†ecRv cvewjK ¯‹zj I K‡jR PÆMÖvg

‡mkb-2022-23
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
2q Aa¨vq : KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I ‡bUIqvwK©s
g‡Wj cÖkœ:01
DÏxcK-1: gv`ivmv †evW©-2019
mwRe evmvq eªWe¨vÛ Kv‡bKkb wb‡q Lywk g‡b fve‡jv Gevi †m 1Mbps -G `~`©všÍ MwZ‡Z B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Ki‡e|
wKš‘ e¨env‡ii mgq Zvi g‡b n‡”Q †h, †m MwZ cv‡”Q LyeB Kg, m‡e©v”P 128kbps| cÖwZwbqZ †m V‡K hv‡”Q GB
†f‡e ICT wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q †M‡j wZwb e¨vcviwU eywS‡q †`b| mwRe wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Av‡iv Rvb‡Z PvB‡jv, Zvi B›Uvi‡bU
Kv‡bKkb GKwU A_P evmvq 1wU U¨ve, 3wU ¯§vU©‡dvb I GKvwaK j¨vcUc Av‡Q hvi cÖwZwU‡ZB B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi
cÖ‡qvRb|
K. wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb Kx? 1
L. ÒGK mgq †gvevBj B›Uvi‡b‡U m‡e©v”P 171.2kbps MwZ cvIqv †hZÓ-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZ msµvšÍ mgm¨v wb‡q ICT wkÿK Kx e¨vL¨v †`b Zv eY©bv Ki| 3
N. mwR‡ei wØZxq mgm¨v mgvav‡b KiYxq m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨vmn gZvgZ `vI| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†h UªvÝwgk‡b †WUv ev Z_¨ ch©vqµ‡g 1 weU K‡i Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb e‡j| `~ieZ©x
Ae¯’v‡b _vKv wWfvBm¸‡jvi Rb¨ wmwiqvj UªvÝwgkb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
ÒGK mgq †gvevBj B›Uvi‡b‡U m‡e©v”P 171.2kbps MwZ cvIqv †hZÓ GwU g~jZ ejv n‡q‡Q GPRS wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K©,
&Gi c~Y©i~c n‡jv General Packet Radio Service | GB wm‡÷‡gi m‡ev©”P MwZ n‡jv: 171.2kbps| GwU 2G I 3G
†mjyjvi KwgDwb‡Kkb mvwf©‡mi c¨v‡KU wbf©i †gvevBj †WUv mvwf©m| GwU AZ¨šÍ wbf©i‡hvM¨ †gvevBj B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi
c×wZ|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q myZivs GwU n‡jv e¨vÛDBW_| †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW‡K wZbfv‡M fvM
Kiv nq|
1. b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Bands) 2.f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Bands) 3. eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Bands)
b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Bands): b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 45 †_‡K 300 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| GB e¨vÛ
axiMwZm¤úbœ †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi †¶‡Î Dc‡hvMx| †UwjMÖvwdi †¶‡Î b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 300 †_‡K 3400 nvU©R
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Band): f‡qm e¨v‡Ûi †WUvi MwZ 9600 ev 9.6 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| GwU mvaviYZ j¨vÛ
†Uwj‡dvb †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi wKsev
KvW© wiWvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUvi ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î GB e¨vÛDBW_ e¨envi Kiv nq|
eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Band) t D”PMwZm¤úbœ †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi cÖwµqvq eªW e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| eªW e¨v‡Û wePz¨Z
e¨vÛDBW_ Ges AwaK †WUv en‡bi ¶gZv _v‡K Ges hvi MwZ 1 Mbps †_‡K A‡bK D”PMwZ ch©šÍ nq| eªW e¨vÛ
mvaviYZ †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej I AcwUK¨vj K¨ve‡j †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov Wi-MAX m¨v‡UjvBU
KwgDwb‡Kkb Ges gvB‡µvI‡qf KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †¶‡ÎI GB e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|
mwR‡ei evmvq m‡e©v”P MwZ 128kbps | myZivs eªWe¨v‡Ûi KvswLZ MwZ K‡g †M‡Q| eªWe¨vÛ Kv‡bKkb Wi-MAX
†gvevBj B›Uvi‡bU A¨vK‡mm c×wZ †WUv e¨envi Ki‡jI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y MwZ Kg n‡Z cv‡i †hgb:GKB ¯’v‡b
AwaKmsL¨K MÖvnK, †bUIqvwK©s †Rvb I `y‡h©vMc~Y© AvenvIqv|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

c„ôv bs: 1
DÏxcK Abyhvqx mwR‡ei B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKkb GKwU A_P evmvq 1wU U¨ve, 3wU ¯§vU©‡dvb I GKvwaK j¨vcUc Av‡Q hvi
cÖwZwU‡ZB B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi cÖ‡qvRb| myZivs IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi) c×wZ e¨envi n‡Z Gi 2q mgm¨vi mgvavb|
Wireless Fidelity k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc Wi-Fi n‡”Q LAN (Local Area Network) Gi Iq¨vi‡jm e¨e¯’v| Gi mvnv‡h¨
†cv‡U©ej ev enb‡hvM¨ wWfvBm‡K (j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb) mn‡R B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ Kiv hvq| Wi-Fi
Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE 802.11 hv GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm ev Zviwenxb LAN ÷¨vÛvW©| wewfbœ †cv‡U©ej wWfvBm I
wd·W wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î GwU e¨eüZ nq| Gi Kvfv‡iR Gwiqv K‡qK wgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i|
Wi-Fi †bUIqvK©f~³ GjvKv ev AÂj Wi-Fi nU¯úU (Hotspot) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Wi-Fi Gi myweav:
1. GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zviwenxb †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WLAN)|e¨e¯’v|
2. Gi mvnv‡h¨ B›Uvi‡bU A¨vK‡mm Kiv hvq|
3. WLAN e¨envi K‡i †nv‡Uj, K¨v‡d, wek¦we`¨vjq, Gqvi‡cvU© I Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’v‡b Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi Kiv hvq|
4. IEEE 802. 11b I 802.11g ÷¨vÛv‡W© fv‡jv wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cvIqv hvq|
5. Wi-Fi KvW© e¨envi K‡i evavgy³fv‡e GKB mv‡_ K_v ejv hvq|
6. Wi-Fi †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ miKvwi Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:02
DÏxcK-2: ewikvj †evW©-2019
wg. w``v‡ii Awd‡mi cÎvw` AvU¨vP‡g›U wn‡m‡e B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv nq| Zvi Awd‡mi mnKg©xiv
WCDMA ÷¨vÛv‡W©i †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g wfwWI P¨vU K‡i _v‡Kb|
K. Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© Kx? 1
L. †Kvb U‡cvjwR‡Z †bvWmg~n ci¯úi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `ªæZMwZ‡Z †WUv
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K cÎ cvVv‡bvi UªvÝwgkb †gvW e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †gvevBj cÖRb¥wU we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡”Q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ AvšÍt‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v| hvi d‡j Kw¤úDUvimg~n mn‡R
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbgq Ges wi‡mvm© †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†gk U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ me Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| G‡Z
cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷k‡bi g‡a¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wjsK ev evm _v‡K| G‡Z cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷kb ev †bvWmg~n mivmwi †h‡Kv‡bv
IqvK©‡÷k‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `ªæZMwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ms‡hv‡Mi msL¨v †ewk nIqvq eo
ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †gk U‡cvjwRi †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjv KóKi n‡q c‡o| †gk U‡cvjwRi Bb÷j I g¨v‡bR Kiv
KwVb| G‡Z A‡bK ms‡hvM •Zwi Ki‡Z nq| †bUIqv‡K© †bvW evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ ms‡hvM msL¨vI †e‡o hvq|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
cÎ cvVv‡bvi UªvÝwgkb †gvW n‡jv gvwëKv÷ UªvÝwgkb †gvW| gvwëKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU †bvW †_‡K
†WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj †bvWB MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ïaygvÎ †h mKj †bvW‡K AbygwZ †`Iqv
nq Zviv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †bUIqv‡K©f~³ †h‡Kv‡bv †bvW‡K G c×wZ‡Z †WUv MÖnY n‡Z weiZ ivLv hvq| †hgb: MÖæc
SMS MÖæc MMS, B-‡gBj, †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs-G ev wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs-Gi †ÿ‡Î hv‡`i AbygwZ _vK‡e ïaygvÎ ZvivB
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wP‡Î D †bvWwU GKB †bUIqv‡K© _vKvi ciI AbygwZ bv cvIqvq †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
C
B
A
D
c„ôv bs: 2
 E

wPÎt gvwëKv÷ UªvÝwgkb †gvW

N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
WCDMA ÷¨vÛv‡W©i †gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖRb¥ n‡jv Z…Zxq cÖRb¥|
2001 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM †Kv¤úvwb NIT DOCOMO cÖ_g A-evwYwR¨K I cixÿvg~jK 3G
†bUIqvK© Pvjy K‡i| Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥ †WUv iƒcvšÍ‡ii Kv‡R mvwK©U myBwPs Gi cwie‡Z© c¨v‡KU my&BwPs c×wZ e¨eüZ
nq| d‡j me©vwaK †WUv UªvÝdvi †gvevBj †UK‡bvjwR EDGE Pvjy nq| GB cÖR‡b¥B †gvevBj cÖhyw³ HSPA
(High Speed Packet Access) Gi ev¯Íevqb mvwaZ nq| ZvQvov G cÖR‡b¥i g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj D”PMwZm¤úbœ
†WUv UªvÝwgkb|
‣ewkó¨:
1. †WUv iƒcvšÍ‡ii Kv‡R c¨v‡KU myBwPs I mvwK©U myBwPs &Dfq c×wZi e¨envi|
2. D”PMwZm¤úbœ †WUv UªvÝwgkb| d‡j AwaK cwigvY †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi m¤¢e nq|
3. †bUIqv‡K© EDGE, GPRS Gi AwaK e¨envi|
4. †WUv †iU 2 Mbps Gi AwaK|
5. FOMA (Freedom of Multimedia Access) e¨envi K‡i †gvevBj e¨vswKs (weKvk, gweK¨vk, i‡KU,
B-Kgvm© †mev Kvh©µg Ges Ab¨vb¨ B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK †mev Pvjy m¤¢e nq|
6. †iwWI wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ W-CDMA UMTS ev ÷¨vÛvW©|
7. P¨v‡bj A¨vK‡mm ev †mj wmMbvj Gb‡KvwWs c×wZ n‡jv TD-SCDMA Ges TD-CDMA |
8. wfwWI K‡ji e¨envi ïiæ|
9. e¨vcK AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:03
DÏxcK-3: gv`ivmv †evW©-2019
ICT wkÿK K¬v‡m ej‡jb, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †Uwj‡dvb I †gvevBj Avgv‡`i •`bw›`b Rxe‡b eûj e¨eüZ †hvMv‡hvM
e¨e¯’v| mvaviYZ D³ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb c×wZ‡Z gva¨g wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ K¨vejmg~n Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq
cÖfvegy³ bq| eZ©gv‡b e¨qeûj n‡jI Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq cÖfvegy³ weKí c×wZI i‡q‡Q|
K. K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Kx? 1
L. Ò4G MwZ 3G Gi cÖvq 50 ¸Y †ewk|Ó-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M.DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmmg~‡n †h c×wZ‡Z †WUv cÖevwnZ nq Zv eY©bv Ki| 3
N. weKí c×wZ‡Z Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zvi ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz ‡Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi GKwU c×wZ|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
4G Gi MwZ cÖvq 10-100 Mbps| Ab¨w`‡K 3G Gi MwZ n‡jv 2 Mbps ev Zvi ‡ewk| A_v©r MwZ n‡jv 2×50
Mbps=100 Mbps, hv 3G Gi cÖvq 50 ¸Y †ewk| myZivs Ò4G MwZ 3G Gi cÖvq 50 ¸Y †ewk| PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i
†gvevBj †dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wfwËK †bUIqvK© e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †gvevB‡j B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZ eû¸b
e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q| G MwZ Avëªv-eªWe¨vÛ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

c„ôv bs: 3
 M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ wWevBmmg~n n‡jv ‡iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †Uwj‡dvb I †gvevBj †dvb| ‡iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b e¨envi Kiv
nq wmg‡cø· I eªWKv÷ †gvW e¨envi Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K †Uwj‡dvb I †gvevBj †dv‡b e¨envi Kiv nq dzj-Wz‡cø· †gvW
e¨envi Kiv nq| wb‡P GmKj ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e¨L¨v Kiv n‡jv

K. wmg‡cø· (Simplex) : GKgyLx †WUv cÖevn‡K ejv nq wmg‡cø· †gvW| GB e¨e¯’vq †h cÖvß †WUv †cÖiY
Ki‡e †m cÖvß †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges MÖnY cÖvß †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †hgb:- K †_‡K L †Z
†WUv †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e| wKš‘ L †_‡K K †Z †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hv‡e bv| D`vniY:- PABX wm‡÷g, †iwWI,
mvaviY Abyôvbgvjv|
gva¨g (Medium)
K L
wPÎ: wmg‡cø· UªvÝwgkb †gvW

L. dzj Wz‡cø·(Full-Duplex): †gv‡W GKB mg‡q Dfq w`K n‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb e¨e¯’v _v‡K| †h‡Kv‡bv
cÖvšÍ cÖ‡qvR‡b †WUv †cÖiY Kivi mgq †WUv MÖnY A_ev †WUv MÖn‡Yi mgq †WUv †cÖiYI Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
†Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj †dvb|
gva¨g (Medium)
K L
wPÎ: dyj-Wz‡cø· UªvÝwgkb †gvW

M. eªWKv÷ (Broadcast): eªWKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU †gvW ( †hgb: Kw¤úDUvi) †_‡K †WUv
†cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj †bvW MÖnY K‡i| D`vniY wn‡m‡e †iwWI-‡Uwjwfkb m¤úªmvi‡Yi
K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| wP‡Î A †bvW †_‡K †Kv‡bv †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj †bvW (B,C
I D Kw¤úDUvi) MÖnY Ki‡e|
B

A C

D wPÎt eªWKv÷ UªvÝwgkb †gvW

N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

weKí c×wZ n‡jv: dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej|

dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej Zvi gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q kw³kvjx gva¨g| dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j †K‡›`ªi g~j ZviwU
wmwjKv, KuvP A_ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q •Zwi| KuvP‡K wgwWqv wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii eo myweav n‡jv G‡Z Electrical
Interference †bB| †m Kvi‡Y †WUv wmMbvj cwiewZ©Z nIqvi fqI †bB| Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK ms‡KZiƒ‡c †WUv
cÖevwnZ nq e‡j Gi MwZ A‡bK †ewk nq|
GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© jvBU wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i| G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z
†WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i| dvBevi AcwU‡Ki g‡a¨ Av‡jvK ms‡KZ `yfv‡e †h‡Z cv‡i; †jRvi (Laser) Ges
c„ôv bs: 4
†jW (LED-Light-emitting diode) c×wZ‡Z| dvBevi K¨ve‡j †jRvi Kvw•LZ n‡jI †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î †jW
e¨eüZ nq| KviY †jRvi wWfvB‡mi †P‡q †jW wWfvBm¸‡jvi e¨q Kg, †U‡KI A‡bK †ewk| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ dvBevi
AcwUK K¨ve‡ji †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨vÛDBW_ 100 Mbps †_‡K 2 Gbps ch©šÍ nq|
dvBevi AcwU‡Ki •ewkó¨ :
 B‡jKwUªwmwUi g‡Zv Av‡jvK ms‡KZ evB‡i Qwo‡q c‡o bv e‡j G‡Z GwUwbD‡qkb †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GwUwbD‡qkb
bv _vKvq Gi gvS w`‡q wmMbvj A‡bK `~iZ¡ ch©šÍ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j EMI †bB e‡j GwU me ¯’v‡b e¨envi Kiv hvq, GgbwK †hLv‡b A‡bK B‡jKwUªK¨vj
B›Uvidv‡iÝ eZ©gvb|
 GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK ev jvBU wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
 G‡Z Av‡jv‡K c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
 G‡Z Gbps †iÄ ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk MwZ‡Z †WUv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vK‡evb wn‡m‡e dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej AwaK e¨eüZ nq|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:04
DÏxcK-4: ivRkvnx †evW©-2017
wg. ÒXÓ Kw¤úDUv‡i e‡m GKwU eªvDRvi mdUIq¨vi Ic‡b K‡i cÖ_‡g Zvi A¨v‡Wªm ev‡i GKwU A¨v‡Wªm wj‡L G›Uvi
Pvc‡jv| d‡j GKwU †gBj mvwf©m I‡cb n‡jv| Zvici †m †gBj mvwf©m †_‡K GKUv GU¨vP‡g›U dvBj WvDb‡jvW
Ki‡jv|
K. U‡cvjRx Kx? 1
L. dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej BGgAvB (EMI) gy³ †Kb? 2
M. wg. ÒXÓ Gi e¨eüZ †mevwU †Zvgvi cwVZ cvV¨m~Pxi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wg ÒXÓ Gi †Kvb †Kvb Kv‡R Kx Kx ai‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW I †g_W
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i Kw¤úDUvimg~n GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvi c×wZ‡K U‡cvjwR (Topology) e‡j|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi n‡jv WvB-B‡jKwUªK c`v_© w`‡q •Zwi GK ai‡Yi Auvk-hv Av‡jv wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b m¶g| GwU
B‡jwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jv‡K ev jvBU wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU Kivi d‡j AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡j †Kv‡bv
Zwor †PŠ¤^K Gi Dcw¯’wZ †bB| A_©vr AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡j Zwor †PŠ¤^K Gi Dcw¯’wZ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y K¨vejwU
EMI gy³|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wg. ÒXÓ Gi e¨eüZ †mevwU n‡jv:K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs|
†h‡Kv‡bv e¨enviKvix ev †h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| e¨enviKvix‡K wKQzB
Ki‡Z n‡e bv, †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb Zvi Rb¨ mewKQz K‡i †`‡e| e¨enviKvixi cÖ‡qvRbUv mvgwqK n‡j †m
mvgwqKfv‡e GwU e¨envi Ki‡e Ges hZUzKz †mev MÖnY Ki‡e, wVK ZZUyKz †mevi Rb¨ g~j¨ †`‡e| ‡Kv‡bv B›Uvi‡bU
e¨enviKvix hw` yahoo, Gmail e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv B-‡gBj cvwV‡q _vwK Zvn‡j Avm‡j K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs e¨envi
K‡i †mwU Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw` †KD mvP© BwÄb ¸M‡j †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Lyu‡R †`‡L Zvn‡jI †mwU‡ZI K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUi e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs B›Uvi‡b‡U ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz †Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi †h c×wZ ZvB n‡”Q K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs| GwU GKwU we‡kl cwi‡mev| GLv‡b ÔK¬vDW ej‡Z `~ieZ©x †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bv
nq| we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU mshy³ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ÔK¬vDWÕ cÖ`Ë †mevmg~n †fvM Kiv hvq| K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs Kw¤úDwUs kw³, AbjvBb cwi‡mev, †WUv A¨vK‡mm, †WUv †¯úm cÖ`vb K‡i| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs AvR‡Ki w`‡b
Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, AbjvBb e¨vKAvc mvwf©m, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvwf©m Ges cv‡m©vbvj

c„ôv bs: 5
†WUv mvwf©m| K¬vDU Kw¤úDwUs-Gi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM Acwinvh©| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y K¬vDW ev mvf©vi G
mgm¨v n‡j Kv‡Ri ÿwZ nq| GwU Ggb GKwU g‡Wj hv‡Z wb‡¤œv³ wZbwU •ewkó¨ _vK‡e:-
1. wi‡mvm© †¯‹‡jwewjwU: †QvU ev eo hvB †nvK †µZvi me ai‡bi Pvwn`vB †gUv‡bv n‡e, †µZv hZ †ewk PvB‡e `vZv
Z‡ZvB AwaK cwigv‡Y †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e|
2. Ab-wWgvÛ:†µZv hLb PvB‡e, ZLbB †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e| †µZv Zvi BPQvg‡Zv hLb Lywk Zvi Pvwn`v evov‡Z ev
Kgv‡Z cvi‡e|
3. †c-A¨vR-BD-‡Mv: GwU GKwU †c‡g›U g‡Wj| †µZv‡K Av‡M †_‡K †Kv‡bv mvwf©m wiRvf© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| †µZv
hZUzKz e¨e¯’v Ki‡e †KejgvÎ ZZUzKzi Rb¨B g~j¨ †`‡e|

N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wg. ÒXÓ ‡h †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e¨envi K‡ib Zv n‡jv nvd-Wz‡cø·|
nvd-Wz‡cø· (Half-Duplex): GB e¨e¯’vq Dfq w`K †_‡K †WUv †cÖi‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K, Z‡e Zv GKB mg‡q m¤¢e
bq| †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ GKB mg‡q †KejgvÎ †WUv MÖnY A_ev †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ MÖnY Ges †cÖiY GKB mv‡_ Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| D`vniY:- IqvwK-UwKi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM|
gva¨g (Medium)
K L
..................................................................
wPÎ: nvd-Wz‡cø· UªvÝwgkb †gvW
ch©‡eÿ‡Y †`Lv hvq, GKwU eªvDRvi mdUIq¨vi Ic‡b K‡i cÖ_‡g Zvi A¨v‡Wªm ev‡i GKwU A¨v‡Wªm wj‡L G›Uvi
Pvc‡jv| d‡j GKwU †gBj mvwf©m I‡cb n‡jv| myZivs GwU nvd-Wz‡cø·| cÖ_‡g I‡qemvfv©‡i wi‡Kv‡q÷ cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q
Zvici †gBj mvwf©m I‡cb n‡q‡Q|
Kx-‡evW© †_‡K B-‡gBj A¨v‡Wªm †jLv n‡jv A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb c×wZ |
A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Asynchronous Transmission): †h †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g †cÖiK n‡Z †WUv
MÖvnK‡K K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nq Zv‡K A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j| Asynchronous k‡ãi A_©
n‡jv Amgwš^Z| A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡b ci ci `ywU K¨v‡i±vi †cÖi‡Yi gv‡Si weiwZi mgq mKj †ÿ‡Î mgvb nq
bv| G Kvi‡Y bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb †g_W| GB UªvÝwgk‡b K¨v‡i±vi †WUv weU¸‡jv
avivevwnKfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| ZvB cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ K¨v‡i±vi †WUv weU¸‡jvi ïiæ‡Z GKwU
AwZwi³ ÷¨vU© weU hy³ K‡i †`qv nq| GB ÷¨vU© weU †c‡jB cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i K¨v‡i±vi †WUv weU Avmv
ïiæ n‡q‡Q Ges †mB Abyhvqx Zvi Af¨šÍixY wm‡÷‡gi K¬K cvjm‡K Pvjy K‡i| K¨v‡i±vi †WUv weU¸‡jv cy‡ivcywi
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nevi ci Gi †k‡l Avevi AwZwi³ GKwU ev `ywU weU †hvM Kiv nq| D³ ÷c weU †c‡j cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi
eyS‡Z cv‡i K¨v‡i±vi †WUv weU¸‡jv Avmv †kl n‡q‡Q| †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii GB cÖwµqvq ÷vU© weU I ÷c weU Acwinvh©
nIqvq GB UªvÝwgkb‡K ÷vU©/÷c UªvÝwgkb ejv nq| Kx‡evW© †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv
cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ G c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| A¨vwm‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g Kx-‡ev‡W©i cÖwZ Aÿi Pvcvi mv‡_ mv‡_ 8
we‡Ui GKwU †WUv Drcbœ nq| GB 8 we‡Ui K¨v‡i±vi †WUv‡K UªvÝwk‡bi c~‡e© Zvi m¤§y‡L GKwU ÷vU© weU Ges †k‡m
GKwU ev `ywU ÷c weU mshy³ Kiv nq| d‡j cÖwZwU K¨v‡i±v‡ii †WUv 10/11 we‡Ui †WUvq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q UªvÝwgU nq|
Ab¨w`‡K K¨v‡i±vi mg~‡ni UªvÝwk‡bi mgq weiwZ mgvb bv nIqvq Gi †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii MwZ axi nq|
Avevi A¨vUvP‡g›U dvBj WvDb‡jvW Kiv n‡jv wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ|
wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (synchronous Transmission): †h †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨e¯’vq †cÖiK †÷k‡b cÖ_‡g
†WUv‡K †Kv‡bv cÖv_wgK †÷v‡iR wWfvBm msiÿY Kiv nq AZtci †WUvi K¨v‡i±vi mg~n‡K eøK (hv‡K c¨v‡KU ev
†d«gI ejv nq) AvKv‡i fvM K‡i cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i eøK UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
synchronous kãwUi A_© n‡jv mgš^qhy³Zv| GB UªvÝwgk‡b cÖwZwU †WUv eøK (cÖwZ eø‡K 80wU †_‡K 132wU
K¨v‡i±vi _v‡K) GKwU wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi AšÍi UªvÝwgU nq| G Kvi‡Y bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb
†g_W| cÖwZ `yÕwU eø‡Ki gvSLv‡bi mgq weiwZ wba©vwiZ Kiv _v‡K|cÖwZwU eøK †WUvi ïiæ‡Z GKwU †nWvi Bbdi‡gkb
I †k‡l GKwU †UªBjvi Bbdi‡gkb wmMbvj cvVv‡bv nq| G †nWvi Bbdi‡gkb wmMbvj wiwmfv‡ii eøK MwZ‡K †cÖi‡Ki
c„ôv bs: 6
eøK MwZi mv‡_ wmb‡µvbvBR K‡i Ges †cÖiK I MÖvnK wPwýZKi‡Yi msL¨v enb K‡i _v‡K| Avi †UªBjvi eø‡Ki †kl
eySv‡bvi Z_¨ enb K‡i| ZvQvov †WUvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv fzj Av‡Q wK bv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| †WUv
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii MwZ †ewk weavq Aí mg‡q A‡bK †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

g‡Wj cÖkœ:05
DÏxcK-5: h‡kvi †evW©-2019
ivR AvBwmwU K¬v‡m wkÿ‡Ki Av‡jvPbv n‡Z Rvb‡Z cv‡i †h, †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b GKwU c×wZ‡Z †WUv K¨v‡i±vi evB
K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nq Ges Aci GKwU c×wZ‡Z †WUv eøK AvKv‡i UªvÝwgU nq| †m Zvi evmvq Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU
ms‡hvM †bq| d‡j †m `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K. e¨vÛDBW_ Kx? 1
L. ‡gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM e¨e¯’vq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K UªvÝwgkb c×wZ `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi `ÿZv †ewk? we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
GKK mg‡q cwievwnZ †WUvi cwigvb‡K e¨vÛ DBW_ e‡j| A_v©r GKwU gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Drm c‡q›U †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨i
w`‡K †h cwigvb †WUv GKK mg‡q cwievwnZ nq Zv n‡jv e¨vÛ DBW_|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
‡gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW n‡jv dzj Wz‡cø·|
dzj Wz‡cø·(Full-Duplex): †gv‡W GKB mg‡q Dfq w`K n‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb e¨e¯’v _v‡K| †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ
cÖ‡qvR‡b †WUv †cÖiY Kivi mgq †WUv MÖnY A_ev †WUv MÖn‡Yi mgq †WUv †cÖiYI Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: †Uwj‡dvb,
†gvevBj †dvb|
gva¨g (Medium)
K L
wPÎ: dyj-Wz‡cø· UªvÝwgkb †gvW

M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K cwijwÿZ nq ivR, evmvq Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM †bq| myZivs IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi) | Wireless Fidelity
k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc Wi-Fi n‡”Q LAN (Local Area Network) Gi Iq¨vi‡jm e¨e¯’v| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †cv‡U©ej ev
enb‡hvM¨ wWfvBm‡K (j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb) mn‡R B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ Kiv hvq| Wi-Fi Gi ÷¨vÛvW©
n‡”Q IEEE 802.11 hv GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm ev Zviwenxb LAN ÷¨vÛvW©| wewfbœ †cv‡U©ej wWfvBm I wd·W wWfvB‡mi
g‡a¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î GwU e¨eüZ nq| Gi Kvfv‡iR Gwiqv K‡qK wgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| Wi-Fi
†bUIqvK©f~³ GjvKv ev AÂj Wi-Fi nU¯úU (Hotspot) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Wi-Fi Gi myweav:
1. GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zviwenxb †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WLAN)|e¨e¯’v|
2. Gi mvnv‡h¨ B›Uvi‡bU A¨vK‡mm Kiv hvq|
3. WLAN e¨envi K‡i †nv‡Uj, K¨v‡d, wek¦we`¨vjq, Gqvi‡cvU© I Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’v‡b Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi Kiv hvq|
4. IEEE 802. 11b I 802.11g ÷¨vÛv‡W© fv‡jv wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cvIqv hvq|
5. Wi-Fi KvW© e¨envi K‡i evavgy³fv‡e GKB mv‡_ K_v ejv hvq|
6. Wi-Fi †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ miKvwi Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

c„ôv bs: 7
 N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†h †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g †cÖiK n‡Z †WUv MÖvnK‡K K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K A¨vwmb‡µvbvm
e‡j|†W †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi R‡b¨ †cÖi‡Ki †Kv‡bv cÖv_wgK msiÿY gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|GKwU K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU
nevi ci Av‡iKwU K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU Kivi gvSLv‡b weiwZi mgq mgvb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|mgq Zzjbvg~jK †ewk jv‡M|
GwU Zzjbvg~jK m¯Ív|cÖwZwU K¨v‡i±v‡ii ïiæ‡Z GKwU ÷vU© weU _v‡K|

†h †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨e¯’vq †cÖiK †÷k‡b cÖ_‡g †WUv‡K †Kv‡bv cÖv_wgK †÷v‡iR wWfvBm msiÿY Kiv nq AZtci
†WUvi K¨v‡i±vi mg~n‡K eøK (hv‡K c¨v‡KU ev †d«gI ejv nq) AvKv‡i fvM K‡i cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i eøK UªvÝwgU Kiv
nq Zv‡K wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j| cÖwZwU eø‡K Kgc‡ÿ 80 †_‡K 132wU K¨v‡i±vi _v‡K| cÖwZ `yÕwU eø‡Ki
gvSLv‡bi mgq weiwZ wba©vwiZ Kiv _v‡K| cÖwZwU eøK †WUvi ïiæ‡Z GKwU †nWvi Bbdi‡gkb I †k‡l GKwU †UªBjvi
Bbdi‡gkb wmMbvj cvVv‡bv nq| G †nWvi Bbdi‡gkb wmMbvj wiwmfv‡ii eøK MwZ‡K †cÖi‡Ki eøK MwZi mv‡_
wmb‡µvbvBR K‡i Ges †cÖiK I MÖvnK wPwýZKi‡Yi msL¨v enb K‡i _v‡K| Avi †UªBjvi eø‡Ki †kl eySv‡bvi Z_¨
enb K‡i| ZvQvov †WUvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv fzj Av‡Q wK bv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii MwZ †ewk
weavq Aí mg‡q A‡bK †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq|G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

wmb‡µvbvm c×wZ‡Z †WUv PjvP‡ji MwZ †ewk I `ÿZv †ewk|

g‡Wj cÖkœ:06
DÏxcK-6: w`bvRcyi †evW©-2019
Kwig mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡gi evwo wbR kni †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i Aew¯’Z| wZwb kn‡i _vKvi mg‡q evmvq j¨vcUc, †W¯‹Uc,
¯§vU©‡dvb Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| wKš‘ MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z wZwb GKwU we‡kl †Kv¤úvwbi
Kv‡Q wba©vwiZ gvwmK fvov cÖ`vb K‡i †Rvovq †Rvovq †gvPov‡bv Zvi Øviv Kw¤úDUvi Gi mv‡_ ms‡hvM K‡i †bUIqvK©
mshy³ K‡ib|
K. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb Kx? 1
L.wbivc` †WUv msiÿ‡Y K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs DËg-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K Kwig mv‡ne kn‡i †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Kwig mv‡ne B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡ii Rb¨ kni MÖv‡g †h gva¨g e¨envi K‡ib Zv‡`i Zyjbvg~jK we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†Kv‡bv †WUv‡K GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev GK wWfvBm n‡Z Ab¨ wWfvB‡m ¯’vbvšÍi wKsev GKR‡bi
‡WUv A‡b¨i wbKU ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqvB †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
B›Uvi‡bU ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz ‡Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi †h c×wZ ZvB n‡”Q K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs| GwU GKwU we‡kl
cwi‡mev| GLv‡b ÒK¬vDWÓ ej‡Z `~ieZ©x †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bv nq| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs †mev
MÖnY Kivi KviY-Acv‡iwUs LiP Zzjbvg~jK Kg _v‡K, wbR¯^ nvW©Iq¨vi ev mdUIq¨v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb
†_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q mve©¶wYK e¨envi Kiv hvq| GmKj Kvi‡Y wbivc` †WUv msiÿ‡Y K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs DËg|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K cwijwÿZ nq Kwig mv‡ne kn‡i Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib | myZivs IqvB-
dvB (Wi-Fi) | Wireless Fidelity k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc Wi-Fi n‡”Q LAN (Local Area Network) Gi Iq¨vi‡jm
e¨e¯’v| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †cv‡U©ej ev enb‡hvM¨ wWfvBm‡K (j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUvi, †gvevBj †dvb) mn‡R B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_
hy³ Kiv hvq| Wi-Fi Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE 802.11 hv GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm ev Zviwenxb LAN ÷¨vÛvW©| wewfbœ
†cv‡U©ej wWfvBm I wd·W wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î GwU e¨eüZ nq| Gi Kvfv‡iR Gwiqv K‡qK wgUvi
ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| Wi-Fi †bUIqvK©f~³ GjvKv ev AÂj Wi-Fi nU¯úU (Hotspot) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Wi-Fi Gi myweav:
1. GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zviwenxb †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WLAN)|e¨e¯’v|
c„ôv bs: 8
 2. Gi mvnv‡h¨ B›Uvi‡bU A¨vK‡mm Kiv hvq|
3. WLAN e¨envi K‡i †nv‡Uj, K¨v‡d, wek¦we`¨vjq, Gqvi‡cvU© I Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’v‡b Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU
e¨envi Kiv hvq|
4. IEEE 802. 11b I 802.11g ÷¨vÛv‡W© fv‡jv wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cvIqv hvq|
5. Wi-Fi KvW© e¨envi K‡i evavgy³fv‡e GKB mv‡_ K_v ejv hvq|
6. Wi-Fi †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ miKvwi Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K cwijwÿZ nq Kwig mv‡ne kn‡i Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib | myZivs IqvB-
dvB (Wi-Fi) ev Zvi wenxb gva¨g| wKš‘ MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z wZwb GKwU we‡kl †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q wba©vwiZ gvwmK fvov cÖ`vb
K‡i †Rvovq †Rvovq †gvPov‡bv Zvi Øviv Kw¤úDUvi Gi mv‡_ ms‡hvM K‡i †bUIqvK© mshy³ K‡ib| GwU n‡jv UzB‡÷W
†cqvi K¨vej ev Zvi gva¨g| wb‡P Zvi gva¨g I Zviwenxb gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ Zyjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:

Zvi gva¨g Cable Media) Zviwenxb gva¨g (Wireless Media)

Zvi gva¨g D”P MwZm¤úbœ| Zviwenxb gva¨g Zvi ev K¨vej gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq
wb¤œMwZm¤úbœ| Z‡e me©vaywbK wKQz wKQz Iq¨vi‡jm
wgwWqv cÖf„wZ, K¨vej wgwWqvi g‡ZvB `ªæZ
MwZm¤úbœ †WUv cwienb wbwðZ Ki‡Q|
G gva¨g D”P e¨vÛDBW‡_i wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cÖ`vb K‡i| wd‡µv‡qwÝ †¯úKUªvg AZ¨šÍ `~e©j weavq GwUi
e¨vÛDBW_ Zvi gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq Kg|
G gva¨‡g LiP †ek Kg| Zv‡ii g~j¨ Ges mswkøó G gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj| Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
wWfvBm myjf Ges mnRcÖvc¨| Iq¨vi‡jm mve¯ŒvBevi †÷kb, Iq¨vi‡jm ivDUvi,
Iq¨vi‡jm GK‡mm c‡q›U Ges Av¨vWv›Uvimg~n
†ek `vgx Ges mswkøó wWfvBm¸‡jv mnRcÖvc¨ bq|
Zvi gva¨‡gi UªvÝwgkb gva¨g n‡jv-Kcvi Zvi, Zviwenxb gva¨‡gi UªvÝwgkb gva¨g n‡jv-
AcwUK dvBevi K¨vej Ges B_vi‡bU| B‡jKUªg¨vM‡bwUK I‡qf, †iwWI Ges Bbd«v‡iW|
G gva¨‡g nve Ges myBP e¨envi K‡i †bUIqvK© G gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ mshy³ GKvwaK
Kfv‡i‡Ri Gwiqv G·‡Ubkb Kiv hvq| Iq¨vi‡jm †eR †÷kb Gi gva¨‡g wekvj
GjvKv‡K †bUIqvK© Kvfv‡i‡Ri g‡a¨ Avbv m¤¢e|
j¨vb (B_vi‡bU), gvb n‡jv G gva¨‡gi D`vniY| (WLAN, WPN) (eøUz_) Bbd«v‡iW, †mjyjvi
(wRGmGg, wmwWGgG, GjwUB BZ¨vw`) G
,gva¨‡gi D`vniY|
†WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cÖvK…wZK †Kvb euvav †bB, GK Zvi Iq¨v‡jm wm‡÷‡gi wiwmfvi I UªvÝwgUv‡ii g‡a¨
†bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ Ab¨ Zv‡ii †bUIqvK© Gi ms‡hvM †h †Kv‡bv cÖwZeÜKZv _vK‡jB Zv †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b
N‡U bv weavq †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b evavi m„wó K‡i bv| weNœ NUvq| GQvov cÖvK…wZK weiƒc cwi‡ek, evZv‡m
_vKv wewfbœ Av‡qvb Ges M¨vmg~n Iq¨vi‡jm †WUv
UªvÝwgk‡b evavi m„wó K‡i|
Gi mvwf©m †KvqvwjwU †kÖq| Gi mvwf©m †KvqvwjwU Zzjvbg~jKfv‡e `~e©j| †Kbvb
Iq¨vi‡jm hš¿cvwZi `vg †ewk Ges Gi †WUv
cÖ‡mwms †mUAvc mgqmv‡cÿ|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:07
DÏxcK-7: ewikvj †evW©-2019

c„ôv bs: 9
wg. Avwid Zvi eûZjwewkó fe‡b gvwë K‡¤úv‡bU KvuP w`‡q •Zwi gva¨g w`‡q Kw¤úDUvimg~‡ni g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© cÖwZôv
K‡ib| 10 wK.wg. `~‡i Aew¯’Z Ab¨ GKwU fe‡bi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb IEEE 802.16 ÷¨vÛ©wewkó
KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g e¨env‡ii wm×všÍ †bb|
K. gvwëKv÷ UªvÝwgkb Kx? 1
L. ÒK¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs‡q wbivcËv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e KgÓ-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. eûZj fe‡b e¨eüZ gva¨gwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. wg. Avwi‡di wm×v‡šÍi †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
GKwU KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †h †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i ïaygvÎ wbw`©ó GKwU MÖæ‡ci mKj m`m¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev †h mKj
†gvW‡K AbygwZ †`qv n‡e Zviv ïay MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K gvwëKv÷ †gvU e‡j|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
B›Uvi‡bU ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz ‡Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi †h c×wZ ZvB n‡”Q K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs| GwU GKwU we‡kl
cwi‡mev| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs †mev MÖnY Kivi KviY-Acv‡iwUs LiP Zzjbvg~jK Kg _v‡K, wbR¯^ nvW©Iq¨vi ev
mdUIq¨v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| GLv‡b ÒK¬vDWÓ ej‡Z `~ieZ©x †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bv nq|,
‡h‡nZz Z_¨ `~ie& Zx© †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx mvf©v‡i msiwÿZ nq, A_©vr wb‡Ri Kv‡Q Z_¨ msiwÿZ _v‡K bv| GB w`KwU
we‡ePbvq wb‡j ÒK¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs‡q wbivcËv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e KgÓ|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

eûZj fe‡b e¨eüZ gva¨gwU n‡jv: dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej|

dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej Zvi gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q kw³kvjx gva¨g| dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j †K‡›`ªi g~j ZviwU
wmwjKv, KuvP A_ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q •Zwi| KuvP‡K wgwWqv wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii eo myweav n‡jv G‡Z Electrical
Interference †bB| †m Kvi‡Y †WUv wmMbvj cwiewZ©Z nIqvi fqI †bB| Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK ms‡KZiƒ‡c †WUv
cÖevwnZ nq e‡j Gi MwZ A‡bK †ewk nq|
GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© jvBU wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i| G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z
†WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i| dvBevi AcwU‡Ki g‡a¨ Av‡jvK ms‡KZ `yfv‡e †h‡Z cv‡i; †jRvi (Laser) Ges
†jW (LED-Light-emitting diode) c×wZ‡Z| dvBevi K¨ve‡j †jRvi Kvw•LZ n‡jI †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î †jW
e¨eüZ nq| KviY †jRvi wWfvB‡mi †P‡q †jW wWfvBm¸‡jvi e¨q Kg, †U‡KI A‡bK †ewk| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ dvBevi
AcwUK K¨ve‡ji †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨vÛDBW_ 100 Mbps †_‡K 2 Gbps ch©šÍ nq|
MVb:
dvBevi •Zwii Rb¨ †mvWv †ev‡iv wmwj‡KU, †mvWv jvBg wmwj‡KU, †mvWv A¨vjywgbv wmwj‡KU BZ¨vw` gvwë K‡¤úv‡b›U
KuvP¸‡jv †ewk e¨eüZ nq| Gme c`v‡_©i ¸YMZ •ewk󨸇jvi g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ n‡jv-AwZ ¯^”QZv,
ivmvqwbK myw¯’iZv ev wbw¯ŒqZv, mnR cÖwµqvKiY †hvM¨Zv| KL‡bv KL‡bv dvBev‡ii K¬vwWs wn‡m‡e cøvw÷K e¨eüZ
n‡q _v‡K| dvBevi AcwU‡Ki wZbwU Ask _v‡K| h_v:-
(1) †Kvi : wfZ‡ii WvB-B‡jKwUªK †Kvi hvi e¨vm 8 †_‡K 100 gvB‡µvb n‡q _v‡K| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡ji
G‡Kev‡i wfZ‡ii Ask nj †Kvi| hvi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK wmMbvj mÂvjb K‡i| GwU wmwjKv gvwëK‡¤ú‡b›U KuvP
ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q •Zwi|
(2) K¬¨vwWs : †K‡›`ªi AcwUK¨vj dvBevi‡K Av”Qvw`Z K‡i Av‡Q K¬¨vwWs (Cladding) ev †Kfjvi (Kevlar) hv
Ggb GK c`v_© w`‡q •Zwi †h Av‡jvK cÖwZdjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j ms‡KZ dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji ga¨ w`‡q
euvKv c‡_ †h‡Z cv‡i| K¬¨vwWs Gi e¨vm mvaviYZ 125 gvB‡µvwgUvi|
(3) R¨v‡KU : AveiY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| K¨ve‡ji Dci cøvw÷K w`‡q †gvov‡bv R¨v‡KU ejv nq| GwU Nl©Y, gwiPv,
NlvgvRv, Rjxq ev®ú †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

c„ôv bs: 10
dvBevi AcwU‡Ki •ewkó¨ :
 B‡jKwUªwmwUi g‡Zv Av‡jvK ms‡KZ evB‡i Qwo‡q c‡o bv e‡j G‡Z GwUwbD‡qkb †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GwUwbD‡qkb
bv _vKvq Gi gvS w`‡q wmMbvj A‡bK `~iZ¡ ch©šÍ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j EMI †bB e‡j GwU me ¯’v‡b e¨envi Kiv hvq, GgbwK †hLv‡b A‡bK B‡jKwUªK¨vj
B›Uvidv‡iÝ eZ©gvb|
 GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK ev jvBU wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
 G‡Z Av‡jv‡K c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
 G‡Z Gbps †iÄ ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk MwZ‡Z †WUv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vK‡evb wn‡m‡e dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej AwaK e¨eüZ nq|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K wg.Avwid IEEE 802.16 ÷¨vÛ©wewkó KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g e¨env‡ii wm×všÍ n‡jv:IqvBg¨v·
(WiMAX):
WiMAX Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access | GwU IEEE
802.16 ÷¨vÛv‡W©i Iq¨vi‡jm †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WMAN) ‡UvKj hv wd·W Ges †gvevBj
B›Uvi‡b‡U e¨eüZ nq| WiMAX wm‡÷‡gi `ywU cÖavb Ask _v‡K| GKwU WiMAX †em †÷kb hv Bb‡Wvi I
AvDU‡Wvi UvIqvi wb‡q MwVZ| Ab¨wU G‡›Ubvmn WiMAX wiwmfvi, hv †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev j¨vcU‡c mshy³
_v‡K| wg. Avwi‡di wm&×v‡šÍi †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
WiMAX Gi •ewkó¨ IqvBg¨v· (Characteristics of WiMAX):
 GwU IEEE 802.16e ÷¨vÛv‡W©i Iq¨v‡jm †g‡ÆvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WMAN) |
 †bUIqvK© ms¯’vcb K¨vewjs‡qi Zzjbvq mnR Ges myweavRbK|
 e¨vÛDBW_ ev †WUv UªvÝdvi †iBU Iq¨vi‡nW ev K¨vewjs‡qi Zzjbvq †ewk|
 GKBmv‡_ Iq¨vi‡nW Ges Iq¨vi‡jm DfqB †bUIqv‡K©i myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Kfv‡iR Gwiqv mvaviYZ 1 wK.wg. †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 60 wK.wg. ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
 wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨vÛ jvB‡mÝ ev jvB‡mÝwenxb DfqB n‡Z cv‡i|
 AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨v‡Ûi Rb¨ miKvi ev mswkøó cÖwZôv‡bi Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z nq|
 ms¯’vcb Ges iÿYv‡eÿY LiP †ewk|
WiMAX Gi myweav:
1. A‡cÿvK…Z AwaK gvbm¤§Z I AwaK wbivcËv myweav msewjZ Iq¨vi‡jm cÖ‡UvKj|
2. eZ©gv‡b WiMAX Iq¨vi‡jm B›Uvi‡bU myweav cÖ`vbKvix me©vaywbK cÖhyw³|
3. kZvwaK e¨enviKvix GKK †em †÷kb e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. bZzb e¨enviKvix AwaK `ªæZ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Ges AvBwW wUwf BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i|
6. wewfbœ ai‡bi wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g kni Ges MÖv‡g †cv‡U©ej eªWe¨vÛ ms‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i|

c„ôv bs: 11
 7. †WUv UªvÝwgkb †iU 40 †_‡K 70 Mbps cvIqv hvq|
8. WiMAX Gi Kvfv‡iR Gwiqv 10 wK.wg. †_‡K 60 wK.wg ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:08
DÏxcK-8: 2019 mv‡ji wewfbœ K‡j‡Ri wbev©Pbx cixÿvi cÖkœ:-1
GKw`b ÒXÓ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m e¨eüZ †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUviB KvR KiwQj bv| AbymÜv‡b Rvbv hvq †h, gvÎ
GKwU Kw¤úDUvi bó nIqvi Kvi‡Y GgbwU NUj| Aciw`‡K ÒYÓ mvn‡ei Awd‡m e¨eüZ †bUIqv‡K©i `ywU
Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv mPj wQj| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, ÒYÓ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv
GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ hy³ wQj|
K. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb Kx? 1
L. †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b g‡Wg we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. ÔXÕ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m e¨eüZ †bUIqv‡K© mvaviYZ †h ai‡bi K¨vej e¨eüZ nq Zv eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ U‡cvjwR؇qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨-we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†Kv‡bv †WUv‡K GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev GK wWfvBm n‡Z Ab¨ wWfvB‡m ¯’vbvšÍi wKsev GKR‡bi
‡WUv A‡b¨i wbKU ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqvB †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†WUv †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq A‡bK iKg gva¨g n‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, gvB‡µvI‡qf, †hvMv‡hvM
D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨| †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Ab¨vjM ms‡KZ Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq| wKš‘ Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ`Ë †WUv I Z_¨
cÖK…Zc‡¶ wWwRUvj ms‡KZ| Kv‡RB †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K A¨vbvjM ms‡K‡Z Ges A¨vbvjM
ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| g‡Wg Kw¤úDUv‡i wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K A¨vbvjM ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ
K‡i †Uwj‡dvb †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v Øviv MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY K‡i| MÖvnK Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ hy³ g‡Wg †mB A¨vbvjM
ms‡KZ‡K Avevi wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ K‡i Zv Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i| †cÖiK I MÖvnK Dfq cÖv‡šÍ
g‡Wg e¨envi Kiv nq|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
ÔXÕ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m e¨eüZ †bUIqv‡K© mvaviYZ †h ai‡bi K¨vej e¨eüZ nq Zv n‡jv: UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej (Twisted
Pair Cable):

wPÎ : UTP K¨vej

UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej GKmv‡_ K‡qK †Rvov K¨vej cvKv‡bv Ae¯’vq _v‡K hvi ga¨ w`‡q †WUv wmMbvj cÖevwnZ nq| G
ai‡bi K¨vejB mvaviY KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| Zvgvi Zvi GKwU Av‡iKwUi Kv‡Q _vK‡j GKwU wmMbvj
Av‡iKwUi wmMbvj‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i hv‡K ejv nq µmUK (Crosstalk)| µmUK Ges Ab¨vb¨ B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ Kgv‡Z
Zvi¸‡jv‡K cvKv‡bv nq| Zvi‡K cvKv‡bv n‡j GKwU wmMbvj Av‡iKwUi wmMbvj‡K wbDUªvj K‡i †`q| UzB‡÷W †cqv‡i
Kvjvi †KvW e¨eüZ nq| cÖwZ †Rvov Zv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU Zvi mv`v i‡Oi cøvw÷K †KvW Øviv Ave„Z Ges cÖwZwU mv`v
i‡Oi cøvw÷K †Kv‡Wi Zv‡ii mv‡_ bxj, †Mvjvcx, meyR I ev`vgx GB Pvi i‡Oi cøvw÷K †KvWhy³ Zvi _v‡K| GB
Kvjvi †KvW Abyhvqx K¨vej‡K Kv‡b±‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z nq| cu¨vPv‡bv Zvi `ywU‡K c„_K ivLvi Rb¨ G‡`i gv‡S
Acwievnx c`v_© e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej mvaviYZ `yai‡bi nq h_v:-
1. Avbwk‡ìW (AveiYnxb) UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej (Unshielded Twisted Pair-UTP) ev BDwUwc
2. wk‡ÛW (AveiYhy³) UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej ev (Shielded Twisted Pair-STP) GmwUwc

c„ôv bs: 12
 1. BDwUwc (UTP) : Avbwk‡ìW UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji evB‡i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv wkwìs ev AveiY _v‡K bv|
BDwUwc K¨ve‡j wewfbœ ÷¨vÛv‡W©i e¨envi i‡q‡Q| G mKj ÷¨vÛv‡W©i g‡a¨ CATS-5 CAT-6 I Lye
RbwcÖq| LAN †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ GB K¨vej eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ nq| BDwUwc (UTP) K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDBW_
mvaviYZ 10 Mbps | Z‡e 1†_‡K 155 ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z GwUwbD‡qkb (`~ej © Zv) Av‡Q, ZvB Gi `~iZ¡
100 wgUvi ch©šÍ mxgve×| G‡Z EMI (B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vMwUK B›Uvi‡d‡iÝ) cÖfve Lye †ewk|
2. GmwUwc (STP) : wk‡ìW UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji cÖwZwU cu¨vPv‡bv †Rvov Zvi _v‡K GKwU K‡i k³ wkì ev
Avei‡Yi wfZi| d‡j GB Zvi A‡bK myiwÿZ _v‡K|
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji myweavmg~n:
1. Kg `~i‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hvM K¨vej wn‡m‡e UyB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
2. mn‡R †givgZ Kiv hvq|
3. GwU Ab¨vb¨ K¨ve‡ji †P‡q `v‡g m¯Ív|
4. mn‡R ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
5. GwU cyi‡bv †WUv †cÖiY c×wZ|
6. A¨vbvjM Ges wWwRUvj Dfq ai‡bi †WUv †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej Gi e¨envi:
1. †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b GB K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
2. wWwRUvj wmMbvwjs I LAN Gi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|

N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
GKw`b ÒXÓ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m e¨eüZ †bUIqv‡K©i U‡cvjwR n‡jv wis U‡cvjwR| Aciw`‡K ÒYÓ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ hy³ wQj, myZivs U‡cvjwR n‡jv ÷vi U‡cvjwR|

wis U‡cvjwR (Ring Topology):

wPÎ : wis U‡cvjwR

D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ †bUIqvK© •Zwii Rb¨ G ai‡bi U‡cvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i eo myweav n‡jv
GLv‡b cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi mgvb AwaKvi †c‡q _v‡K Ges AwaK Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvi‡Y †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ K‡g †M‡j
†mwU mevi Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| wis U‡cvjwR‡K ejv nq GKwUf U‡cvjwR| G U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU †g‡mR cvVv‡Z PvB‡j †mwU Gi wbKUeZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU hv‡e| †m Kw¤úDUvi †`L‡e
†mB †g‡mRwU Zvi Rb¨ wKbv| †mwU Zvi Rb¨ bv n‡j †m IB †g‡mR‡K cieZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVv‡e, Gfv‡e
†mwU MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠuQv‡e| cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †mB wmMbvj‡K ewa©Z K‡i c‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVvq| Avi U‡cvjwR‡Z
†WUv c¨v‡KU memgq GKB w`‡K (mvaviYZ Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K) cÖevwnZ nq| evm †bUIqv‡K©i g‡Zv GLv‡b †Kvb
Uvwg©‡bUi e¨env‡ii `iKvi c‡o bv, KviY GLv‡b Db¥y³ cÖvšÍ e‡j wKQz _v‡K bv|
wis U‡cvjwRi myweav:
 cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© mgvb GK‡mm cvq, Kvi †Uv‡Kb cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡QB hvq| †h Kvi‡Y
†Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© AvwacZ¨ Pvjv‡Z cv‡i bv|
 me Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgvbvwaKvi _vKvi d‡j †bUIqvK© wW‡MÖ‡WkbI n‡q _v‡K mgvbfv‡e| Zvi gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii
msL¨v †ewk n‡q †M‡j †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ üªvm cvq| üªvm cvIqvi dj mevB mgvbfv‡e †fvM K‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v evo‡jI Gi `ÿZv Lye †ewk cÖfvweZ nq bv|
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mvf©vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
c„ôv bs: 13
 wis U‡cvjwRi Amyweav:
 wi‡Oi GKwU Kw¤úDUvi A‡K‡Rv n‡j †bUIqvK© A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq|
 wis †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡j µzwU Lyu‡R †ei Kiv KwVb n‡q `uvovq|
 †bUIqvK© wis †_‡K †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi mwi‡q wb‡j wKsev G‡Z †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv †bUIqv‡K©i KvR
wewNœZ nq|
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Ki‡j ev mwi‡q wb‡j Zv cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K©i Kvh©µg e¨vnZ nq|
 G †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDU‡ii msL¨v evo‡j †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi mgqI †e‡o hvq|
 wis U‡cvjwRi Rb¨ RwUj wbqš¿Y mdUIq¨vi e¨eüZ nq|
÷vi U‡cvjwR (Star Topology):
†h †bUIqv‡K©i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU †Kw›`ªq wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g mshy³ n‡q †bUIqvK© KvVv‡gv •Zwi K‡i Zv‡K
÷vi U‡cvjwR e‡j| ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©f~³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †Kej †ei n‡q G‡m GKwU †Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b
hy³ nq| GB †Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b Gme K¨vej GKwU wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ hy³ nq hv‡K Kb‡mb‡UªUi e‡j| G Kb‡mb‡UªUi nve ev
myBP n‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv Kw¤úDUvi †WUv UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv cÖ_‡g †m nve A_ev myB‡P cvwV‡q †`q| Gici nve
ev myBP wmMbvj‡K jÿ¨¯’‡j cvwV‡q †`q|

wPÎ : ÷vi U‡cvjwR

÷vi U‡cvjwRi myweavmg~n:

 mn‡RB †bUIqv‡K© AwaKmsL¨K Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v wbf©i
K‡i nv‡e KqwU †cvU© Av‡Q Zvi Ici| GKwU nv‡ei meKwU †cvU© e¨eüZ n‡j GB †bUIqvK©‡K m¤úªmviY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i Av‡iKwU nve †mB nv‡ei mv‡_ †hvM K‡i| GLv‡b nv‡ei msL¨v evwo‡q †bUIqv‡K© AwaK msL¨K
Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j mn‡RB †Kw›`ªq Ae¯’vb A_©vr nve †_‡K mgm¨v AbymÜvb ïiæ Kiv hvq|
Bb‡Uwj‡R›U nve e¨envi Kiv n‡j †mwU †bUIqvK© gwbUwi‡Oi KvRI Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi weKj n‡q †M‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Dci †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j bv| Ab¨vb¨
Kw¤úDUvi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ wVKg‡ZvB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi mgm¨vhy³ ZvI †ei Kiv hvq
mn‡RB|
 nve wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vej mv‡c©vU Ki‡j GKBmv‡_ K‡qK ai‡bi K¨vej e¨env‡ii myweav cvIqv hvq|
÷vi U‡cvjwRi Amyweav:
 †K‡›`ªi nve A‡K‡Rv n‡q †M‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK©B weKj n‡q c‡o|
 GB U‡cvjwR‡Z AwaK K¨vej jv‡M| KviY cÖwZ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K K¨vej‡K †Kw›`ªq nv‡ei wbKU wb‡q †h‡Z
nq| K¨vej †ewk jvMvq LiPI †ewk nq|
Dfq U‡cvjwR we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqv‡K© ÎæwU †`Lv w`‡j mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq Ges †K›`ªxq
wbqš¿b e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| myZivs ÒYÓ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m e¨eüZ ÷vi U‡cvjwR ‡ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:09
DÏxcK-9: XvKv †evW©-2019
K‡jR XvKv kn‡ii GKwU ¯^bvgab¨ wkÿv cÖwZôvb| †`‡ki wewfbœ †Rjvq Zv‡`i Av‡iv cuvPwU kvLv Av‡Q| Aa¨ÿ
mv‡ne g~j cÖwZôv‡b e‡mB me¸‡jv kvLv myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z
wkÿK Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i Aby‡iv‡a B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i ¯^í Li‡P DbœZ †mev Ges hZUzKz e¨envi ZZUzKz wej cÖ`vb
Ggb GKwU cwi‡mevi K_v fvewQ‡jb|
c„ôv bs: 14
 K. eøyUz_ Kx? 1
L. †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b wmb‡K¬vbvm myweavRbK- e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wkÿv cÖwZôvb I Zvi kvLv¸‡jv‡K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb
K‡iwQj? Zvi eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Aa¨ÿ mv‡ne †h bZzb cwi‡mevi K_v fvewQ‡jb Zv ev¯Íevqb Kiv
m¤¢e wK-bv? we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ GKwU I‡cb Iq¨vi‡jm cÖ‡UvKj n‡”Q eøyUz_|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†h †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g †cÖiK n‡Z †WUv MÖvn‡K K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nq Ges K¨v‡i±vi mg~‡ni
UªvÝwgk‡bi g‡a¨ mgq weiw_ mgvb bq Zv‡K A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K wmb‡µvbvm c×wZ‡Z †WUv
c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i UªvÝwgU nq| †h †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨e¯’vq †cÖiK †ók‡b cÖ_‡g †WUv‡K †Kv‡bv cÖv_wgK †÷v‡i‡R wWfvBm
msi¶Y Kiv nq, AZtci †WUvi K¨v‡i±vi mg~n‡K (hv‡K c¨v‡KU ev †d«gI ejv nq) AvKv‡i fvM K‡i cÖwZev‡i GKwU
K‡i eøK UªvÝwgU Kiv nq Zv‡K wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j| GB UªvÝwgk‡b cÖwZwU †WUv eøK (cÖwZ e- ‡K 80wU †_‡K
132wU K¨v‡i±vi _v‡K) GKwU wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi AšÍi UªvÝwgU nq| GmKj Kvi‡Y MwZ †ewk nIqvq I GKmv‡_ †ewk
†WUv ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cvivq wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb myweavRbK|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K wkÿv cÖwZôvb I Zvi kvLv¸‡jv‡K cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ‡h ai‡bi †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv n‡qwQj Zv
n‡jv: IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev Iqvb (Wide Area Network-WAN)

we¯Í…Z †fŠMwjK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z GKvwaK j¨vb ev g¨vb‡K wb‡q †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq IqvBW
Gwiqv †bUIqvK© | Gi we¯Í…wZ GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`k, GK gnv‡`k †_‡K Av‡iK gnv‡`k n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi
†bUIqvK© M‡o I‡V †Uwj‡dvb †Kv¤úvwbi K¨vej e¨envi K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© axiMwZi n‡q _v‡K|
we¯Í…Z GjvKv wb‡q M‡o I‡V e‡j wewfbœ j¨vb I g¨vb‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl wWfvBm I †UK‡bvjwR †Uwj‡dvb
jvBb, g‡Wg, †eZvi Zi½, m¨v‡UjvBU, gvB‡µvI‡qf, dvBevi AcwUK¨vi K¨vej BZ¨vw` gva¨g e¨envi Kiv nq|
†ewkifvM IqvBW †bUIqvK© 56 †KwewcGm †_‡K 1.544 GgwewcGm MwZ‡Z KvR K‡i| G‡Z m‡e©v”P MwZ n‡Z cv‡i
45 GgwewcGm| (WAN DrK…ó D`vniY n‡”Q-WWW)|
IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WAN) Gi myweavmg~n:
 Gme †bUIqvK© wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK Gi we¯Í…wZ †MvUv wek¦Ry‡o n‡Z cv‡i|
 G¸‡jv j¨v‡bi †P‡q mvaviYZ axiMwZi n‡q _v‡K|
 IqvW Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© Aek¨B †Kv‡bv B›Uvi‡bUIqvwK©s wWfvBm, †hgb: ivDUvi, g‡Wg, Iq¨vb myBP BZ¨vw`
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Aa¨ÿ m¨vi †h bZzb cwi‡mevi K_v fvewQ‡jb Zv ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e, GwU n‡jv:K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs|

c„ôv bs: 15
†h‡Kv‡bv e¨enviKvix ev †h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| e¨enviKvix‡K wKQzB
Ki‡Z n‡e bv, †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb Zvi Rb¨ mewKQz K‡i †`‡e| e¨enviKvixi cÖ‡qvRbUv mvgwqK n‡j †m
mvgwqKfv‡e GwU e¨envi Ki‡e Ges hZUzKz †mev MÖnY Ki‡e, wVK ZZUyKz †mevi Rb¨ g~j¨ †`‡e| ‡Kv‡bv B›Uvi‡bU
e¨enviKvix hw` yahoo, Gmail e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv B-‡gBj cvwV‡q _vwK Zvn‡j Avm‡j K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs e¨envi
K‡i †mwU Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw` †KD mvP© BwÄb ¸M‡j †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Lyu‡R †`‡L Zvn‡jI †mwU‡ZI K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUi e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs B›Uvi‡b‡U ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz †Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi †h c×wZ ZvB n‡”Q K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs| GwU GKwU we‡kl cwi‡mev| GLv‡b ÔK¬vDW ej‡Z `~ieZ©x †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bv
nq| we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU mshy³ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ÔK¬vDWÕ cÖ`Ë †mevmg~n †fvM Kiv hvq| K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs Kw¤úDwUs kw³, AbjvBb cwi‡mev, †WUv A¨vK‡mm, †WUv †¯úm cÖ`vb K‡i| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs AvR‡Ki w`‡b
Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, AbjvBb e¨vKAvc mvwf©m, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvwf©m Ges cv‡m©vbvj
†WUv mvwf©m| K¬vDU Kw¤úDwUs-Gi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM Acwinvh©| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y K¬vDW ev mvf©vi G
mgm¨v n‡j Kv‡Ri ÿwZ nq| GwU Ggb GKwU g‡Wj hv‡Z wb‡¤œv³ wZbwU •ewkó¨ _vK‡e:-
4. wi‡mvm© †¯‹‡jwewjwU: †QvU ev eo hvB †nvK †µZvi me ai‡bi Pvwn`vB †gUv‡bv n‡e, †µZv hZ †ewk PvB‡e `vZv
Z‡ZvB AwaK cwigv‡Y †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e|
5. Ab-wWgvÛ:†µZv hLb PvB‡e, ZLbB †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e| †µZv Zvi BPQvg‡Zv hLb Lywk Zvi Pvwn`v evov‡Z ev
Kgv‡Z cvi‡e|
6. †c-A¨vR-BD-‡Mv: GwU GKwU †c‡g›U g‡Wj| †µZv‡K Av‡M †_‡K †Kv‡bv mvwf©m wiRvf© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| †µZv
hZUzKz e¨e¯’v Ki‡e †KejgvÎ ZZUzKzi Rb¨B g~j¨ †`‡e|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:10
DÏxcK-10: ivRkvnx †evW©-2019
iwng mv‡ne Zuvi Qq eQ‡ii †Q‡ji Rb¨ GKwU †Ljbv D‡ovRvnvR wK‡b Av‡bb| wZwb wi‡gvU e¨envi K‡i
D‡ovRvnvRwUi DÇqb †`Lv‡jb| Ab¨ w`‡K Zuvi eo †Q‡j j¨vcU‡ci mv‡_ K¨v‡e‡ji gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi
K‡ib| iwng mv‡ne Zuvi ¯§vU©‡dv‡b ivDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡ib|
K. †WUv UªvÝwgkb Kx? 1
L. m¨v‡UjvB‡U e¨eüZ I‡qf e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki D‡ovRvnvR DÇq‡bi cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. iwng mv‡ne I Zuvi eo †Q‡ji B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î †KŠkjMZ c×wZ we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb e¨e¯’vq Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ †WUv cvVv‡bv nq| Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii †¶‡Î †WUv
cÖev‡ni w`K‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW ejv nq|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
m¨v‡UjvB‡U e¨eüZ I‡qe n‡jv gvB‡µvI‡qe| 300 MHz †_‡K 300 GHz wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cvVv‡bv we`y¨r †PŠ¤^Kxq
Zi‡½i bvg gvB‡µvI‡qf| gvB‡µvI‡qf GKgyLx Ges †QvU AvKv‡ii †K›`ª Awfgy‡L wmMbvj cvVv‡bv hvq| GRb¨
†cÖiK I MÖvnK A¨v‡›Ubv‡K ci¯úigyLx K‡i mvRv‡Z nq| G‡Z myweav n‡jv GK †Rvov MÖvnK I †cÖiK A¨v‡›Ubv Ab¨
†Kv‡bv A¨v‡›Ubvi mv‡_ msNl© bv NwU‡q Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB wdª‡Kv‡qw݇Z Zi½ •`N©¨ Lye †QvU nIqvq
G‡K gvB‡µvI‡qf bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Gi wdª‡Kv‡qwÝ †iwWI wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ †_‡K A‡bK †ewk nIqvq cvidi‡gÝ I MwZ
†ewk cvIqv hvq| gvB‡µvI‡qf †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb Amyweav n‡”Q UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb evav _vK‡Z cvi‡e
bv| KviY GBiƒc ms‡KZ wewìs ev †Kv‡bv evav †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvB‡µvI‡qf cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ †cÖiK I cÖvcK
`„wó‡iLvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z nq| †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki `~iZ¡ †ewk n‡j A¨v‡›Ubv A‡bK DuPz‡Z DVv‡bv jv‡M| gvB‡µvI‡qf
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi AviI Amyweav n‡jv †h, GB wd«‡Kv‡qw݇Z Zi½ e„wó‡Z `~e©j n‡q hvq| †iwWI wd«‡Kv‡qw݇Z GB mgm¨v
†`Lv hvq bv|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡Ki D‡ovRvnvR DÇq‡bi cÖhyw³ n‡jv: Bbd«v‡iW|
c„ôv bs: 16
Bbd«v‡iW n‡jv GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vMwUK I‡qe, hvi wd‡µv‡qwÝ 300GHz- 430 THz ch©šÍ| A_©vr, 300
wMMvnvR© n‡Z 430 †UivnvR© ch©šÍ wd‡µv‡qw݇K ejv nq Bbd«v‡iW| Bbd«v‡iW LyeB wbKUeZ©x wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| GB cÖhyw³‡Z wmMbvj UªvÝwgU Kivi Rb¨ Bbd«v‡iW gv‡bi Av‡jv (LED-Light
Emitting Diocode ev ILD-Interjection Laser Diode) e¨envi Kiv nq| wiwmwfs cÖv‡šÍ d‡UvWv‡qvW wmMbvj
wiwmf ev MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| gv‡S †Kv‡bv evav bv _vK‡j G ai‡bi UªvÝwgkb wmMbvj m‡e©v”P 30 wgUvi ch©šÍ †h‡Z
cv‡i| Bbd«v‡iW wmMbv‡ji Amyweav n‡”Q GwU N‡ii †`qvj ev k³ †Kv‡bv evav †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvov Bbd«v‡iW
wmMbvj D¾¡j Av‡jvi Dr‡mi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †jvc cvq| wewfbœ wi‡gvU K‡›Uvj wm‡÷‡g G gva¨g e¨eüZ
nq| Bbd«v‡iW wmMbvj UªvÝwk‡bi Avevi `y‡Uv eûj e¨eüZ c×wZ Av‡Q| h_v-K. c‡q›U-Uz-c‡q›U, L. eªWKv÷|
Bbd«v‡iW UªvÝwgk‡bi ‣ewkó¨mg~n n‡jv:
 Gi wd‡µv‡qwÝ n‡Z cv‡i 100 wMMvnvU©R †_‡K 1000 †UivnvU©R|
 †Kvb ai‡bi BKzBc‡g›U e¨envi KiwQ Zvi Ici wbf©i K‡i Gi e¨q Kg-‡ewk n‡Z cv‡i|
 Bb÷‡jkb †ek mnR| GLv‡b jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e UªvÝwgUv‡ii mv‡_ †hb me IqvK©‡÷kb jvBb Ae mvB‡U
_v‡K| †ewk Av‡jv hv‡Z bv c‡o †mw`‡KI †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 c‡q›U-Uz-c‡q›U Bbd«v‡iW UªvÝwgk‡bi g‡ZvB GLv‡b GwUwbD‡qkb I BGgAvB †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
Bbd«v‡iW wmMbv‡ji Amyweav:
 GwU N‡ii †`Iqvj ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †f` K‡i Aci cÖv‡šÍ †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
 GB wmMbvj kw³kvjx Av‡jvK Dr‡mi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †jvc cvq|
 AwaK `~i‡Z¡ †WUv UªvÝwgkb m¤¢e bq|
 ayjvevwj, Kzqvkv ev kxZKvjxb mg‡q †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b weNœ N‡U|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K cwijwÿZ nq iwng mv‡ne ¯§vU©‡dv‡b ivDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Zviwenxb IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi) ev Zvi wenxb gva¨‡gi
mvnv‡h¨ B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ eo †Q‡j j¨vcU‡ci mv‡_ K¨v‡e‡ji gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡ib A_v©r
Zvi gva¨g| wb‡P Zvi gva¨g I Zviwenxb gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ Zyjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
Zvi gva¨g Cable Media) Zviwenxb gva¨g (Wireless Media)
Zvi gva¨g D”P MwZm¤úbœ| Zviwenxb gva¨g Zvi ev K¨vej gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq
wb¤œMwZm¤úbœ| Z‡e me©vaywbK wKQz wKQz Iq¨vi‡jm
wgwWqv cÖf„wZ, K¨vej wgwWqvi g‡ZvB `ªæZ
MwZm¤úbœ †WUv cwienb wbwðZ Ki‡Q|
G gva¨g D”P e¨vÛDBW‡_i wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ cÖ`vb K‡i| wd‡µv‡qwÝ †¯úKUªvg AZ¨šÍ `~e©j weavq GwUi
e¨vÛDBW_ Zvi gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq Kg|
G gva¨‡g LiP †ek Kg| Zv‡ii g~j¨ Ges mswkøó G gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj| Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
wWfvBm myjf Ges mnRcÖvc¨| Iq¨vi‡jm mve¯ŒvBevi †÷kb, Iq¨vi‡jm ivDUvi,
Iq¨vi‡jm GK‡mm c‡q›U Ges Av¨vWv›Uvimg~n
†ek `vgx Ges mswkøó wWfvBm¸‡jv mnRcÖvc¨ bq|
Zvi gva¨‡gi UªvÝwgkb gva¨g n‡jv-Kcvi Zvi, Zviwenxb gva¨‡gi UªvÝwgkb gva¨g n‡jv-
AcwUK dvBevi K¨vej Ges B_vi‡bU| B‡jKUªg¨vM‡bwUK I‡qf, †iwWI Ges Bbd«v‡iW|
G gva¨‡g nve Ges myBP e¨envi K‡i †bUIqvK© G gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ mshy³ GKvwaK
Kfv‡i‡Ri Gwiqv G·‡Ubkb Kiv hvq| Iq¨vi‡jm †eR †÷kb Gi gva¨‡g wekvj
GjvKv‡K †bUIqvK© Kvfv‡i‡Ri g‡a¨ Avbv m¤¢e|
j¨vb (B_vi‡bU), gvb n‡jv G gva¨‡gi D`vniY| (WLAN, WPN) (eøUz_) Bbd«v‡iW, †mjyjvi
(wRGmGg, wmwWGgG, GjwUB BZ¨vw`) G
,gva¨‡gi D`vniY|
†WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cÖvK…wZK †Kvb euvav †bB, GK Zvi Iq¨v‡jm wm‡÷‡gi wiwmfvi I UªvÝwgUv‡ii g‡a¨
c„ôv bs: 17
†bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ Ab¨ Zv‡ii †bUIqvK© Gi ms‡hvM †h †Kv‡bv cÖwZeÜKZv _vK‡jB Zv †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b
N‡U bv weavq †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b evavi m„wó K‡i bv| weNœ NUvq| GQvov cÖvK…wZK weiƒc cwi‡ek, evZv‡m
_vKv wewfbœ Av‡qvb Ges M¨vmg~n Iq¨vi‡jm †WUv
UªvÝwgk‡b evavi m„wó K‡i|
Gi mvwf©m †KvqvwjwU †kÖq| Gi mvwf©m †KvqvwjwU Zzjvbg~jKfv‡e `~e©j| †Kbvb
Iq¨vi‡jm hš¿cvwZi `vg †ewk Ges Gi †WUv
cÖ‡mwms †mUAvc mgqmv‡cÿ|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:11
DÏxcK-11: PÆMÖvg †evW©-2019
nvwee mv‡ne Zvi Awd‡m cv‡k emv eÜzi mv‡_ webv Li‡P Z_¨ †kqvi KiwQ‡jb| Ggb mgq Awd‡mi 2q Zjvi GK
mnKg©x Zuvi Kv‡Q GKwU dvB‡ji Z_¨ †`L‡Z PvB‡j, wZwb wbP Zjvi iæ‡g e‡mB wbR¯^ †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’vq mnKg©xi
Kw¤úDUv‡i Zv cvwV‡q †`b| cieZ©x‡Z GKRb we‡`wk †µZv dvBjwU †P‡q cvVv‡j wZwb m‡½ m‡½ Zv cvwV‡q †`b|
K. †ivwgs Kx? 1
L. bb †gUvwjK K¨vej gva¨gwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. eÜzi mv‡_ Z_¨ †kqvwis Gi †ÿ‡Î nvwee mv‡n‡ei e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU eY©bv Ki| 3
N. dvB‡ji Z_¨ cvVv‡Z nvwee mv‡n‡ei †bUIqvK©Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU DËg? we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
‡gvevBj mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWvi‡`i Kvfv‡iR Gwiqvi mxgve×Zv KvwU‡q †h we‡kl AvšÍtms‡hvM e¨e¯’v D‡V‡Q Zv‡K †ivwgs
e‡j|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej n‡jv bb-‡gUvwjK K¨vej gva¨gwU n‡jv dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej| dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej Zvi
gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q kw³kvjx gva¨g| dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j †K‡›`ªi g~j ZviwU wmwjKv, KuvP A_ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K
w`‡q •Zwi| KuvP‡K wgwWqv wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii eo myweav n‡jv G‡Z Electrical Interference †bB| †m Kvi‡Y †WUv
wmMbvj cwiewZ©Z nIqvi fqI †bB| Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK ms‡KZiƒ‡c †WUv cÖevwnZ nq e‡j Gi MwZ A‡bK †ewk
nq|GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© jvBU wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i| G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb
c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K eÜzi mv‡_ Z_¨ †kqvwis Gi †ÿ‡Î nvwee mv‡n‡ei e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv: eø-y Uz_ (Bluetooth):
¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ GKwU I‡cb Iq¨vi‡jm cÖ‡UvKj n‡”Q eøy-Uz_| eøy-Uz_ 2.4 GHz †_‡K
2.485 GHz wd‡µv‡qwÝ e¨v‡Û KvR K‡i| GwU 1-100 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Iq¨vi‡jm †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU c×wZ| eøy-
Uz_ Gi Kvh©Kix cvjøv n‡”Q 10 wgUvi| Z‡e we`y¨r †Kv‡li kw³ e„w× K‡i Gi cvjøv 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ e„w× Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡”Q IEEE 802.15.1| mvaviY †gvevBj †dvb, j¨vcUc, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, wfwWI †Mgm
Kb‡mvj BZ¨vw` wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b GwU eZ©gv‡b eûj e¨eüZ| GwU PAN (Personal Area
Network) Gi Iq¨vi‡jmwfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvf~³|
eø-y Uz‡_i •ewkó¨/myweav:
1. ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ e¨eüZ I‡cb Iq¨vi‡jm cÖ‡UvKj|
2. ¯^í Zi½ •`‡N©¨i (UHF- Ultra High Frequency) †iwWI I‡qf e¨envi Kiv nq|
3. GwU PANGi Iq¨vi‡jm wfwËK †bUIqvK© A_©¨vr WPAN
4. Gi wd‡µv‡qwÝ e¨vÛ 2.4 GHz
5. †bUIqvK© Kfv‡iR Gwiqv 1 †_‡K 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ|
6. eø-y Uz_ mvaviYZ KbwdMvi Ki‡Z nq bv|
7. we`y¨r LiP Kg|

c„ôv bs: 18
 8. wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb evav _vK‡jI †hvMv‡hv‡M †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv|
9. †bUIqvK©‡K e¨enviKvix wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ cvmIqvW© e¨envi Kiv hvq|
eø-y Uz‡_i Amyweav:
1. e¨vÛDBW_ Zzjbvg~jK Kg|
2. †bUIqv‡K©i cwimi Kg hv w`‡q 100 wgUv‡ii †ewk `~i‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kiv m¤¢e bq|
3. †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii wbivcËv Kg|
4. †dvb †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i dvBj ¯’vbvšÍ‡i G cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq|
eø-y Uz‡_i e¨envi:
1. †dv‡bi mv‡_ n¨vÛm wd« †nW‡m‡Ui ms‡hvM NwU‡q mvDÛ ev f‡qm †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|
2. †dvb †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i dvBj ¯’vbvšÍ‡i G cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq|
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ wWfvB‡mi ms‡hvM NUv‡bv hvq Ges Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
4. wcwmi BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zviwenxb †hvMv‡hv‡M eøy-Uz_ e¨eüZ nq|
5. wRwcGm wiwmfvi, wPwKrmv hš¿cvwZ, evi‡KvW ¯‹¨vbvi I UªvwdK K‡›Uªvj wWfvBm¸‡jv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
6. BÛvw÷ªqvj I †gwWK¨vj wWfvB‡mi †m݇ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨|

N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K nvwee mv‡ne †h ‡bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i 2q Zjvi mnKg©xi Kv‡Q dvBj cvVv‡jb Zv n‡jv: †jvKvj Gwiqv
†bUIqvK©| Ab¨w`‡K we‡`kx †µZvi Kv‡Q dvBj cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ †h †bUIqvK© e¨envi Ki‡jb Zv n‡jv: IqvBW Gwiqv
†bUIqvK©| GLb LAN Ges WAN Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
Local Area Network (LAN) : mvaviYZ Aí `~iZ¡ ev 1km Gi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ev †cwi‡divj
wWfvBm mshy³ K‡i †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq LAN | GKvwaK e¨w³i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab I MwZ
e„w×i Rb¨ GKB fe‡b, cvkvcvwk fe‡b wKsev K‡jR/wek¦we`¨vq K¨v¤úv‡mi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i
Local Area Network (LAN) | mvaviYZ 100 wgUvi ev mxwgZ `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb M‡o I‡V| Gi
MVb ÷vi, wis, U‡cvjwR I eªWKv÷ c×wZ‡Z n‡q _v‡K| gva¨g wn‡m‡e †Kv-Gw·qvj, †Kv-BDwUwc I AcwUK¨vj
K¨vej e¨envi nq| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb
•Zwi K‡i wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K©i •ewk󨸇jv n‡jv:
 Gme †bUIqvK© †QvU GjvKvq, †hgb: GKB wewìs ev cvkvcvwk wewìs‡qi g‡a¨ e¨eüZ nq|
 Gme †bUIqvK© D”PMwZi, mvaviYZ 10-100 GgwewcGm MwZ cvIqv hvq|
 Gi gva¨‡g A‡bK wWfvB‡m A¨vK‡mm cvIqv hvq|
 G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© j¨v‡bi Dc‡hvMx we‡kl wWfvBm †hgb: wiwcUvi, nve, †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© BZ¨vw`
e¨eüZ nq|
 G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© HAN, SAN, WLAN I CAN ¯’vcb Kiv mnR|
Wide Area Network (WAN) :we¯Í…Z †fŠMwjK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z GKvwaK j¨vb ev g¨vb‡K wb‡q †h †bUIqvK©
¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© | Gi we¯Í…wZ GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`k, GK gnv‡`k †_‡K
Av‡iK gnv‡`k n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi †bUIqvK© M‡o I‡V †Uwj‡dvb †Kv¤úvwbi K¨vej e¨envi K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y IqvBW
Gwiqv †bUIqvK© axiMwZi n‡q _v‡K| we¯Í…Z GjvKv wb‡q M‡o I‡V e‡j wewfbœ j¨vb I g¨vb‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl
wWfvBm I †UK‡bvjwR †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, g‡Wg, †eZvi Zi½, m¨v‡UjvBU, gvB‡µvI‡qf, dvBevi AcwUK¨vi K¨vej
BZ¨vw` gva¨g e¨envi Kiv nq| †ewkifvM IqvBW †bUIqvK© 56 †KwewcGm †_‡K 1.544 GgwewcGm MwZ‡Z KvR
K‡i| G‡Z m‡e©v”P MwZ n‡Z cv‡i 45 GgwewcGm| (WAN DrK…ó D`vniY n‡”Q-WWW)|
IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WAN) Gi myweavmg~n:
 Gme †bUIqvK© wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK Gi we¯Í…wZ †MvUv wek¦Ry‡o n‡Z cv‡i|
 G¸‡jv j¨v‡bi †P‡q mvaviYZ axiMwZi n‡q _v‡K|
c„ôv bs: 19
  IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© Aek¨B †Kv‡bv B›Uvi‡bUIqvwK©s wWfvBm, †hgb: ivDUvi, g‡Wg, Iq¨vb myBP BZ¨vw`
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq ‡jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K©i Zzjbvq IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© dvBj ¯’vbvšÍi
AwaK myweavRbK|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:12
DÏxcK-12: wm‡jU †evW©-2019
kvšÍv Zvi †gvevBj †dv‡b †UwjUK Gi wmg e¨envi K‡i| †m G †dvbwUi mvnv‡h¨ wÎgvwÎK cwi‡e‡ki †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K. Bbd«v‡iW Kx? 1
L. †PŠ¤^K cÖfvegy³ K¨vejwU eywS‡q †jL| 2
M. kvšÍvi †gvevBj †dvbwUi cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. kvšÍvi †gvevBj cÖR‡b¥i mv‡_ cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi •ewk‡ó¨i Zzjbv Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Bbd«v‡iW n‡jv GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vMwUK I‡qe, hvi wd‡µv‡qwÝ 300GHz- 430 THz ch©šÍ| A_©vr, 300
wMMvnvR© n‡Z 430 †UivnvR© ch©šÍ wd‡µv‡qw݇K ejv nq Bbd«v‡iW| Bbd«v‡iW LyeB wbKUeZ©x wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†PŠ¤^K cÖfvegy³ K¨vejwU n‡jv dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej|
dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej Zvi gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q kw³kvjx gva¨g| dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j †K‡›`ªi g~j ZviwU
wmwjKv, KuvP A_ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q •Zwi| KuvP‡K wgwWqv wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii eo myweav n‡jv G‡Z Electrical
Interference †bB| †m Kvi‡Y †WUv wmMbvj cwiewZ©Z nIqvi fqI †bB| Kuv‡Pi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvK ms‡KZiƒ‡c †WUv
cÖevwnZ nq e‡j Gi MwZ A‡bK †ewk nq| G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨
Mgb K‡i| GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© jvBU wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i| GKvi‡Y dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej †PŠ¤^K
cÖfvegy³|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
kvšÍvi †gvevBj †dvbwUi cÖhyw³ n‡jv: wRGmGg ev GSM|
wRGmGg (GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication) cÖhyw³ : c~‡e© Gi cÖv_wgK bvgKiY wQ‡jv
Group Social Mobile GwU FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Ges TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access) Gi mw¤§wjZ GKwU P¨v‡bj A¨vK‡mm c×wZ| FDMA Gi P¨v‡bj msL¨v 124wU
Ges cÖwZwU P¨v‡b‡j 200 KHz we`¨gvb| Gi AvcwjsK (Uplink) Ges WvDbwjsK (Downlink) wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ
(935-960) MHz Ges WvDbwjsK wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ (935-960) MHz A_©vr Df‡qi Rb¨ 25 eivÏ _v‡K| 1991 mv‡j
GSM Kb‡mvwU©qv‡gi gva¨‡g GSM cÖhyw³ †gvevBj †dv‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi ïiæ nq|
GSM cÖhyw³ eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †gvevBj †bUIqvK© hv 218 †`‡k e¨eüZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k †UwjUK,
MÖvgxY‡dvb, evsjvwjsK, iwe I Gqvi‡Uj †gvevBj Acv‡iUi GSM cÖhyw³ e¨envi Ki‡Q| G cÖhyw³‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK
†ivwgs myweav †ewk cvIqv hvq| SIM mnRjf¨Zvi Kvi‡Y e¨enviKvixMY B”Qvg‡Z GSM †bUIqvK© Ges n¨vÛ‡mU ev
†gvevBj †mU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| G cÖhyw³ †gvevBj †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi †ÿ‡Î D”PMwZi cÖhyw³ GPRS (General
Packet Radio Service) I EDGE (Enchanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution) myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
Gi †mj Kvfv‡iR Gwiqv GLb ch©šÍ Kg‡ewk 35 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii g‡a¨B mxgve×| G‡Z we`y¨r LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk
hv M‡o cÖvq 2 IqvU; †hLv‡b CDMA †UK‡bvjwRi †ÿ‡Î M‡o gvÎ 200 gvB‡µvIqvU| Gi †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU
Zzjbvg~jK Kg hv 56 kbps| GSM G cvjm †UK‡bvjwR e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y nvmcvZvj, Av¨v‡i‡cøb cÖf…wZ ¯’v‡b
†gvevBj e¨env‡i wb‡lavÁv _v‡K|
GSM cÖhyw³i myweav :
c„ôv bs: 20
1. we‡k¦i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Ges eûj e¨eüZ †gvevBj †bUIqvK© cÖhyw³ hv we‡k¦i cÖvq 218wU †`‡k e¨eüZ nq|
2. wmMbv‡j ÿq I `~e©jZv A‡bK Kg|
3. AwaK `ÿ I Kvh©Ki wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ|
4. D”Pgv‡bi wbivcËv e¨e¯’v|
5. UªvÝwgkb †KvqvwjwU D”P I ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ|
6. wdª‡Kv‡qwÝ †nvwcs myweav cÖ`vb| A_©vr Kg wd«‡Kv‡qw݇Z mgm¨v n‡j wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ ¯^qswµqfv‡e †e‡o hvq|
7. AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav cÖ`vb|
8. †h‡Kv‡bv wWRvB‡bi n¨vÛ‡mU e¨env‡ii myweav|
9. e¨eüZ SIM KvW© mnRjf¨Zv|
10. D”PMwZi †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ GPRS Ges EDGE myweav cÖ`vb|

N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
kvšÍvi †gvevBj ‡dv‡bi cÖRb¥ n‡jv PZz_© cÖRb¥| GLb PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi mv‡_ cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj
†dv‡bi •ewk‡ó¨i Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation-IG) : †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© (1979-1990): cÖ_g w`KKvi †gvevBj †dvb wQj
†mjyjvi †bUIqvK© I A¨vbvjM wmMbvj wbf©i| 1979 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi NTTC (Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corporation) cÖ_g A‡Uv‡g‡UW †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© Pvjy Kivi gva¨‡g IG Gi m~Pbv K‡i| 1983 mv‡j
DËi Av‡gwiKvq evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb Pvjy Kiv nq hvi bvg wQj A¨vWfvÝW †gvevBj †dvb
wm‡÷g (AMPS) |
‣ewkó¨:
1. A¨vbvjM wmMbvj e¨envi K‡i †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
2. †mj wmMbvj Gb‡KvwWs c×wZ wQj FDMA|
3. K‡_vcK_b Pjv Ae¯’vq e¨enviKvixi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b n‡j UªvÝwgkb wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq|
4. †mwgKWv±i I gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi cÖhyw³i e¨envi|
5. AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav bv _vKv|
6. Handset Interoperability bv _vKv| A_©vr n¨vÛ‡m‡U †h‡Kv‡bv †gvevBj Acv‡iUi †Kv¤úvwbi †bUIqvK©
e¨env‡i myweav bv _vKv|
7. G cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi AvKvi eo I IRb †ewk|
PZz_© cÖRb¥ (Fourth Generation-4G)(2009-eZ©gvb):
eZ©gvb mg‡qi †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷g n‡jv PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷g| 2009 mv‡j G cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj
e¨envi ïiæ nq| GB cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡jv mvwK©U myBwPs ev c¨v‡KU myBwPs‡qi cwie‡Z©
B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj wfwËK (IP) †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi| 4G †bUIqvK© ej‡Z LTE †K †evSvq, LTE g~jZ IP †eRW
†bUIqvK©| `ªæZ Pjgvb †gvevBj †dv‡b †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi MwZ 100 Mbps Ges w¯’i †gvevB‡j 1 Gbps hv †gvevBj
wm‡÷‡g AvjUªv-eªW e¨vÛ MwZi B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
•ewkó¨ :
1. †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷‡g AvjUªv-eªWe¨vÛ MwZi B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv hvq|
2. cÖK…Z †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU m‡ev©”P 20 Mbps |
3. GB cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡jv mvwK©U myBwPs ev c¨v‡KU myBwPs‡qi cwie‡Z© B›Uvi‡bU
cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi|
4. G cÖR‡b¥ wÎ-gvwÎK (3D) e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ n‡e|
5. G cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb LTE (Long Term Evolution) ÷¨vÛvW©|
6.
welq cÖ_g cÖRb¥ PZz_© cÖRb¥
c„ôv bs: 21
 i. e¨eüZ wmMbv‡ji cÖK…wZ A¨vbvjM wWwRUvj
ii.wmMbvj Gb‡KvwWs c×wZ FDMA OFDM
iii. Bbdi‡gkb Gi aib f‡qm †WUv
iv. †WUv †iU LyeB Kg 10-100 Gbps
v. PjšÍ Ae¯’vq †hvMv‡hvM Am¤¢e m¤¢e

g‡Wj cÖkœ:13
DÏxcK-13: ivRkvnx †evW©-2019
†`vjbPuvcv I Zvi evev wfbœ wfbœ cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb wb‡q Avjvc Ki‡Qb| †`vjbPuvcvi evev c~‡e© †h †gvevBjwU
e¨envi Ki‡Zb †mwU AvKv‡i GKUz eo n‡jI H †gvevBj †dvb w`‡q B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv †h‡Zv| †`vjbPuvcv ejj,
eZ©gv‡b Avgiv B›Uvi‡bU Gi gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx wKQz myweav ev cwi‡mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi|
K. eøyUz_ Kx? 1
L. †h U‡cvjwR‡Z me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K †`vjbPuvcvi evevi †gvevBj †dvbwU †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i †mwUi •ewkó¨mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. †`vjbPuvcv wek¦e¨vcx myweav MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ †h cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i Zv we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
¯^í `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ GKwU I‡cb Iq¨vi‡jm cÖ‡UvKj n‡”Q eøy-Uz_| eø-y Uz_ 2.4 GHz †_‡K
2.485 GHz wd‡µv‡qwÝ e¨v‡Û KvR K‡i|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†h U‡cvjwR‡Z me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ Zv n‡jv ‡gk U‡cvjwR|
†gk U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ me Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| G‡Z
cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷k‡bi g‡a¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wjsK ev evm _v‡K| G‡Z cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷kb mivmwi †h‡Kv‡bv
IqvK©‡÷k‡bi mv‡_ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ms‡hv‡Mi msL¨v †ewk nIqvq eo ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †gk
U‡cvjwRi †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjv KóKi n‡q c‡o| †gk U‡cvjwRi Bb÷j I g¨v‡bR Kiv KwVb| G‡Z A‡bK ms‡hvM
•Zwi Ki‡Z nq| †bUIqv‡K© †bvW evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ ms‡hvM msL¨vI †e‡o hvq|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K †`vjbPuvcvi evevi †gvevBj †dvbwU n‡jv wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb ev (2nd Generation-2G) :
wØZxq cÖRb¥ (2nd Generation-2G) : wWwRUvj †bUIqvK© (1991-2000): 1991 mv‡j cÖhyw³i myweav wb‡q
me©cÖ_g BD‡iv‡c wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi m~Pbv nq| f‡qm‡K Noise gy³ Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvj c×wZi gva¨‡g
wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi Avwef©ve N‡U hv Digital AMPS ev D-AMPS bv‡g cwiwPZ| G mgq CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access) bv‡g bZzb wWwRUvj c×wZi D™¢veb N‡U|
‣ewkó¨:
1. †bUIqv‡K©i †iwWI wmMbvj wn‡m‡e wWwRUvj wm‡÷g Pvjy|
2. †bUIqvK© GSM 850/900/1800/1900 Ges CDMA c×wZi e¨envi|
3. P¨v‡bj A¨vK‡mm FDMA, TDMA Ges CDMA c×wZi e¨envi|
4. G cÖR‡b¥ me©cÖ_g wcÖ‡cBW c×wZ Pvjy nq|
5. mxwgZ gvÎvq AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav Pvjy nq|
6. GgGgGm (MMS-Multimedia Message Service) Ges GmGgGm (SMS-Short Message
Service) †mev Kvh©µg Pvjy nq|
7. K‡_vcK_b Pjv Ae¯’vq e¨e¯’vKvixi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b n‡j UªvÝwgkb Awew”Qbœ _v‡K|
8. †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m Pvjy nq|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
c„ôv bs: 22
DÏxc‡K †`vjbPuvcv wek¦e¨vcx myweav MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ †h cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i Zv n‡jv:K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs|
†h‡Kv‡bv e¨enviKvix ev †h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| e¨enviKvix‡K wKQzB
Ki‡Z n‡e bv, †mev cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb Zvi Rb¨ mewKQz K‡i †`‡e| e¨enviKvixi cÖ‡qvRbUv mvgwqK n‡j †m
mvgwqKfv‡e GwU e¨envi Ki‡e Ges hZUzKz †mev MÖnY Ki‡e, wVK ZZUyKz †mevi Rb¨ g~j¨ †`‡e| ‡Kv‡bv B›Uvi‡bU
e¨enviKvix hw` yahoo, Gmail e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv B-‡gBj cvwV‡q _vwK Zvn‡j Avm‡j K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs e¨envi
K‡i †mwU Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw` †KD mvP© BwÄb ¸M‡j †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Lyu‡R †`‡L Zvn‡jI †mwU‡ZI K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUi e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs B›Uvi‡b‡U ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz †Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi †h c×wZ ZvB n‡”Q K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs| GwU GKwU we‡kl cwi‡mev| GLv‡b ÔK¬vDW ej‡Z `~ieZ©x †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx mvf©vi Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bv
nq| we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU mshy³ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ÔK¬vDWÕ cÖ`Ë †mevmg~n †fvM Kiv hvq| K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs Kw¤úDwUs kw³, AbjvBb cwi‡mev, †WUv A¨vK‡mm, †WUv †¯úm cÖ`vb K‡i| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs AvR‡Ki w`‡b
Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, AbjvBb e¨vKAvc mvwf©m, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvwf©m Ges cv‡m©vbvj
†WUv mvwf©m| K¬vDU Kw¤úDwUs-Gi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM Acwinvh©| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y K¬vDW ev mvf©vi G
mgm¨v n‡j Kv‡Ri ÿwZ nq| GwU Ggb GKwU g‡Wj hv‡Z wb‡¤œv³ wZbwU •ewkó¨ _vK‡e:-
7. wi‡mvm© †¯‹‡jwewjwU: †QvU ev eo hvB †nvK †µZvi me ai‡bi Pvwn`vB †gUv‡bv n‡e, †µZv hZ †ewk PvB‡e `vZv
Z‡ZvB AwaK cwigv‡Y †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e|
8. Ab-wWgvÛ:†µZv hLb PvB‡e, ZLbB †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e| †µZv Zvi BPQvg‡Zv hLb Lywk Zvi Pvwn`v evov‡Z ev
Kgv‡Z cvi‡e|
9. †c-A¨vR-BD-‡Mv: GwU GKwU †c‡g›U g‡Wj| †µZv‡K Av‡M †_‡K †Kv‡bv mvwf©m wiRvf© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| †µZv
hZUzKz e¨e¯’v Ki‡e †KejgvÎ ZZUzKzi Rb¨B g~j¨ †`‡e|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:14
DÏxcK-14: w`bvRcyi †evW© -2019

P
 S
S Q

R
wPÎ-K wPÎ-L
K. e¨vÛDBW_ Kx? 1
L. †gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ-K Gi PRGes QS Gi ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Ki‡j bZzb U‡cvjwR e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-K I wPÎ-L G DwjøwLZ U‡cvjwRi g‡a¨ myweavRbK †KvbwU Zzjbvg~jK-we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
GKK mg‡q cwievwnZ †WUvi cwigvb‡K e¨vÛ DBW_ e‡j| A_v©r GKwU gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Drm c‡q›U †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨i
w`‡K †h cwigvb †WUv GKK mg‡q cwievwnZ nq Zv n‡jv e¨vÛ DBW_|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW n‡”Q dzj-Wy‡cø·|
dzj-Wy‡cø· n‡”Q GKBmg‡q Dfq w`K n‡Z †WUv †cÖi‡Yi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| †h †Kv‡bv cÖvß cÖ‡qvR‡b †WUv ‡cÖiYI Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| wP‡Îi dzj-Wy‡cø‡·i †¶‡Î (K) hLb (L) Gi w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡e (N) I ZLb (K) Gi w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
D`vniY: †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj|
c„ôv bs: 23
 M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wPÎ-K Gi PRGes QS Gi ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ Ki‡j bZzb U‡cvjwR n‡jv wis U‡cvjwR|

wPÎ : wis U‡cvjwR

wis U‡cvjwR (Ring Topology):

D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ †bUIqvK© •Zwii Rb¨ G ai‡bi U‡cvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i eo myweav n‡jv
GLv‡b cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi mgvb AwaKvi †c‡q _v‡K Ges AwaK Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvi‡Y †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ K‡g †M‡j
†mwU mevi Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| wis U‡cvjwR‡K ejv nq GKwUf U‡cvjwR| G U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU †g‡mR cvVv‡Z PvB‡j †mwU Gi wbKUeZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU hv‡e| †m Kw¤úDUvi †`L‡e
†mB †g‡mRwU Zvi Rb¨ wKbv| †mwU Zvi Rb¨ bv n‡j †m IB †g‡mR‡K cieZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVv‡e, Gfv‡e
†mwU MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠuQv‡e| cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †mB wmMbvj‡K ewa©Z K‡i c‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVvq| Avi U‡cvjwR‡Z
†WUv c¨v‡KU memgq GKB w`‡K (mvaviYZ Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K) cÖevwnZ nq| evm †bUIqv‡K©i g‡Zv GLv‡b †Kvb
Uvwg©‡bUi e¨env‡ii `iKvi c‡o bv, KviY GLv‡b Db¥y³ cÖvšÍ e‡j wKQz _v‡K bv|
wis U‡cvjwRi myweav:
 cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© mgvb GK‡mm cvq, Kvi †Uv‡Kb cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡QB hvq| †h Kvi‡Y
†Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© AvwacZ¨ Pvjv‡Z cv‡i bv|
 me Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgvbvwaKvi _vKvi d‡j †bUIqvK© wW‡MÖ‡WkbI n‡q _v‡K mgvbfv‡e| Zvi gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii
msL¨v †ewk n‡q †M‡j †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ üªvm cvq| üªvm cvIqvi dj mevB mgvbfv‡e †fvM K‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v evo‡jI Gi `ÿZv Lye †ewk cÖfvweZ nq bv|
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mvf©vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wPÎ K n‡jv ‡gk U‡cvjwR I wPÎ L n‡jv nvBweªW U‡cvjwR| wb‡P Dfq U‡cvjwRi myweav I Amyweav Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡jv:
nvBweªW †UK‡bvjwR (Hybrid Topology):
wewfbœ U‡cvjwR A_©vr ÷vi, wis, evm BZ¨vw` †bUIqv‡K©i mgš^‡q †h †bUIqvK© MwVZ nq Zv‡K nvBweªW †bUIqvK©B
mshy³ Av‡Q| nvBweªW †bUIqv‡K©i myweav I Amyweav wbf©i Ki‡Q H †bUIqv‡K© e¨eüZ U‡cvjwRi Ici|

nvBweªW U‡cvjwRi myweav (Advangages of Hybrid Topology):

 GB U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †bUIqvK© e„w× Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
 †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j Zv mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq|
 †Kv‡bv GK Ask bó n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK© bó bv n‡j Askwe‡kl bó nq|
 nvBweªW U‡cvjwRi Amyweav (Disadvangages of Hybrid Topology):
GB U‡cvjwR‡Z e¨eüZ nvemg~n me©`v mPj ivL‡Z nq|
†gk ev ci¯úi mshy³ U‡cvjwR (Mesh Topology) :
†gk U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ me Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| G‡Z
cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷k‡bi g‡a¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wjsK ev evm _v‡K| G‡Z cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷kb mivmwi †h‡Kv‡bv
IqvK©‡÷k‡bi mv‡_ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ms‡hv‡Mi msL¨v †ewk nIqvq eo ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †gk

c„ôv bs: 24
U‡cvjwRi †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjv KóKi n‡q c‡o| †gk U‡cvjwRi Bb÷j I g¨v‡bR Kiv KwVb| G‡Z A‡bK ms‡hvM
•Zwi Ki‡Z nq| †bUIqv‡K© †bvW evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ ms‡hvM msL¨vI †e‡o hvq|

wPÎ: †gk U‡cvjwR

†gk U‡cvjwRi myweav:
 †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU †bv‡Wi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ MwZ‡Z ms‡KZ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
 †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev ms‡hvM jvBb bó n‡q †M‡j †Zgb †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv| A_©vr mn‡R †bUIqvK© Lye eo
ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó nq bv|
 G‡Z †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b A‡bK †ewk wbðqZv _v‡K|
 ‡bUIqv‡K©i mgm¨v Lye mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq|
†gk U‡cvjwRi Amyweav:
 GB U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK© Bb÷‡jkb I KbwdMv‡ikb †ek RwUj|
 ms‡hvM jvBb¸‡jvi •`N©¨ †ewk nIqvi LiP †ewk nq|
 ZvQvov †bUIqv‡K© AwZwi³ wjsK ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq weavq LiP AviI †e‡o hvq|

we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, wPÎ-L nvBweªW U‡cvjwR‡Z evm I ÷vi mshy³ i‡q‡Q| G‡Z myBP APj n‡q †M‡j ÷vi Ask APj
n‡q hv‡e Avevi e¨vK‡evb bó n‡j evm Ask APj n‡q hv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K wPÎ-K †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi
mivmwi †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wbðqZv †ewk myZivs ‡gk U‡cvjwR AwaK †hŠw³K|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:15
DÏxcK-15: Kzwgjøv †evW© -2019
Kw¤úDUvi-1

Kw¤úDUvi-2 Kw¤úDUvi-3

Kw¤úDUvi-4 Kw¤úDUvi-5
GKwU K‡j‡Ri Kw¤úDUvi j¨v‡ei Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Dc‡ii c¨vUv‡b© mshy³ i‡q‡Q|
K. K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Kx? 1
L. Ônv‡ei †P‡q myBP DËgÓ-e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ wP‡Îi †bUIqvK©wU `~i‡Z¡i wePv‡i †Kvb ai‡bi? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ wP‡Î 1,2,3 bs Kw¤úDUvi Ges 2,3,4,5bs Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv †kqv‡i †bUIqvK©
U‡cvjwRi g‡a¨ †KvbwU DËi? Dˇii ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU ev I‡q‡e mshy³ n‡q wKQz ‡Møvevj myweav †fvM Kivi GKwU c×wZ|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
c„ôv bs: 25
my&BP †cÖiK cÖvß †_‡K ‡WUv cÖvcK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mywbw`©ó †cwU©wU‡Z cvwV‡q †`q| †WUvi wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv eRvq
_v‡K| wKš‘ nve mywbw`©ó Kw¤úDUv‡ii bv cvwV‡q mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i cvVvq| d‡j †WUv †cÖi‡Y myB‡Pi †¶‡Î Kg mgq
jv‡M|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ wP‡Îi †bUIqvK©wU `~i‡Z¡i wePv‡i †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb (Local Area Network-
LAN): wb‡¤œ GB †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
GKB fe‡b, cvkvcvwk fe‡b wKsev K‡jR/wek¦we`¨vq K¨v¤úv‡mi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i Local
Area Network (LAN) | mvaviYZ 100 wgUvi ev mxwgZ `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb M‡o I‡V| Gi MVb ÷vi,
wis, U‡cvjwR I eªWKv÷ c×wZ‡Z n‡q _v‡K| gva¨g wn‡m‡e †Kv-Gw·qvj, †Kv-BDwUwc I AcwUK¨vj K¨vej e¨envi
nq| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb •Zwi K‡i
wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K©i •ewk󨸇jv n‡jv:
 Gme †bUIqvK© †QvU GjvKvq, †hgb: GKB wewìs‡qi g‡a¨ e¨eüZ nq|
 Gme †bUIqvK© D”PMwZi, mvaviYZ 10-100 GgwewcGm MwZ cvIqv hvq|
 Gi gva¨‡g A‡bK wWfvB‡m A¨vK‡mm cvIqv hvq|
 G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© j¨v‡bi Dc‡hvMx we‡kl wWfvBm †hgb: wiwcUvi, nve, †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© BZ¨vw`
e¨eüZ nq|
 G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© HAN, SAN, WLAN I CAN ¯’vcb Kiv mnR|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ wP‡Î 1,2,3 bs Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡jv: wis U‡cvjwR Ges 2,3,4,5bs Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡bUIqvK© n‡jv:
‡gk U‡cvjwR| wb‡P Dfq U‡cvjwRi •ewkó¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|

wPÎ : wis U‡cvjwR

wis U‡cvjwR (Ring Topology):

D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ †bUIqvK© •Zwii Rb¨ G ai‡bi U‡cvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i eo myweav n‡jv
GLv‡b cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi mgvb AwaKvi †c‡q _v‡K Ges AwaK Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvi‡Y †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ K‡g †M‡j
†mwU mevi Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| wis U‡cvjwR‡K ejv nq GKwUf U‡cvjwR| G U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU †g‡mR cvVv‡Z PvB‡j †mwU Gi wbKUeZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU hv‡e| †m Kw¤úDUvi †`L‡e
†mB †g‡mRwU Zvi Rb¨ wKbv| †mwU Zvi Rb¨ bv n‡j †m IB †g‡mR‡K cieZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVv‡e, Gfv‡e
†mwU MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠuQv‡e| cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †mB wmMbvj‡K ewa©Z K‡i c‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVvq| Avi U‡cvjwR‡Z
†WUv c¨v‡KU memgq GKB w`‡K (mvaviYZ Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K) cÖevwnZ nq| evm †bUIqv‡K©i g‡Zv GLv‡b †Kvb
Uvwg©‡bUi e¨env‡ii `iKvi c‡o bv, KviY GLv‡b Db¥y³ cÖvšÍ e‡j wKQz _v‡K bv|
wis U‡cvjwRi myweav:
 cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© mgvb GK‡mm cvq, Kvi †Uv‡Kb cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡QB hvq| †h Kvi‡Y
†Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© AvwacZ¨ Pvjv‡Z cv‡i bv|
 me Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgvbvwaKvi _vKvi d‡j †bUIqvK© wW‡MÖ‡WkbI n‡q _v‡K mgvbfv‡e| Zvi gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii
msL¨v †ewk n‡q †M‡j †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ üªvm cvq| üªvm cvIqvi dj mevB mgvbfv‡e †fvM K‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v evo‡jI Gi `ÿZv Lye †ewk cÖfvweZ nq bv|
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mvf©vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
†gk ev ci¯úi mshy³ U‡cvjwR (Mesh Topology) :
c„ôv bs: 26
†gk U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ me Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K| G‡Z
cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷k‡bi g‡a¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wjsK ev evm _v‡K| G‡Z cÖwZwU IqvK©‡÷kb mivmwi †h‡Kv‡bv
IqvK©‡÷k‡bi mv‡_ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ms‡hv‡Mi msL¨v †ewk nIqvq eo ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †gk
U‡cvjwRi †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjv KóKi n‡q c‡o| †gk U‡cvjwRi Bb÷j I g¨v‡bR Kiv KwVb| G‡Z A‡bK ms‡hvM
•Zwi Ki‡Z nq| †bUIqv‡K© †bvW evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ ms‡hvM msL¨vI †e‡o hvq|

wPÎ: †gk U‡cvjwR

†gk U‡cvjwRi myweav:
 †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU †bv‡Wi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ MwZ‡Z ms‡KZ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
 †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev ms‡hvM jvBb bó n‡q †M‡j †Zgb †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv| A_©vr mn‡R †bUIqvK© Lye eo
ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó nq bv|
 G‡Z †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b A‡bK †ewk wbðqZv _v‡K|
 ‡bUIqv‡K©i mgm¨v Lye mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq|
†gk U‡cvjwRi Amyweav:
 GB U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK© Bb÷‡jkb I KbwdMv‡ikb †ek RwUj|
 ms‡hvM jvBb¸‡jvi •`N©¨ †ewk nIqvi LiP †ewk nq|
 ZvQvov †bUIqv‡K© AwZwi³ wjsK ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq weavq LiP AviI †e‡o hvq|

DÏxc‡K e¨eüZ 2,3,4,5bs Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wbðqZv †ewk myZivs ‡gk U‡cvjwR AwaK †hŠw³K|
g‡Wj cÖkœ:16
DÏxcK-16: wm‡jU †evW© -2019
C2

C4

Com-3

Com-4
C1

C3

Com-2
Switch

Com-5 Com-1

Fig-A Fig-B

Server P1 P2
1

P3 P4

c„ôv bs: 27
 Fig-C
K. wcqvi Uz wcqvi †bUIqvK© Kx? 1
L. IEEE 802.16 ÷¨vÛv‡W©i cÖhyw³wU eywS‡q †jL| 2
M. Fig-C wb‡`©wkZ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Fig-A I Fig-B wb‡`©wkZ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRi g‡a¨ †KvbwU myweavRbK? we‡kølY Ki| 4
g‡Wj DËi
K bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wcqvi Uy wcqvi †bUIqvK© cÖ‡Z¨K BDRvi Zv‡`i wi‡mvm© A‡b¨i mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| G cÖKvi †bUIqvK© cÖwZwU
Kw¤úDUvi GKB mv‡_ mvf©vi Ges IqvK©‡÷kb Gi f~wgKv iv‡L|
L bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
WiMAX Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access | GwU IEEE 802.16
÷¨vÛv‡W©i Iq¨vi‡jm †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WMAN) ‡UvKj hv wd·W Ges †gvevBj B›Uvi‡b‡U e¨eüZ
nq| WiMAX wm‡÷‡gi `ywU cÖavb Ask _v‡K| GKwU WiMAX †em †÷kb hv Bb‡Wvi I AvDU‡Wvi UvIqvi wb‡q
MwVZ| Ab¨wU G‡›Ubvmn WiMAX wiwmfvi, hv †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev j¨vcU‡c mshy³ _v‡K|
M bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Fig-C wb‡`©wkZ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRwU n‡jv:evm U‡cvjwR|
evm U‡cvjwR (Bus Topology): mvaviY evm †bUIqv‡K© mPivPi GKwU gvÎ K¨vej †Kv‡bv cÖKvi B‡jKUªwbK
wWfvBm †hgb wiwcUvi ev A¨vgwcødvqvi Qvov e¨eüZ nq hv‡Z GK Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmMbvj Av‡iK Kw¤úDUv‡i mivmwi
†h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GB U‡cvjwR‡K c¨vwmf U‡cvjwR (Passive Topology) ejv nq| Gi g~j K¨vej‡K e¨vK‡evb
e‡j| †Kbbv cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi g~j K¨ve‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| hLb GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡i D‡Ï‡k¨
†g‡mR cvVvq ZLb †mB †g‡mR wmMbvj K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g cwievwnZ n‡q meKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU †cŠu‡Q| †h
Kw¤úDUv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ †mwU cvVv‡bv nq †Kej †mwUB †m †g‡mR MÖnY K‡i Avi Ab¨iv †Kej †mB c¨v‡KU‡K evwZj
K‡i †`q|

wPÎ: evm U‡cvjwR

evm U‡cvjwR‡Z GKmv‡_ †Kej GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †g‡mR cvVv‡Z nq| †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡i hLb †g‡mR cvVv‡”Q ZLb
Ab¨‡`i A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq Zvi cvVv‡bv †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ| Zvi †g‡mR cvVv‡bv †kl n‡j Ab Kw¤úDUv‡i †g‡mR
cvVv‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v †e‡o †M‡j †bUIqvK© cvidig¨v‡Ýi AebwZ N‡U| Aek¨ G
mgm¨v ÷vi ÷vi I wis U‡cvjwR‡ZI N‡U| evm U‡cvjwRi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡jv Uvwg©‡bkb| evm GKwU
c¨vwmf U‡cvjwR nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi GKcÖvšÍ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ Aev‡a †h‡Z cv‡i| hw` K¨ve‡ji cÖvšÍ‡K Uvwg©‡bU
Kiv bv nq Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e wmMbvj GKcÖvšÍ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖv‡šÍ hv‡”Q wKš‘ †mLvb †_‡K av°v †L‡q Avevi †diZ
Avm‡Q| Gfv‡e µgvMZ B‡jKwUªK wmMbvj hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges c‡ii wmMbv‡ji mv‡_ wg‡k fRnNU cvKv‡e|
cÖvšÍ †_‡K wmMbvj wd‡i Avmv‡K ejv nq wiswMs| GB wiswMs hv‡Z NU‡Z bv cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ K¨ve‡ji cÖv‡šÍ Uvwg©‡bUi
bv‡gi GKwU †ivaK e¨envi Kiv nq| GB Uvwg©‡bUi‡K B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbvj‡K wbt‡kl K‡i †`q, d‡j Zv cÖwZdwjZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖv‡šÍ Uvwg©‡bUi e¨envi Kiv bv n‡j mgm¨v n‡e| Avcbvi evm U‡cvjwRi †bUIqv‡K© mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j
Av‡M †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e ev‡mi `ycÖvšÍi wVKg‡Zv Uvwg©‡bU Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv|
evm U‡cvjwRi myweav n‡jv:
 †QvULv‡Uv †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ GwU LyeB mnR, ¯^íe¨‡qi, mn‡R e¨envi‡hvM¨ Ges mn‡R †evaMg¨ GKwU U‡cvjwR|
 evm †bUIqv‡K© me‡P‡q Kg •`‡N©¨i K¨vej jv‡M| d‡j e¨q Kg nq|

c„ôv bs: 28
 evm †bUIqv‡K©i m¤úªmviY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i e¨vK‡evb ev ev‡mi mv‡_ weGbwm e¨v‡ij Kv‡b±i e¨envi K‡i Av‡iKwU
ev‡mi mv‡_ ms‡hvM K‡i w`‡q| Gi d‡j AwaK msL¨K Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© †WUv w`‡Z cv‡i|
 evm‡K †ewk`~i m¤úªmviY Ges wmMbvj cvidig¨vÝ mgybœZ ivL‡Z wiwcUvi e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wiwcUvi
B‡jKwUªK wmMbvj‡K A¨vgwcødvB K‡i|
 evm †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv| mn‡RB
†Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡Z wew”Qbœ Kiv m¤¢e|
 evm †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv †bvW (Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ) †hvM Ki‡j ev mwi‡q wb‡j Zv‡Z cy‡iv
†bUIqv‡K©i Kvh©µg e¨vnZ nq bv|
evm U‡cvjwRi Amyweavmg~n:
 †bUIqvK© e¨envi †ewk n‡j cvidig¨vÝ Lye Lvivc n‡Z cv‡i| GKBmg‡q †Kej GKwUgvÎ Kw¤úDUv‡i †g‡mR
cvVv‡Z cv‡i| Zvi †g‡mR cvVv‡bv †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ Ab¨‡`i A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v †e‡o †M‡j
G mgm¨v e¨vcK n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖwZwU e¨v‡ij B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMbvj‡K `~e©j K‡i †`q| ZvB †ewk msL¨K e¨v‡ij Kv‡b±i e¨envi Kiv evm‡K
m¤úªmviY Kiv n‡j Zv‡Z †bUIqvK© cvidig¨vÝ Lvivc nq|
 evm †bUIqv‡K© Uªvejï¨U Kiv KóKi| hw` ev‡mi †Kv‡bvLv‡b K¨vej †eªK K‡i Zvn‡j †mwU mn‡R mPj Kiv hvq
bv| evm bó n‡q hvIqvi d‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq| ZLb GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Av‡iKwUi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB K¨vej †eªK †ei Kivi Rb¨ ev‡mi GKcÖvšÍ †_‡K Av‡iKwU cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ †U÷ Ki‡Z
nq K¨vej †U÷vi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wWfvBm w`‡q|
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v †ewk n‡j cÖPÐ UªvwdK m„wó nq Ges †WUv UªvÝwgkb wewNœZ nq|
 GB U‡cvjwR‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv mgš^‡qi e¨e¯’v †bB| †h †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †h †Kvb mg‡q †WUv
UªvÝwgkb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j †bUIqv‡K©i cÖPzi e¨vÛDBW_ bó nq| G e¨e¯’v UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z©
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv G‡K Aci‡K evav w`‡Z †ewk mgq bó K‡i|
N bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Fig-B wb‡`©wkZ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRwU n‡jv: wis U‡cvjwR| Ab¨w`‡K Fig-A wb‡`©wkZ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRwU n‡jv:
÷vi U‡cvjwR| wb‡P Dfq U‡cvjwR we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|

wPÎ : wis U‡cvjwR

wis U‡cvjwR (Ring Topology):

D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ †bUIqvK© •Zwii Rb¨ G ai‡bi U‡cvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i eo myweav n‡jv
GLv‡b cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi mgvb AwaKvi †c‡q _v‡K Ges AwaK Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvi‡Y †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ K‡g †M‡j
†mwU mevi Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| wis U‡cvjwR‡K ejv nq GKwUf U‡cvjwR| G U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU †g‡mR cvVv‡Z PvB‡j †mwU Gi wbKUeZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU hv‡e| †m Kw¤úDUvi †`L‡e
†mB †g‡mRwU Zvi Rb¨ wKbv| †mwU Zvi Rb¨ bv n‡j †m IB †g‡mR‡K cieZ©x Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVv‡e, Gfv‡e
†mwU MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠuQv‡e| cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †mB wmMbvj‡K ewa©Z K‡i c‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU cvVvq| Avi U‡cvjwR‡Z
†WUv c¨v‡KU memgq GKB w`‡K (mvaviYZ Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K) cÖevwnZ nq| evm †bUIqv‡K©i g‡Zv GLv‡b †Kvb
Uvwg©‡bUi e¨env‡ii `iKvi c‡o bv, KviY GLv‡b Db¥y³ cÖvšÍ e‡j wKQz _v‡K bv|
wis U‡cvjwRi myweav:
 cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© mgvb GK‡mm cvq, Kvi †Uv‡Kb cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡QB hvq| †h Kvi‡Y
†Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© AvwacZ¨ Pvjv‡Z cv‡i bv|
c„ôv bs: 29
  me Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgvbvwaKvi _vKvi d‡j †bUIqvK© wW‡MÖ‡WkbI n‡q _v‡K mgvbfv‡e| Zvi gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii
msL¨v †ewk n‡q †M‡j †bUIqv‡K©i cvidig¨vÝ üªvm cvq| üªvm cvIqvi dj mevB mgvbfv‡e †fvM K‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v evo‡jI Gi `ÿZv Lye †ewk cÖfvweZ nq bv|
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mvf©vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
÷vi U‡cvjwR (Star Topology):
†h †bUIqv‡K©i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU †Kw›`ªq wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g mshy³ n‡q †bUIqvK© KvVv‡gv •Zwi K‡i Zv‡K
÷vi U‡cvjwR e‡j| ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©f~³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †Kej †ei n‡q G‡m GKwU †Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b
hy³ nq| GB †Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b Gme K¨vej GKwU wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ hy³ nq hv‡K Kb‡mb‡UªUi e‡j| G Kb‡mb‡UªUi nve ev
myBP n‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv Kw¤úDUvi †WUv UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv cÖ_‡g †m nve A_ev myB‡P cvwV‡q †`q| Gici nve
ev myBP wmMbvj‡K jÿ¨¯’‡j cvwV‡q †`q|

wPÎ : ÷vi U‡cvjwR

÷vi U‡cvjwRi myweavmg~n:

 mn‡RB †bUIqv‡K© AwaKmsL¨K Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v wbf©i
K‡i nv‡e KqwU †cvU© Av‡Q Zvi Ici| GKwU nv‡ei meKwU †cvU© e¨eüZ n‡j GB †bUIqvK©‡K m¤úªmviY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i Av‡iKwU nve †mB nv‡ei mv‡_ †hvM K‡i| GLv‡b nv‡ei msL¨v evwo‡q †bUIqv‡K© AwaK msL¨K
Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j mn‡RB †Kw›`ªq Ae¯’vb A_©vr nve †_‡K mgm¨v AbymÜvb ïiæ Kiv hvq|
Bb‡Uwj‡R›U nve e¨envi Kiv n‡j †mwU †bUIqvK© gwbUwi‡Oi KvRI Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi weKj n‡q †M‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Dci †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j bv| Ab¨vb¨
Kw¤úDUvi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ wVKg‡ZvB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi mgm¨vhy³ ZvI †ei Kiv hvq
mn‡RB|
 nve wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vej mv‡c©vU Ki‡j GKBmv‡_ K‡qK ai‡bi K¨vej e¨env‡ii myweav cvIqv hvq|
÷vi U‡cvjwRi Amyweav:
 †K‡›`ªi nve A‡K‡Rv n‡q †M‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK©B weKj n‡q c‡o|
 GB U‡cvjwR‡Z AwaK K¨vej jv‡M| KviY cÖwZ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K K¨vej‡K †Kw›`ªq nv‡ei wbKU wb‡q †h‡Z
nq| K¨vej †ewk jvMvq LiPI †ewk nq|

we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †K›`ªxq wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GKwU Kw¤úDUvi APj n‡j evKx Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ Gi cÖfve c‡o bv| †bUIqvK© mPj _v‡K| myZivs ÷vi U‡cvjwR AwaK myweavRbK|

c„ôv bs: 30