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 Current-feedback op-amps, their applications, Bipolar/CMOS
implementations and their variants

R. Senani1, D. R. Bhaskar , S. S. Gupta3 and V. K. Singh4

1
Division of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Tech-
nology, New Delhi, India.
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New
Delhi, India.
3
Deaprtment of Industrial policy and promation, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt.
of India.
4
Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow,
UP, India.

Abstract: Among various current mode building blocks investigated during the
past four decades, the current feedback op-amps (CFOA) have attracted consider-
able attention in literature because of the following advantages offered by them in
analog circuit design: (i) realisability of various functional circuits employing a
minimum number of passive components without requiring any component-
matching (ii) much higher slew rates (typically 2000V/µsec or more) in contrast to
traditional op-amps (e.g. 0.5 V/µsec for µA741) (iii) decoupling of gain and
bandwidth (amplifiers with variable gain but constant bandwidth possible) and (iv)
relatively higher operational frequency range as compared to conventional op-
amps. This chapter highlights a number of novel applications of the CFOAs, some
of their more recent variants and their Bipolar and CMOS implementations. Novel
applications of CFOAs in realizing constant bandwidth amplifiers (including in-
strumentation amplifiers), floating synthetic impedances, single resistance con-
trolled oscillators (SRCO), universal current mode/voltage mode filters, electroni-
cally-tunable MOSFET-C filters and analog dividers etc. would be highlighted.
Bipolar/CMOS integratable hardware implementations of CFOAs will be re-
viewed and a number of recent innovations such as differential-voltage CFOA
(DVCFOA), several versions of the so-called modified CFOAs (MCFOA) and dif-
ferential-difference complimentary CFOAs (DDCCFA) will be explained. At the
end, the current trends and the future directions of research in this area will be
commented upon.

1.0 Introduction
The current-mode techniques have given way to a number of important analog
signal processing/signal generating circuits as is evident from a vast amount of lit-
erature on current-mode circuits published over the past thirty five years. Due to
the advances made in integrated circuit (IC) technology circuit designers have
quite often exploited the potential of current-mode analog techniques for evolving
elegant and efficient solutions to several circuit design problems. As a conse-
quence, the current-mode approach has often been claimed to provide one or more
of the following advantages in analog circuit design: higher frequency range of
operation, lower power consumption, higher slew rates, improved linearity, better
accuracy as well as reduced component-count and elimination of passive compo-
nent-matching requirements.

1.1 The evolution of Current Conveyors

The most popular current-mode building blocks have been, undoubtedly, the Cur-
rent Conveyors (CC) introduced by Smith and Sedra. The first generation Current
Conveyor (CCI) was introduced in 1968 [1] and was later refined to second gener-
ation Current Conveyor (CCII) by Sedra and Smith in 1970 [2]. Because of the ex-
tensive work done by researchers for more than four decades on the hardware im-
plementation and applications of CCs, coupled with the commercial availability of
a number of IC CCs (such as PA630A from Phototronics Corporation of Canada,
CCII01 from LTP Electronics, AD844 from Analog Devices Inc. and more recent-
ly, MAX4198 from Maxim Integrated Products), the CCs have emerged as an im-
portant class of active building blocks with properties that enable them to rival the
traditional voltage mode op-amp (VOA) in a wide range of applications.

1.2 The Current Feedback Op-amp

A closely related building block to CCs, which has received significant attention
for over two decades now, has been the so-called ‘Trans-impedance op-amp’,
more popularly known as the ‘Current Feedback Op-Amp’ (CFOA) [3] - [7].
CFOAs fabricated in bipolar technology exhibit an almost constant bandwidth ir-
respective of the closed loop gain in contrast to the VOAs. The slew rate attained
is also very high, typically in excess of 2000V/μsec as opposed to merely
0.5V/μsec in case of traditional μA741 type VOA. Although the theoretical basis
of many of these current feedback designs had been known earlier, attention on
these building blocks has been largely due to the recent developments in comple-
mentary bipolar technology. The translinear circuit principle, first introduced by
Barrie Gilbert in 1975 [8], which exploits the logarithmic relationship between the
base-emitter voltage and collector current in bipolar transistor to create a variety
of novel analog circuits, has been used for the evolution of CFOAs and many oth-
er high performance analog circuits.
From the view point of internal architecture, a CFOA, such as the popular AD844,
is essentially a translinear second generation Current Conveyor (CCII+) followed
by a translinear voltage buffer (see Fig. 1 (a) for the block diagram of the internal
circuit and (b) for a typical bipolar implementation). Thus, CFOA AD844 from
Analog Devices is a 4-terminal building block characterized by the following ter-
minal equations: iy=0, v x= vy, iz = ix and vw = vz. (1)

2
 +V

y
IB

CCII+ 1 w y x z w

IB
iz
x
z -V

(a) (b)
Fig. 1: Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (a) the internal constituents (b) Bipolar Imple-
mentation of AD844 type CFOA (adapted from [9] Analog Devices, Linear Products Data Book,
Norwood, MA, 1990)

1.3 CFOAs overcome several limitations of VOAs

CFOA AD844 was introduced by Analog Devices around 1985, however, it
caught the attention of circuit designers only after 1990 or so and subsequently, it
was demonstrated [3] - [7] that it offers the following advantages in analog circuit
design:
(i) Using CFOAs, various functional circuits can be realized with a minimum
number of passive components without any component-matching (these ad-
vantages are particularly noticeable in case of realization of impedance converters/
inverters, non-inverting/ inverting differential integrators/ differentiators, VCCS,
instrumentation amplifiers, universal biquad filters and single resistor-controlled
oscillators and many others) (ii) CFOAs exhibit much higher slew rates (in excess
of 2000V/μsec) in contrast to VOAs (0.5 V/μsec) (iii) Gain and bandwidth can be
set independently; amplifiers with variable gain but constant bandwidth become
possible and (iv) Higher operational frequency range possible (as compared to
conventional op-amps)

1.4 Why CFOA has a higher slew rate?

In a typical internally-compensated op-amp architecture [6], the input stage is
composed of a differential transconductance amplifier which exhibits a tanh-
characteristic between the output current and the differential input voltage Vid
since it is given by Iout = IB tanh (Vid/2VT) resulting in saturation of the current to a
maximum value of IB for larger values of Vid. Since the charging current to the
compensating capacitor Cc is provided by the output current of the input transcon-
ductance stage, the slew rate which is decided by the maximum value of charging
current is, therefore, limited to ±I B, the maximum slew rate is IB/CC. On the other
hand, in case of a typical CFOA architecture, the input stage is a mixed translinear
cell in which the characteristic between the differential input (V y – Vx) turns out to
be a Sinh-characteristic given by Iout = 2IBsinh{(Vy-Vx)/VT} thereby the output cur-
rent goes on increasing indefinitely (theoretically up to infinity) when differential
voltage input becomes large [6]. Since in the large differential input case, the max-
imum charging current to the compensating capacitor is, in this case, theoretically

3
infinite, this leads to a theoretically infinite slew rate. In practice, however, slew
rates of the order of 2000-4000V/µsec are easily achievable.
Although CFOAs may not be very appropriate for applications which require low
input offset voltage, good CMRR, low noise and high PSRR, nevertheless, they
have been proved to be quite versatile for applications which require high slew
rates, low distortion or the ability to set gain and bandwidth independently. Fur-
thermore, there are numerous applications of CFOAs which can either not be per-
formed with VOAs or which can be carried out more efficiently with CFOAs us-
ing lesser number of external passive components, with no component-matching
required and with better tunability properties etc. The major focus of this chapter
will, therefore, be on presenting only such applications of CFOAs which exhibit
one or more of the above mentioned significant advantages.

1.5 Applications of the CFOAs

Numerous applications of CFOAs in the design of linear as well as nonlinear cir-
cuits have so far been evolved. Since well over one hundred publications have ap-
peared on the applications and implementation of CFOAs during the past two dec-
ades, it is not feasible to even include references to all these works due to
limitations of space. Due to this reason, we are constrained to include here only
some representative application circuits and hardware implementations which, in
our opinion have some novelty and ingenuity in their architecture. Some key ap-
plications to illustrate the versatility of CFOAs now follow:-

1.5.1 Design of Amplifiers with Variable-gain but Constant-

bandwidth
A conventional op-amp-based instrumentation amplifier requires as many as three
op-amps alongwith seven resistors and suffer from the drawback of gain-
bandwidth conflict. By contrast, with CFOAs, only two CFOAs and a bare mini-
mum of only two resistors are enough (see Fig. 2)

The instrumentation amplifier of Fig. 2 can be considered to be a CFOA-version

of Wilson’s CCII-based circuit [10].
V
1 y
w V01
z
x
R2
R2
V01  V1 V2 
R1 R1

x
w
V z
2 y

Fig. 2: An instrumentation amplifier using CFOAs (CFOA-version of Wilson’s CCII-based cir-

cuit)

4
Considering the finite input resistance looking into terminal X of the CFOA as r x
and taking parasitic output impedance looking into terminal Z as a resistance R P in
parallel with capacitance CP, the maximum gain and 3-dB bandwidth of this cir-
cuit are found to be:

V0  R2  1  1 1  (2)
  and BW    
V1  V2   R1  2rx  C p  R2 R p 

from where it is seen that the bandwidth of the amplifier can be fixed at a constant
value by fixing R2 while the gain can be made variable by changing R1.
In Fig. 3, we show two different ways of realizing non-inverting amplifiers and
inverting amplifiers using a single CFOA. For all the circuits, the expressions for
maximum gain and 3-dB bandwidth are given by Gain  (1+R2/R1)/ (1+R2/Rp)
and BW (1+R2/Rp)/CpR2 for R1, R2 >>rx, from where it is seen that in all cases,
the bandwidth can be fixed by R2 whereas gain can be made variable through R1.

Vin y Vin x
R1
w Vo w Vo
z z
x y
R1 R2 R2

(a) (b)

R2
R1
R2
Vin x
R1
w Vo
x z
V0 y
w
Vin z
y

(c) (d)
Fig. 3 Realization of non-inverting and inverting amplifiers using a CFOA

Note that it is not possible to make either an instrumentation amplifier or

inverting/noninverting amplifier using VOAs with the decoupling of gain and
bandwidth which is achievable by the CFOA circuits presented above.

1.5.2 Single resistance controlled oscillators (SRCO)

Interest in realizing sinusoidal oscillators using CFOAs grew when it was demon-
strated by Martinez, Celma and Sabadell [11] that using a CFOA, rather than a
VOA, in the classical Wien bridge oscillator configuration results in an oscillator
which offers important advantages such as: (i) more accurate adjustment of oscil-
lation frequency (ii) much wider frequency span of frequency of operation (iii)
higher frequency and larger amplitudes because of much higher slew rates than
VOAs and (iv) lower sensitivity of the frequency to the bandwidth variation of the
active element thereby resulting in higher frequency stability. This stimulated con-

5
siderable interest among the researchers to extend the realization of oscillators to
the more popular and important class of single resistance controlled oscillators
(SRCO) with the hope that such oscillators when realized with CFOAs will, there-
fore, offer significant advantages over their VOA-based counterparts as well as
with the hope that the 4-terminal CFOA-based new SRCOs may possess addition-
al interesting features not available in 3-terminal VOA-based SRCOs known earli-
er. Consequently, there has been a widespread interest on CFOA-based SRCOs
and a large number of structures using one, two or three CFOAs are now known,
however, here we present only three examples which prove the above mentioned
contentions to be true.
Consider first a single CFOA-based SRCO proposed by Senani and Singh (from
[12]; Fig. 7 therein) which is reproduced here in Fig.4 (a). For the oscillator of
Fig. 4(a), the condition of oscillation (CO) and frequency of oscillation (FO) are
given by
R 3 C 0 R3  1 1  1 (3)
   
; 0    ( )
R4 C1 R0  R2 R0  R3 C 0 C1
Thus, this circuit has the feature of providing independent control of FO by the re-
sistor R2 and independent control of CO by R4 while using only a bare minimum
of three resistors and two capacitors. This is significant, as any SRCO using a sin-
gle VOA is not known to be realizable with only three resistors and two capaci-
tors.
Second example is that of realizing SRCOs employing grounded capacitors as pre-
ferred for integrated circuit implementation. Many such SRCOs have been discov-
ered including a number of systematic methods for realizing them for instance; see
[13-15]. Here we present a specific circuit proposed by Gupta and Senani [16]
which is shown here in Fig. 4(b) and for the oscillator of Fig. 4(b), CO and FO are
given by
1 (4)
R1  R3 for C1  C2 (adjustable by R1 ); 0  (adjustable by R2 )
C1C2 R2 R3
To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first two CFOA-GC SRCO,
which provides explicit voltage mode output as well as explicit current mode out-
put. It may be pointed out that no such SRCO with only VOAs is feasible.
As the last example, we present a three-CFOA oscillator which, apart from em-
ploying two grounded capacitors, provides fully uncoupled controls for CO and
FO. (Note that CO and FO may be called fully uncoupled only when they are de-
cided by two completely different sets of components, i.e. none of the components
involved in CO are also involved in FO and vice-versa).

C1 C2
y
w Vo x
a
y
z R2
x V1 w 1 2 w
z y z
P x
R1
Io
R2 a'
R3 R4 C1
R0 C0 R3

6
 (a) (b)
R4 R1
x
w y
y z w x z
x z w
R2 y
C2
C1

R3

(c)
Fig. 4: SRCOs employing CFOAs (a) A single-CFOA-SRCO proposed by Senani and Singh
V.K. (adapted from [12] © 1996 IET) (b) A dual-mode SRCO using both grounded capacitors
proposed by Gupta and Senani (adapted from [16] © 1998 IET) (c) A fully uncoupled oscillator-
cum-multifunction filter proposed by Bhaskar (adapted from [17] © 2003 Schiele & Schön)

In the oscillator of Fig. 4(c), CO and FO are given by

R1  R2 ; (adjustable by either or both of R1 , R2 )

1 (adjustable by either or both of R3 , R4 (5)
0 
C1C 2 R3 R4

It is worth mentioning that no such fully-uncoupled-oscillator is known to be real-

izable using VOAs in the earlier literature. Furthermore, with feedback link bro-
ken at point ‘P’, and considering the input to resistor R 2, the three filter responses
namely V01, V02 and V03 are BPF, LPF and BRF respectively (for details the read-
er is referred to [17]).
Thus, these three examples confirm the contention that using CFOAs such SRCO
structures are possible the type of which cannot be realized by VOAs.

1.5.3 Floating Impedance simulation using CFOAs

It is well known that using VOAs it is impossible to simulate a floating inductance
(FI) (lossless or lossy) without requiring any component matching conditions. Fur-
thermore, for lossless FI simulation one normally requires two to four VOAs. By
contrast, the first author of this chapter had demonstrated in 1979 onwards that us-
ing current conveyors it does become possible to simulate lossy floating induct-
ance [18], [19] and as well as lossless [20] impedances respectively using no more
than two current conveyors without requiring any component matching conditions.
Since a CFOA contains a CCII+ followed by a voltage follower it looks intuitively
possible to be able to accomplish the same properties and features using CFOAs
also. In this section, a few representative configurations which can realize lossless
FIs and FDNRs as well as generalized positive/negative impedance conver-
tors/invertors (GPIC/GPII) employing CFOAs along with a minimum possible
number of passive components without requiring any component matching condi-
tion whatsoever are presented.
Fig. 5 shows two circuits [7] of which that of Fig. 5(a) can be regarded as a float-
ing GPII/GPIC configuration whereas the circuits of Fig. 5(b) is generalized con-

7
figuration for realizing positive/ negative floating impedances. Both the circuits
are characterized by the following equation:

i1  i2 
Z3
v1  v2 
Z1Z 2 (6)

Z1

w 2
Z2 z
y x i2 V2

i1 xz Z3 y w
w
1 y xz
V1

(a)

1
i1 y
zw x
V1 x
Z2 y z
w

Z1
Z3

x
w
y z
2
i 2 V2

(b)
Fig. 5: Generalized floating impedance converters/ inverters using CFOAs proposed by Senani
(adapted from [7] © 1998 Schiele & Schön)

From (6), it is obvious that a floating inductance or floating frequency-dependent-

negative resistance (FDNR; an element having Z(s)=1/Ds2) by appropriate (resis-
tive/capacitive) choice of impedance Z1, Z2 and Z3 without requiring any compo-
nent-matching and using least possible number of passive components.
In Fig. 6 we show a floating linear voltage-controlled-impedance (VCZ) configu-
ration [21] which can simultaneously realize VCR, VCL and VC-FDNC (frequen-
cy-dependent-negative-conductance; an element having impedance of type Z(s)
=Ms2) elements from the same configuration.

8
 V1
1 i1 a1 a 2 y
z
w 1
R2 x
x
w 3 Z1
z
y
x
w 2
b1 b2 z y
r0 2
y V2
4 w
Z2
x z
i2
r0 iD
VC Z4

Fig. 6: Floating linear VCZ configuration proposed by Senani, Bhaskar, Gupta and Singh
(adapted from [21] © 2009 John Wiley & Sons)

From a straightforward analysis of the circuit of Fig. 6, the equivalent floating im-
pedance realized by the circuit between terminals 1 and 2 is given by

Z1−2 = (R1R3/Z2Z4) rDS, where r  V p2 (7)

2 I DSS Vc  2V p 
DS

Linear floating positive, VCR, VCL and VC-FDNC elements can be realized from
the circuit by the following choice (resistive/capacitive) of impedances Z 2 and Z4:
(i) VCR: Z2 = R2 and Z4 = R4; (ii) VCL: either Z2 = 1/sC2 or Z4 = 1/sC4; (iii) VC-
FDNC: Z2 = 1/sC2 and Z4 = 1/sC4.
It is interesting to mention that the various negative-valued elements correspond-
ing to the equivalent impedance given in (7) can be obtained by the simple artifice
of connecting a1−b2 and a2−b1 in the circuit of Fig. 6, thereby leading to floating
negative impedance given by

Z1−2 = − (R1R3/Z2Z4) rDS (8)

Furthermore, the grounded forms of all the above-mentioned floating impedances

can be obtained by grounding either port-1 or port-2. However, in the circuit of
Fig. 6, with port-2 grounded, CFOA2 becomes redundant (y-terminal of CFOA3
and R1 can be connected to ground directly) and as a consequence, the circuit can
be simplified to have only three CFOAs while still being capable of realizing a
grounded impedance:

Zin = ± (R1R3/Z2Z4) rDS (9)

1.5.4 Universal biquad filter realizations

Although a large number of CFOA-based universal biquads have been presented
in literature, to demonstrate the versatility of CFOAs in this applications, we pre-
sent here two examples.

9
We first present a multiple-input single output (MISO) type universal biquad pro-
posed by Nikoloudis and Psychalinos [22], using CFOAs which is shown in
Fig. 7.
R3
x
w 4
z y
R1
Vin4
x R2
1 w x
y z 2 w x
y z R4 3 w Vout
Vin1 C1
y z
Vin2 C2
Vin3 R5

Fig. 7: A multiple-input single output type universal biquad proposed by Nikoloudis and Psy-
chalinos (adapted from [22] © 2010 Springer)

The expression for the output voltage in terms of input voltages is given by

R5 R  1 1  R5
s2 vin3  s 5  vin 2  vin 4   vin1
R4 R4  R2 C 2 R3C 2  R1 2 4 C1C 2
R R
vout 
R5 R5
s2  s
R3 R4 C 2 R1 R2 R4 C1C 2 (10)

The various realizations of the five filter functions are obtained as follows:
Low pass filter: vin2 = vin3 = vin4 = 0 and vin1 = vin, High pass filter: vin1 = vin2 =
vin4 = 0 and vin3 = vin, Band pass filter: vin1= vin2 = vin3 = 0 and vin4 = vin (non-
inverting) or: vin1 = vin3 = vin4 = 0 and vin2 = vin (inverting), Band stop filter: vin1 =
vin3 = vin, vin2 = vin4 = 0, All pass filter vin1 = vin2 = vin3 = vin and vin4 = 0. In addi-
tion, R2 = R3 and R4 = R5.
To the best knowledge of authors, no such op-amp RC structure is known which
employs both grounded capacitor provides ideally infinite input impedance cou-
pled with employing only four resistors and providing such versatility as exhibited
by the circuit of Fig. 7.
As another example we now present a mixed-mode universal biquad proposed by
Singh, V.K., Singh, A.K., Bhaskar and Senani [23] which is shown in Fig. 8.

r2
r6

x R1
V
Vin r1 w 03 x V02 R2
y z w x V01
y z w x V04
y z r4 w
C1 y z
C2
r3
AP r7
BS r5

Fig. 8: A mixed-mode universal biquad proposed by Singh, (V.K), Singh (A.K)., Bhaskar and
Senani (adapted from [23] © 2005 IEICE)

10
A novel feature of this circuit is that universal biquad filters, in all the four possi-
ble modes, are realizable from this configuration. It may be noted that no such cir-
cuit using traditional VOAs is known to exist.
(a) Voltage-mode universal biquad filter: The various voltage-mode transfer func-
tions realized by this circuit are given by

 r    r3  s
 / Ds  , V02 / Vin   
r3 (11)
V01 / Vin   2  / D( s )
 r1  r2 R1C1 R2 C 2   1 1 1
r R C

r  2  r3  2 r3 
V03 / Vin   3  s / D( s) , V04 / Vin    s   / D( s) (12)
 r1   r1  r2 R1C1 R2 C 2 

With the switch at BS position and choosing r2 = r3; r4 = r6 = r7; one obtains:

r  2 s r3  (13)
V04 / Vin   3  s    / D( s)
 r1  R1C1 r2 R1C1 R2 C 2 

s r3
where D( s )  s 2   (14)
R1C1 r2 R1C1 R2 C 2
Thus, the circuit realizes a LP response at V01, BP response at V02, a HP response
at V03, and notch and all pass responses at V04 under appropriate conditions.
It is interesting to note that in all the five filters, all the three parameters of interest
can be tuned through separate resistors as follows. After adjusting the bandwidth
by R1, desired 0 can be adjusted by R2 and finally, the gain H0 of the filters (in all
the five responses) is tunable by r1.
We now show how the same circuit, with simple modifications, can also realize
universal biquad filters in the remaining three modes.
(b) Current-mode universal biquad filters: With r1 and r7 deleted, the circuit can be
converted into a universal current-mode biquad with ideally zero input impedance
and ideally infinite output impedance. With an input current Iin injected into input
terminal ‘m’ and output current Iout taken out from the node ‘n’, the circuit can re-
alize all the five filter functions in current mode. The general transfer function for
this single-input-single-output universal current-mode filter is given by

 s2  1  1 
r3     s  
I out  r6  C1R1r5  C1C2 R1R2 r4 

I in  2 1 r3 
s  s C R  C C R R r 
 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 (15)

11
The circuit realizes a LPF with r5 and r6 open circuited; a band pass with r6 and r4
open circuited; a high pass with r5 and r4 open circuited; a notch with r5 open cir-
cuited (along with r2 = r4 = r6 = r0 (say) thereby yielding H0 = r3 / r0) and finally, an
all pass with r2 = r3 = r4 = r5 = r6 yielding H0 = 1. The gains for LP, BP and HP re-
sponses are r3/r4, r3/r5 and r3/r6 respectively.
In the CM biquads, LP and HP filters have only H0 controllable (though r4 and r6
respectively); in notch and AP, H0 is not tunable, however, BW and 0 can be in-
dependently adjusted (through R1 and R2) respectively and finally, in BP realiza-
tion, BW, 0 and H0, all are independently tunable (through R1, R2 and r5 respec-
tively).
(c) Trans-admittance universal biquad filters: In this case, we retain the input re-
sistor r1 but take the output Iout from z-terminal of the fourth CFOA. The various
functions realized and their features are similar to those of case (b).
(d) Trans-impedance universal biquad filters: In this case, with r 1 deleted the input
will be a current Iin, however, the output voltages will be V01, V02, V03 and V04.
The realisability conditions parameters of filters and their features are similar to
those of case (a). Thus, the proposed circuit is a universal mixed-mode biquad.
Lastly, it must be mentioned that no such mixed-mode universal biquad configura-
tion is possible or known with traditional VOAs.

1.5.5 Analog Divider using CFOAs and MOSFETs

Among various non-linear applications of CFOAs evolved so far, an interesting
application is that of realizing an analog divider using MOSFETs operating in tri-
ode region. One such circuit is shown in Fig. 9 [24]. Assuming the input signals
Vx and Vy to be small permitting all MOSFETs to be operating in triode region
and having same transconductance parameter K = S Cox(W/L) where symbols
have their usual meaning, a straight forward analysis of Fig. 9 gives the output
voltage as

 vy 
v0  VGA  VGB  
 vx  (16)

VGA

M3 M4 VGA+Vz
Vi VGA
y yz
w w Vo
xz x
M1
M2

VGA

Fig. 9: An analog divider using CFOAs proposed by Liu and Chen (adapted from [24] © 1995
IET)

12
From where it is seen that the circuit functions as an analog divider with input sig-
nals as vx and vy where the scale factor (VGA-VGB) is controllable through external
voltages VGA and VGB.

1.5.6 MOSFET-C Biquad using CFOAs

It is well known that MOSFET-C filters using VOAs suffer from effect of the fi-
nite gain bandwidth product of the op-amps. Due to the various advantages of-
fered by CFOAs, MOSFET-C filters using CFOAs have been investigated by sev-
eral authors. Thus, using MOSFET-C lossless/lossy integrators and MOSFET-C
lossless/lossy summing integrators, a variety of MOSFET-C biquad filters are re-
alizable. Here, we present a typical biquad filter proposed by Mahmoud and Soli-
man [25] shown in Fig. 10 which employs a MOSFET-CFOA lossless integrator
comprised of the middle pair of CFOAs the two capacitors therein along with the
MOSFET connected between X terminals of the two CFOAs, MOSFET-CFOA
lossy integrator comprised of the first pair of CFOAs along with the two capaci-
tors and two MOSFETs therein, and a voltage to current converter formed by the
last pair of CFOAs along with MOSFET M4 (acting as linear resistor) This biquad
circuit realizes a low-pass response at VLP and a band pass response at VBP.

Vi VBP
w VLP
y z w z
y z w V0
C1 y
VG1 M2 C2
M1 VG2
C1 VG3 M3 VG4 M4
C2
x
x z w -V0
x w y z
zw y - VLP
- Vi y - VBP

Fig. 10 An exemplary MOSFET-C LP/BP filter proposed by Mahmoud and Soliman (adapted
from [25] © 1998 Taylor & Francis)

Assuming MOSFETs to be operating in triode region where i th MOSFET has the

transconductance parameter ki = sCox(Wi/Li) where (Wi/Li) is the aspect ratio of
the ith MOSFET, Cox is the gate oxide capacitance/unit area, µs is the electron mo-
bility and VT is the threshold voltage (assumed same in case of identical devices),
by a straight forward analysis of the circuit the two transfer functions realizable by
this circuit are given by

s 1
VBP R1C1 V R RCC
 and LP  3 4 1 2 (17)
Vi D( s ) Vi D( s )

13
 1 1 
where D( s)  s 2    s 2  o s  o 2 (18)
R2C1 R3 R4C1C2 Q0

1/ 2
0 
1  C1 
Q0  R2  
R3 R4 C1C2 1 / 2 ,  R3 R4 C 2  (19)

and Ri = 1/Ki(VGi – VT) for ( i = 1, 2, 3, 4) (20)

From the above it is seen that for the realized filters, the parameter 0 can be con-
trolled by VG3 and/or VG4 whereas Q0 in case of LP and bandwidth 0/ Q0 in case
of BP can be controlled by external voltage VG2.

1.5.7 Design of Precision Rectifier using CFOAs

There have been several attempts of making precision current mode full wave
rectifiers using current conveyors quite often realized with AD844 type CFOA.
Here we present a typical design of a simple full wave precision rectifier circuit
proposed in [26] (Fig. 11) which avoids the use of closely matched resistors and
provides a wide dynamic input voltage range. The circuit provides a high
performance over a wide frequency range of operation. An inspection of the
circuit reveals that the current flowing into the X terminal of AD844 at the bottom
and the one flowing out of Z terminal of AD844 at the top are given by: i z = ix =
Vin/(R1+2rx).

VIN y
z w
x
D1
D2
R1
D4
D3
x z
V0
w
y R2

Fig. 11: An exemplary full wave rectifier proposed by Khan, Abou and Al-Turiagh using CFOAs
(adapted from [26] © 1995 Taylor & Francis)

The diode combinations D1 - D2 and D3 - D4 are connected in such a manner that

the output current of the CFOA will flow either into the load resistance R 2 or will
be bypassed to the ground depending upon the polarity of the input voltage Vin. In
other words, when Vin is positive, ix, iZA and iZB have the directions such that di-
odes D1 - D2 allow iZ to be flowing into load resistance R2 whereas at the same

14
time, diodes D3 - D4 allow iZB to the ground. Similarly, when Vin is negative, ix, iZA
and iZB reverse their directions and as consequence, now iZB is taken to the load
while iZA flows to the ground. It therefore follows that current through the load R 2
will be uni-directional thereby resulting in an output voltage given by

V0 = iZAR2 = iZBR2 = ( R2/ (R1 + 2rx)) Vin (21)

It is interesting to note that by reversing the connections of all the four diodes, one
can obtain a full wave rectified signal with sign inversion (i.e. –V0). Lastly, it must
be mentioned that as compared to VOA- based precision rectifiers, which general-
ly require four or more matched resistors, the circuit using CFOA described here
uses a bare minimum of (only two) resistors.

1.5.8 Realization of relaxation oscillator/waveform

generator
A triangular/square wave generator can be made from a single CFOA as shown in
Fig. 12 [27]. In this circuit, the CFOA behaves as a Schmitt trigger with the input-
output characteristic shown in Fig. 12(b) where the threshold voltages are given
by V  R1  rx V and V  R1  rx V (22)
R1  R2 R1  R2
TH satH TL satL

R2
y
w Vo
z
x
R1 C R3

(a)

15
 CFOA-based triaangular/ square wave generator
Vo

V satH

R1 - r x
V
R1 +R2 satH
Vi
R1 - r x
V
R1 +R2 satL

V satL

(b)
Fig. 12: Relaxation oscillator proposed by Abuelma’atti and Al-Shahrani (adapted from [27] ©
1998 Taylor & Francis) (a) Triangular/ square wave generator (b) Transfer characteristic of the
Schmitt Trigger composed of CFOA, R2 and R1

where VsatH and VsatL are two stable states decided by the DC biasing power sup-
ply voltages of the CFOA and Rx is the input resistance of the CFOA looking into
terminal X of the CFOA. The circuit can be analyzed by starting from any one of
the two stable states of the output voltage V0 (for details the reader is referred to
[27]). The circuit generates a square wave signal at V0 and a triangular wave sig-
nal at Vx the frequency of which is given by

  R r  1  R 
f  1 /  2CR3  1 x   , or f 

1  2  for R1 >> Rx. (23)
  R1  R2  2CR 3  R1 

1.6 Applications of CFOAs in realizing other building

blocks
It is worthwhile to point out that, apart from being employed as four terminal
building blocks in their own right, CFOAs have also been employed to realize
other building blocks in the analog circuits literature, for instance see, [28-30, 42].
Some important realizations have been summarized here in Fig 13(a) – (h)), where
input marked as ‘+’ represents y-input and the one marked as ‘-` represents x-
input of the CFOA.

16
 y +
y + iy  0 x
CFOA
- iy  0
CFOA -
x - vx  v y CFOA
vx  v y
z + z
CCII+ iz  ix i z  i x
CCII-
(a) CCII+ and CCII-

iin -
vin -
CFOA
CFOA vin  0
+
CFOA

+ io i0  iin
+

vi
-

CF-
vo
ii
Voltage Follower
Iin - Io
ii  0 CFOA vin  0
v0  vi + i0  iin
CF+
(b) Voltage and Current Follower
z iy  0
y +
CFOA
- ix  0
- vx  y  0
iz  iw
CFOA
x + W
NFTFN vz  w  arbitrary
(c) A Four Terminal Floating Nullor

p -
CFOA w
vp  0
+
vn  0
+
n
CFOA iz  in  iP
- z
CDBA vw  v z
(d) Current Differencing Buffer Amplifier (CDBA) (adapted from [28] © 1999 Elsevier)
Ip
p x
w
y z
vp  0
n
In
x vn  0
w Iz Vo
y z

Rm

v0  Rm i p  in 
(e) Operation Transresistance Amplifier (OTRA) (adapted from [29] © 1992 IET)

17
 Ip
x
w
y z
vp  0
vn  0
Iw

 
x Vz
iz  i p  in
w -
In y z Gm
Iz +
Iw
Z
iw  Gm vz

(f) Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (CDTA) [30]

x x
Ix w
y y z
Iy
y
x z
w i y  i x
R
R
I z+
z+
vx  v y
wz
x iz  ix
y

(g) Realization of a CCIII+ [42]

Y1 y
I y1 w
x z
i y1  0
y
w iy 2  0
R1 x z
vx  v y1  v y 2  for R1  R2
X
R2 Ix
z+
I z+ iz  ix
x
w
Y2 y z
I y2
(h) Realization of a DVCC+ [42]
Fig. 13: Realization of various building blocks using CFOAs

1.7 Recent developments in Bipolar and CMOS

implementation of CFOAs
Although there have been hundreds of publications on improving the design of
current conveyors, surprisingly, in spite of the wide spread applications of CFOAs
as exemplified here and in the references cited therein, there have been compara-
tively a very much smaller number of efforts [31-35] on improving the design of
Bipolar or CMOS CFOAs. In [31] Tammam, Hayatleh and Lidgey have presented
a new CFOA architecture with significantly improved CMRR and gain accuracy.
In [32] Hayatleh, Tammam, Hart and Lidgey have introduced a new CFOA archi-
tecture using forward and reverse bootstrapping (reproduced here in Fig. 14). This
circuit is shown to offer increase of CMRR by about 46dB with a reduction of in-
put-referred-offset-voltage by a factor of two. References [33-35] have dealt with
the design of improved CFOAs for CMOS technology. Out of these [34] deals

18
with fully differential CFOA design reproduced here in Fig. 15. A typical CMOS
CFOA architecture from [35] provides improved performance in terms of low
output resistance, high current drive and high slew rate capability as compared to a
number of earlier designs. The continued efforts on improving the design of Bipo-
lar and CMOS CFOAs include a systematic synthesis of CFOAs advanced by
Torres-Papaqui and Tlelo-Cuautle through manipulation of voltage followers and
current followers [36]. It is hoped that continued work in this direction may result
in better CFOAs in both Bipolar and CMOS technologies in near future to facili-
tate the realization of numerous applications of CFOAs more efficiently and fruit-
fully.
+Vcc
Q7 Q19
Q8 Q26 Q34 Q42
Q35

Q17
Q36
Q9
Q24
Q27
Q13 Q15

Q47
Q28 Q44
Q11 Q22

Q46
Q29
RQ

Q1 Q3
(+) (-) Z node O/P
Q41
Q40
Q30 CP
Q2 Q4

Q48
Q31 Q45

Q12 Q24

Q49 Q32

Q14 Q18
Q25
Q39
Q10
Q20
Q16
Q5
Q6 Q33 Q37 Q43

-Vee

Fig. 14 CFOA using forward and reverse bootstrapping proposed by Hayatleh-Tammam, Hart
and Lidge (adapted from [32] © 2007 Taylor & Francis)

VDD
Vbiasp M30
M15 M13 M9 M11 M20
M17 M38 M31
M5 M32 M34
M22 M6
M36
M27 x2 M1 M2 M3 M4 M24 M25
V0- z2 x1 z1
V0+
M26 y2 y1 M12 M21 M35
M18 M23 M16
M39 M7 M8 Vbiasn M29
M28 Vbiasn Vbiasn
M33
M37 M14
VSB M10
M19

VSS

Fig. 15: Schematic of the fully differential current feedback operational amplifier proposed by
Soliman and Awad (adapted from [34] © Springer 2005)

19
1.8 Different types of modified CFOAs proposed in
literature
Due to popular appeal of CFOAs, a number of researchers have proposed, from
time to time, a number of modified versions of CFOA such as specific current
feedback operational amplifier (SCFOA) [37], Differential voltage CFOA
(DVCFOA) [38], Differential difference complimentary CFOA (DDCCFA) [39]
and Modified CFOA (MCFOA) [40].
The SCFOA proposed by Erkan Yuce [37] is a seven port active building block
which is unduly complex and except realizing a universal voltage mode/current
mode filter using only a single SCFOA, along with three resistors and two capaci-
tors as demonstrated by Yuce, does not appear to have attracted enough attention
in the literature.
On the other hand, the MCFOA proposed by Yuce and Minaei [40] is nothing but
a composite connection of two complementary second generation current convey-
ors (CCII+ and CCII-) which was already proposed long back by K.C. Smith and
A.S. Sedra [41] which they chose to call a “Composite current conveyor” which is
a four port having exactly the same characterizing equations, as given for
MCFOA. In fact, the AD844 based construction of Fig. 19 of [40] as well as the
CMOS structure of Fig. 2 of [40] both are nothing but a composite connection of a
CCII+ and CCII- thus, confirming its equivalence with the ‘composite current
conveyor’ of [41].
Another modification, called the Differential Voltage Current Feedback Amplifier
(DVCFA) was proposed by Gunes and Toker in 2002 [38] which is characterized
by: iyk = 0; k = 1-2, vx = vy1- vy2, iz = ix and vw = vz.

DVCFAs have been shown to be particularly useful building blocks for synthesiz-
ing SRCOs employing grounded capacitors (GCs) [38]. In this context it may be
noticed that while it has been amply demonstrated by a number of researchers that
single resistance controlled oscillators (SRCO) can be realized using only a single
CFOA however, none of the circuits known so far is able to employ both GCs as
desirable for integrated circuit implementation. A DVCFA is particularly useful in
removing this difficulty and it makes GC-SRCOs realizable from a single
DVCFA. A family of eight such GC-oscillators has been derived by Gunes and
Toker in [38] and an exemplary realization therefrom is shown here in Fig. 16.

C1 Y1
W Vo
y R3 Y2
w
x z R Vo
3 X Z

R1 R2 C2 R2
C1 R1 C2

Fig. 16: Conversion of CFOA-based SRCO into DVCFA-based GC-SRCO as proposed by

Gunnes and Toker (adapted from [38] © 2002 Elsevier)

20
Both the circuits are characterized by exactly the same CO and FO which are giv-
en by
C1R1  C2 R2 (adjustable by R2 );
1
0  (adjustable by R3 ); (24)
C1C2 R1R3
Differential Difference Complementary Current-Feedback-Operational-Amplifier
(DDCCFA): This extension of the CFOA is an active eight-port building block de-
fined by the following characterizing equations: iyk = 0; k = 1-3, vx = vy1 - vy2 +
vy3, iz1 = ix, iz2 = -ix, vw1 = vz1 and vw2 = vz2 and was formally introduced by Gupta
and Senani in 2005 [39] (see Fig. 17).
+ VDD
M32 M33 M24

M5 M6 M16 M17 M18 M 27 M 28 M 29

M10 M12 R C2 M21 R C3

R C1 C C2 C C3
IA M 25
Y2 Y3 Y1 X Z1 w1 Z2 w2
C C1
M1 M2 M3 M4 M14 M15 M 22 M 23 M 26
M7 M8 M9 M 11 M 13 M19 M20 M 30 M 31

-V
SS

Fig. 17: CMOS implementation of the DDCCFA (adapted from [39] © 2005 IET)

It was shown in [39] that a single DDCCFA is sufficient to generate SRCO cir-
cuits possessing the following properties simultaneously: (a) use of a single active
building block (b) employment of two GCs along with a minimum number (only
three) of resistors (c) non-interacting controls of CO and FO (d) a simple condi-
tion of oscillation (i.e. not more than one condition) and (e) availability of current-
mode and voltage-mode outputs both explicitly. An exemplary SRCO using a
DDCCFA proposed by Gupta and Senani is shown in Fig. 18.

 x1  x2 
R3
C2 dx1
C1
C1 dt
dx 2 R3 y1 z2
C2 x1
dt x2
y2 w2
V02
y3
w1
x z1 V01
R2
 x1  x2  I0
x2
R1 R1 
R2

Circuit-1 (k = 1)

21
Fig. 18: An exemplary SRCO using a DDCCFA proposed by Gupta and Senani (adapted from
[39] © 2005 IET)

It has also been demonstrated in [39] that employing a single DDCCFAs, a large
number of previously known building blocks can be derived as special cases while
employing two DDCCFAs, still more number of other known building blocks can
be realized. Thus, the present authors believe that DDCCFA can be considered to
be one of the most universal building blocks known till date.

1.9 Further research on CFOAs and their applications

The following appear to be worthwhile ideas to be taken up for further research
and investigations on CFOAs and their applications:
(i) As of now, AD844 appears to be the only commercially available bipolar
CFOA with an externally accessible Z-terminal. Although there are a variety of
other CFOAs available from several manufacturers but they invariably do not pro-
vide an externally accessible Z-pin. In view of the versatility and flexibility pro-
vided by a 4-terminal CFOA, with an externally-accessible Z-terminal and their
widespread and popular applications evolved so far, improved 4-terminal IC
CFOAs having performance superior to AD844 are warranted and are expected to
be widely welcome by the analog designers’ community. (ii) Search for better
CFOA-based configurations for various analog signal processing/signal generation
applications such as MOSFET-C universal biquads capable of realizing all five
standard filters and analog multiplier as counterpart to the analog divider of Fig. 9
appear to be two interesting problems. Thus, it is seen that there is enough scope
for further research in these areas. (iii) Work on the evolution of CMOS CFOAs,
including their fully differential versions, is currently being carried out, for facili-
tating the implementation of CFOA-based circuits in CMOS analog VLSI. On an-
other note, in view of their versatility evolution of fully integrated DVCFOA or
DDCCFAs may be a welcome step. A preliminary design of the `DDCCFA’ was
proposed by Gupta and Senani, however, the problem of evolving fully Integrata-
ble, high performance DDCCFAs, as well as their newer applications, are open to
investigation. Lastly, the evolution of topologies of CMOS CFOA suitable for
Nano technological implementations is yet another worthwhile task which has not
been attempted so far.

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