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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
Figure 1.1 Relation between the basic dimensions (in boxes) and various derived dimensions
(in ellipses).
Example 1.1
Add the following:
(a) 1 foot + 3 seconds (b) 1 horsepower + 300 watts
Solution
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
The operation indicated by
1 ft + 3 s
has no meaning since the dimensions of the two terms are not the same. In the case of
1 hp + 300 watts
the dimensions are the same (energy per unit time), but the units are different. You must transform
the two quantities into like units, such as horsepower or watts, before the addition can be carried
out. Since 1 hp = 746 watts,
746 watts + 300 watts = 1046 watts
Example 1.2
(a) Convert 2 km to miles. (b) Convert 400 in.3/day to cm3/min.
Solution
(a) One way to carry out the conversion is to look up a direct conversion factor, namely 1.61 km = 1
mile:
In part (b) note that not only are the numbers in the conversion of inches to centimeters raised to a
power, but the units also are raised to the same power.
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
Example 1.3
An example of a semiconductor is ZnS with a particle diameter of 1.8 nanometers. Convert this
value to (a) dm (decimeters) and (b) inches.
Solution
In the AE system the conversion of terms involving pound mass and pound force deserve special
attention. Let us start the discussion with Newton’s Law:
Where:
F = force
C = a constant whose numerical value and units depend on those selected for F, m, and a
m = mass
a = acceleration
In the SI system in which the unit of force is defined to be the Newton (N) when 1 kg is accelerated
at 1 m/s2, a conversion factor C = 1 N/(Kg)(m)/s2 must be introduced to have the force be 1 N:
Because the numerical value associated with the conversion factor is 1, the conversion factor seems
simple, even nonexistent, and the units are ordinarily ignored.
In the AE system an analogous conversion factor is required. If a mass of 1 1bm is hypothetically
accelerated at g ft/s2, where g is the acceleration that would be caused by gravity (about 32.2 ft/s2
depending on the location of the mass), we can make the force be 1 1b f by choosing the proper
numerical value and units for the conversion factor C:
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
The inverse of the conversion factor with the numerical value 32.174 included is given the special
symbol gc
But never forget that the pound (mass) and pound (force) are not the same units in the AE system.
Example 1.4
What is the potential energy in (ft)(1bf) of a 100 lb drum hanging 10 ft above the surface of the
earth with reference to the surface of the earth?
Solution
Potential energy = P = m g h
Assume that the 100 lb means 100 lb mass; g = acceleration of gravity = 32.2 ft/s2. Figure E1.4 is a
sketch of the system.
Notice that in the ratio of 32.2 ft/s2 divided by 32.174[(ft)(lbm)]/[(s2)(lbf)], the numerical values are
almost equal. Many engineers would solve the problem by saying that 100 lb × 10 ft = 1000
(ft)(1b) without realizing that, in effect, they are canceling out the numbers in the g/gc ratio, and
that the lb in the solution means lbf.
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
Example 1.5
In biological systems, production rate of glucose is 0.6 μg mol/(mL)(min). Determine the
production rate of glucose for this system in the units of lb mol/(ft3)(day).
Solution
Basis: 1 min
Inspection of the equation shows that the constant a must have the units of [(pressure)(volume)2]
for the expression in the first set of parentheses to be consistent throughout. If the units of pressure
are atm and those of volume are cm3, a will have the units of [(atm)(cm)6]. Similarly, b must have
the same units as V, or in this particular case the units of cm3.
Example 1.6
Your handbook shows that microchip etching roughly follows the relation
where d is the depth of the etch in microns (micrometers, μm) and t is the time of the etch in
seconds. What are the units associated with the numbers 16.2 and 0.021? Convert the relation so
that d becomes expressed in inches and t can be used in minutes.
Solution
Both values of 16.2 must have the associated units of microns (μm). The exponential must be
dimensionless so that 0.021 must have the associated units of s−1.
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
Nondimensional Groups:
As you proceed with the study of chemical engineering, you will find that groups of symbols may
be put together, either by theory or based on experiment, that have no net units. Such collections of
variables or parameters are called dimensionless or nondimensional groups. One example is the
Reynolds number (group) arising in fluid mechanics.
where D is the pipe diameter, say in cm; ν is the fluid velocity, say in cm/s; ρ is the fluid density,
say in g/cm3; and μ is the viscosity, say in centipoise, units that can be converted to g/(cm)(s).
Introducing the consistent set of units for D, ν, ρ, and μ into Dνρ/μ, you will find that all the units
cancel out so that the numerical value of 1 is the result of the cancellation of the units.
Example 1.7
Explain without differentiating why the following differentiation cannot be correct:
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
Questions
1. Which of the following best represents the force needed to lift a heavy suitcase?
a. 25 N b. 25 kN c. 250 N d. 250 kN
2. Pick the correct answer(s); a watt is
a. one joule per second b. equal to 1 (kg)(m2)/s2 c. the unit for all types of power
d. all of the above e. none of the above
3. Is kg/s a basic or derived unit in SI?
4. Answer the following questions yes or no. Can you
a. divide ft by s? b. divide m by cm? c. multiply ft by s? d. divide ft by cm? e. divide m
by (deg) K? f. add ft and s? g. subtract m and (deg) K h. add cm and ft? i. add cm and m2?
j. add 1 and 2 cm?
5. Why is it not possible to add 1 ft and 1 ft2?
6. What is gc?
7. Is the ratio of the numerator and denominator in a conversion factor equal to unity?
8. What is the difference, if any, between pound force and pound mass in the AE system?
9. Could a unit of force in the SI system be kilogram force?
10. Contrast the procedure for converting units within the SI system with that for the AE
system.
11. What is the weight of a one pound mass at sea level? Would the mass be the same at the
center of Earth? Would the weight be the same at the center of Earth?
12. What is the mass of an object that weighs 9.80 kN at sea level?
13. Explain what dimensional consistency means in an equation.
14. Explain why the so-called dimensionless group has no net dimensions.
15. If you divide all of a series of terms in an equation by one of the terms, will the resulting
series of terms be dimensionless?
16. How might you make the following variables dimensionless:
a. Length (of a pipe). b. Time (to empty a tank full of water).
Answers:
1. (c)
2. (a)
3. Derived.
4. (a) - (e) yes; (f) and (g) no; (h) and (i) no; (j) no.
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
5. The dimensions are not the same.
6. A conversion factor in the American Engineering system of units.
7. Yes.
8. lbf is force and lbm is mass, and the dimensions are different.
9. The unit is not legal in SI.
10. In SI the magnitudes of many of the units are scaled on the basis of 10, in AE.
Consequently, the units are often ignored in making conversion in SI.
11. (a) 1 lbf in the AE system of units; (b) yes; (c) no.
12. 1000 kg.
13. All additive terms on the right-hand side of an equation must have the same dimensions as
those on the left-hand side.
14. All of the units cancel out.
15. Yes.
16. (a) Divide by the radius or diameter; (b) divide by the total time to empty the tank, or by a
fixed unit of time.
Problems
1. Classify the following units as correct or incorrect units in the SI system:
a. nm b. K c. sec d. N/mm e. kJ/(s)(m3)
2. Add 1 cm and 1 m.
3. Subtract 3 ft from 4 yards.
4. Divide 3 m1.5 by 2 m0.5.
5. Multiply 2 ft by 4 lb.
6. What are the value and units of gc in the SI system?
7. Electronic communication via radio travels at approximately the speed of light (186,000
miles/second). The edge of the solar system is roughly at Pluto, which is 3.6 × 109 miles
from Earth at its closest approach. How many hours does it take for a radio signal from
Earth to reach Pluto?
8. Determine the kinetic energy of one pound of fluid moving in a pipe at the speed of 3 feet
per second.
9. Convert the following from AE to SI units:
a. 4 lbm/ft to kg/m b. 1.00 lbm/(ft3)(s) to kg/(m3)(s)
10. Convert the following 1.57 × 10−2 g/(cm)(s) to lbm/(ft)(s)
11. Convert 1.1 gal to ft3.
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
12. Convert 1.1 gal to m3.
13. An orifice meter is used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid in pipes. The flow rate is
related to the pressure drop by the following equation
where k is in J/(s)(m)(K) and A and B are constants. What are the units of A and B?
Answers:
1. (a), (d), (e) are correct.
2. Change units to get 101 cm.
3. Change units to get 9 ft.
4. 1.5 m.
5. 8 (ft)(lb).
6. 1, dimensionless.
7. 5.38 hr.
8. 0.14 (ft) (lbf).
9. a. 5.96 kg/m; b. 16.0 kg/(m3)(s)
10. 1.06 * 10-3 lbm/(ft)(s)
11. 0.15 ft3
12. 4.16 * 10-3 m3.
13. c is dimensionless
14. A has the same units as k; B has the units of T
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
Problem 4
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter One
Mr. Hassan Wathiq Ayoob
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