem is now becomes
“If f(z) is an analytic in and on a counter C then ‫ = 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 ׯ‬0
This theorem is known as Cauchy-Goursat theorem.
Corollary (a)
If f(z) is analytic in R then the line integral of f(z) along any curve in R joining any
two points of R is the same if the curve wholly lies in R i.e. the line integral is
independent of the path joining the two points.
(b)Extension of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem :
If f(z) is analytic in R between two simple closed curves 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶2 then
‫𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬ = 𝑧𝑑 𝑧 𝑓 𝐶׬‬
1 2
Problems:
𝑧−3
1.Evaluate ‫ 𝑧 𝑐׬‬2−2𝑧+5dz , where C is the circle 𝑧 − 1 =1.
2.Evaluate ‫𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑐׬‬dz , where C is the circle 𝑧 =1/2.

Cauchy’s Integral Formula(Fundamental Formula)


If f(z) is an analytic inside and on a closed curve C of a simply connected region R and if 𝑧0
is any point within c, then
1 𝑓(𝑧)
f(𝑧0 )= ‫𝑐׬‬ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝑧−𝑧0

𝑓(𝑧)
i.e ‫𝑧 𝑐׬‬−𝑧 𝑑𝑧= 2𝜋𝑖 f(𝑧0 )
0

Cauchy’s Integral Formula for derivatives:


𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖 𝑛−1 (𝑧 )
‫𝑐׬‬ 𝑑𝑧= 𝑓 0
𝑧−𝑧0 𝑛 𝑛−1 !
Theorem: 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒚′ 𝒔 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝑻𝒐 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏
If f(z) is analytic in a region R bounded by two closed curves 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑐2 one within
the other. If 𝑧0 is any point in the region R then
1 𝑓(𝑧) 1 𝑓(𝑧)
f(𝑧0 ) = ‫𝑐׬‬ 𝑑𝑧- ‫𝑐׬‬ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 1 𝑧−𝑧0 2𝜋𝑖 2 𝑧−𝑧0
Procedure to find the integral:
‫׬‬c F z dz where c is the closed curve in the given region R.
𝜙 z 𝜙 z
(I)When ‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c 𝑧−𝑧 dz or ‫׬‬c dz
0 𝑧−𝑧0 𝑛

If 𝑧0 is a point outside c, F(z) is analytic in and on c. We put F(z)=f(z) and then by


Cauchy’s theorem ‫׬‬c f z dz=0

If 𝑧0 is a point inside c, F(z) is not analytic in c. We put 𝜙(z)=f(z) which may be


analytic in c ,then by Cauchy’s theorem
𝑓 z
‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c 𝑧−𝑧 dz = 2𝜋𝑖 f(𝑧0 )
0

𝜙 z 2𝜋𝑖 𝑛−1 (𝑧 )
and ‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c dz= 𝑓 0
𝑧−𝑧0 𝑛 𝑛−1 !
𝜙 z
(ii)When ‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c dz
𝑧−𝑧1 𝑧−𝑧2
If 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are both inside c, the F(z) is not analytic in c,we then express
1 𝑘1 𝑘2
as partial fraction + We put 𝜙(z)=f(z) which may be
𝑧−𝑧1 𝑧−𝑧2 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑧−𝑧2
analytic in c ,then by Cauchy’s theorem
𝑓 z 𝑓 z
‫׬‬c F z dz= 𝑘1 ‫׬‬c dz+ 𝑘2 ‫׬‬c
𝑧−𝑧1
dz
𝑧−𝑧2
= 𝑘1 .2𝜋𝑖 f(𝑧1 )+ 𝑘2 .2𝜋𝑖 f(𝑧2 )
𝜙 z
(iii)When ‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c dz
𝑧−𝑧 𝑧−𝑧 1 2
If 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are both outside c, the F(z) is analytic in c, We put 𝐹(z)=f(z) which may be analytic
in c ,then by Cauchy’s theorem

‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c f z dz=0


𝜙 z
(iv)When ‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c dz
𝑧−𝑧1 𝑧−𝑧2
If 𝑧1 is outside and 𝑧2 is inside c, then F(z) is not analytic in c, We write
𝜙 z
=f(z). Then may be analytic in c ,then by Cauchy’s theorem
𝑧−𝑧1

𝑓 z
‫׬‬c F z dz= ‫׬‬c dz= 2𝜋𝑖 f(𝑧2 )
𝑧−𝑧2
Problems:
1
1.Evaluate ‫׬‬c . coszdz where c is the ellipse 9𝑥 2 +4 𝑦 2 =1.
𝑧
cotz
2. Evaluate ‫׬‬c 𝑧 dz where c is the ellipse 9𝑥 2 +4 𝑦 2 =1.

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