A MASTER’S GUIDE TO:

CONTAINER
SECURING 2nd edition
February 2012

The Standard P&l Club The Lloyd’s Register Group

The Standard P&I Club’s loss prevention Lloyd’s Register is directed through its
programme focuses on best practice constitution to “secure for the benefit of
to avert those claims that are avoidable the community high technical standards
and that often result from crew error of design, manufacture, construction,
or equipment failure. In its continuing maintenance, operation and performance
commitment to safety at sea and the for the purpose of enhancing the safety
prevention of accidents, casualties and of life and property at sea and on land
pollution, the club issues a variety of and in the air”, and to advance “public
publications on safety-related subjects, education within the transportation
of which this is one. industries and any other engineering
and technological disciplines”.
For more information about these
publications, please contact
the Standard Club or visit
www.standard-club.com

Authors
Eric Murdoch BSc, MSc, CEng, MRINA, MI MarEST David Tozer BSc, MSc, CEng, FRINA, FI MechE
Chief Surveyor Business Manager Container Ships
Charles Taylor & Co Limited Lloyd’s Register
Standard House 71 Fenchurch Street
12-13 Essex Street London EC3M 4BS
London WC2R 3AA UK
UK Tel: +44 20 7709 9166
Tel: +44 20 3320 8836 Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected] Web: www.lr.org
Web: www.standard-club.com

The authors acknowledge technical contributions from colleagues and associates.

The authors express their particular thanks to:

Manuel Ortuño Surveyor, Lloyd’s Register EMEA, Hamburg
Roy Smith Training Instructor (Operations), Hutchison Ports (UK)

B STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

 contents

PAGE

01 Introduction 02

02 Basic advice 04

03 Do’s and don’ts 06

04 Lashing systems 08

05 Safe working 10

06 Ships 12

07 Containers 16

08 Container construction 21

09 Lashing components 26

10 Principles of stowage 31

11 Ships’ behaviour 40

12 Consequences of failure 44

^ Ship alongside discharging containers

STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

01
 01 introduction

The development of containerisation was a giant step forward in carrying

general cargo by sea. At the time, it was correctly predicted that unit costs
would fall and cargo damage become a thing of the past.

In the early days of containerised transport, ships carried containers stowed

on hatch covers, three or four high. A variety of lashing systems were in use.
However, the most reliable system consisted of stacking cones, twistlocks,
lashing rods and turnbuckles (bottle screws). These systems were effective
in lashing containers carried on deck to the third tier.

Today, ships are bigger and a post-Panamax container ship will carry
containers on deck stacked up to nine tiers high. However, while the ships
are able to carry containers stacked higher, the lashing systems are still only
capable of lashing to the bottom of the third tier containers or the bottom of
the fourth or fifth tier containers when a lashing bridge is fitted. Ship design
has developed but methods to secure containers have not.

A classification society will approve a ship for the carriage of containers.

Regulations stipulate that the ship must carry a Cargo Securing Manual.
This will contain instructions as to how cargo should be secured. However,
approval of the arrangements in the manual will not necessarily mean that
cargo securing arrangements will withstand foul weather.

02 STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

 A ship sailing in a seaway has six degrees of motion: surge, sway, heave, roll,
pitch and yaw. The ship itself bends and twists as waves pass. Hatch covers
move relative to the hatch openings and container stacks move as clearances
in the lashing equipment are taken up. It is the lashing system alone that
resists these movements and attempts to keep the containers on board.

Lashing systems are put to the test during bad weather when failure may
lead to container loss. Indeed, the growing number of containers lost
overboard has caused concern throughout the marine industry. Cargo claims
have increased and floating containers pose a hazard to navigation. Masters
need to understand the strengths and weaknesses of container securing
systems. It is essential that masters be aware of what can be done to prevent
container loss.

Ships need to be fit to receive containers, with their lashing equipment in

good order. Lashing areas need to be safe places for ships’ crews and
stevedores to work.

The purpose of this guide is to discuss container securing systems,

the causes of lashing failure and to offer advice as to how losses can
be minimised.

Eric Murdoch David Tozer

Chief Surveyor Business Manager Container Ships
Standard P&I Club Lloyd’s Register

^ Container operations in port

STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

03
 02 basic advice

There are certain actions that should always be taken to prevent containers from being
damaged or lost overboard. The following steps are considered best practice.

Points to remember:
• check stack weights before stowage. It is important not to exceed allowable stack
weights; otherwise failure of the corner posts of the containers stowed at the bottom of
the stack is possible. If the stow is too heavy, the lashings may have insufficient strength
to hold the containers in place if bad weather is encountered
• never deviate from the approved lashing arrangements shown in the Cargo Securing
Manual, except to add additional lashings. Calculate forces using the approved
loading computer
• discuss the proposed loading with stevedores to ensure that the proposed loading does
not compromise the ship’s lashing system, loading requirements or stability
• consult the Cargo Securing Manual before applying lashings
• if stack weights are high and bad weather is expected, then fit additional lashings
• try to avoid isolated stacks of containers in holds or on deck. Where possible, load
containers so they are evenly distributed
• avoid loading heavy containers above light containers and at the top of a stack, unless
the stowage arrangement is shown in the Cargo Securing Manual and the stowage is
found satisfactory when checked using the approved loading computer
• avoid carrying open frame containers in cargo holds unless specifically permitted in the
Cargo Securing Manual
• keep your system of lashing simple, using the highest rated components
• to assist the shore lashing gang, give them precise instructions as to how containers
should be secured
• examine containers for physical defects – check the corner posts carefully. The corner
posts have to resist high compression forces as a result of static weights from containers
stowed on top and from dynamic forces that occur when the ship rolls, heaves and
pitches. Containers with damaged corner posts placed in the bottom of a stow are likely
to collapse. Reject damaged containers
• check that all cell guides are clear of obstacles, are straight and are not buckled
• check that turnbuckles are fully tightened. Loose lashings will be ineffective
• avoid using left-hand and right-hand twistlocks on the same ship
• regularly examine lashing components, including ship fittings, for wear and defects.
Replace worn or damaged lashing components. Repair worn or damaged ship fittings.
Check all equipment, not just equipment in regular use. Keep turnbuckles and twistlocks
clean and well greased
• consider additional lashings if bad weather is expected

04 STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

 • it is difficult to know when lashing components should be replaced. Few organisations
are confident to issue ‘criteria for replacement’, which means that the ship’s owner or
individual master will need to exercise judgement. If in doubt, replace the equipment.
Give special attention to dovetail or sliding socket foundations
• remember that during ship rolling, forces on container corner posts can be up to three
times greater than the upright compression force. Weather route in an attempt to avoid
the worst of the meteorological systems or areas where high seas in winter are common.
Check the specified limits of metacentric height (GM) in the Cargo Securing Manual and
make sure this is not exceeded. If navigating in bad weather, reduce speed, avoid beam
seas and proceed with caution until the storm has passed
• try to avoid loading ‘high cube’ containers on deck in the first or second tier. Lashing
rods are more difficult to fit and special rods with extension pieces are often needed.
Before loading identify where these containers are to be stowed. It may be necessary
to reposition them
• always consider personal safety when accessing lashing positions and working with
lashing equipment. This applies equally in port and at sea

^ Outboard containers with lashings to the bottom of second and third tier boxes

STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

05
 03 do’s and don’ts

Always:
• reject a container that is found to be overweight or is likely
to give rise to the permissible stack limits being exceeded
• reject a buckled, twisted or damaged container
• check that containers have a valid CSC plate
• arrange stowage so that containers do not need to be unloaded
at a port other than the designated discharge port
• regularly check lashing components for condition and discard
components that appear worn or are damaged
• regularly check container corner castings for wear at the
twistlock and lashing rod securing points. This is especially
important when fully automatic twistlocks are used
• inspect D rings, ring bolts, cell guides and sliding socket
foundations for wear or damage before containers are loaded,
and arrange for the necessary repairs
• regularly check lashings during the voyage, when safe to do so
• inspect and tighten lashings before the onset of bad weather.
Pay particular attention to forward and aft areas, and where
vibration could cause turnbuckles to loosen
• take care when handling container fittings, as they are heavy.
Avoid dropping them
• stow loose lashing components, twistlocks and lashing rods
safely in designated baskets or racks
• buy components that are supported by a test certificate.
The strength of equipment without a test certificate may be
unpredictable. Keep a copy of the test certificate on board
• have more securing equipment than necessary
• avoid extreme values of GM, whether high or low
• avoid stowing ‘high cube’ containers in outboard positions
• avoid geographical areas where conditions for parametric
rolling exist
• look for indications of water leakage into the container; look
for indications of leakage from the container
• use safety equipment
• fit removable fencing before accessing lashing positions
• close gratings and covers after passing through
• report faulty equipment, including damaged ladders, fencing,
lighting or safety rails
• report problematic work arrangements and discuss lashing
safety during safety committee meetings. Feedback can help
to make ships safer
• make sure container doors are closed

06 STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

 Never:
• mix left-hand and right-hand twistlocks
• apply fully automatic twistlocks without first checking the
manufacturer’s instructions for use and the requirements in
the ship’s Cargo Securing Manual
• use corroded or buckled lashing rods
• use twistlocks that are not certified
• use improvised equipment to secure containers
• load containers of a non-standard length or width except when
the ship is designed and equipped for the carriage of these
non-standard containers
• overtighten lashing rods. This can occur when lashing rods
are tightened during ship rolling, because one side of crossed
lashings will be less tight on the heeled side. Tightening on
a roll can cause over tightening. Lashing rods can also be
overtightened when a very long metal bar is used to tighten
the turnbuckle
• use twistlocks for lifting containers except where the twistlocks
are specifically approved for this purpose
• open containers after they have been loaded. Closed doors are
a component of the container’s strength
• connect reefer containers to damaged or broken electrical sockets
• load containers in a con-bulker that requires fitting a buttress,
unless the buttress is already fitted
• lash to the top of a container; always lash to the bottom of the
next tier wherever possible
• use a fully automatic twistlock to secure containers when
the container’s bottom is exposed and it could be lifted by
green seas
• apply lashings to the overhanging end of a 45-foot container
when the container is stowed over a 40-foot container. 45-foot
containers are usually stowed aft of the ship’s accommodation
and above the position where lashing rods are applied. They are
therefore held in position with twistlocks
• stand or walk below containers that are being lifted. Twistlocks
or other debris can sometimes fall
• work dangerously with containers. Never stand or climb onto
them, or under or between them
• drop or throw fittings, especially twistlocks, from a great height
onto a steel deck or other hard surfaces
• use a mixture of fully automatic, semi-automatic and manual
twistlocks in the same stowage
• remove the hatch cover stoppers before hatch cover stowed
containers have been discharged
• stand adjacent to container stacks which are being loaded or
unloaded. The container may swing and hit you

STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION

07
 04 LASHING SYSTEMS –
Common false beliefs

P&l club investigations into container losses indicate that a loss often occurs because
an apparent weakness has not been identified. The following common false beliefs
or assumptions are worth noting:

Once containers have been loaded and secured, the stow remains in a tight block
and does not move – False
Twistlock and sliding socket clearances will allow containers to move before the twistlocks
engage. The clearance will permit movement of the stow. Wear inside the corner fitting can
cause additional movement.

Containers can be stowed in any order and/or combination/mix of weights – False

The most common mistake made when stowing and lashing containers is to load heavy
containers over light or to load so that the maximum permissible stack weights are
exceeded. Heavy on light can only be accepted when specifically permitted in the Cargo
Securing Manual.

Lashings applied from a lashing bridge behave in the same manner as those applied
at the base of a stow – False
A lashing bridge is a fixed structure while a hatch cover will move when a ship rolls and
pitches. The resulting effect could be that a lashing from a lashing bridge becomes slack or
takes excessive load.

Containers loaded on a pedestal and a hatch cover do not suffer additional loading
– False
A hatch cover is designed to move as the ship bends and flexes. A container stowed on a
pedestal, a fixed point, will attempt to resist hatch cover movement if also secured to a
hatch cover.

Lashing rods should be tightened as tight as possible – False

In theory, excessive tightening of lashing rods will result in the rods taking additional strain,
which can cause rod failure when under load.

Extra lashings will always make the stow safer – False

Application of extra lashings can, at times, make the stow very rigid, causing large forces to
pass to container-securing points and causing them to fracture.

It is not necessary to adjust the tension in lashings while at sea – False

Movement of containers will result in some lashing rods becoming slack. Air temperature
differences will cause the tension in the lashings to change. Lashings should be checked
and tightened within 24 hours after leaving port and regularly thereafter. This is especially
true before the onset of bad weather.

Container strength is equal throughout the container – False

Although strength standards are met, a container is more flexible at the door end and may
be more vulnerable in this area.

08 STANDARD CLUB A MASTER’S GUIDE TO: CONTAINER SECURING 2ND EDITION