Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Design and Production Department

Engineering
Solid
Mechanics
MDP
LOGO
3530 ❖ Dr. Sahour Sayed
 ❖Elastic Stress-Strain Relations

2
STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS
❑ ELASTIC STRESS STARIN RELATION

In previous lectures we noticed that the equilibrium and compatibility equations

are applicable to solids subjected to small deformation under loading. The
constitutive equations relating stresses and strains depend on the nature of the
material and its state under loading.

Linearly elastic material exhibits small strains under loading and returns
to its original dimensions when this load is removed i.e. the load and the
deformation are directly proportional.

In uniaxial tensile loading as shown in Figure (1), the stress in loading direction
is related to the strain in the same direction by the following relation:

 x = E x
where E is the modulus of elasticity of the material.

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STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS

Figure (1) Condition of uniaxial loading

The strains normal to the loading direction are reduced (as shown in Figure (2))
and they are proportional to the strain in the loading direction by a ratio () which
is called Poisson's ratio.

Figure (2) Lateral strains due to uniaxial loading

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STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS
For explanation if the uniaxial loading was in x-direction with value x the
strains will be as following:

x =  x / E
y= z = - x = - x / E
Considering isotropic and homogeneous material which posses the same
properties in all directions and at all points, the stress-strain relation becomes
independent of the coordinate system chosen to describe the problem. If this
material is subjected to a system of entirely normal stresses, it will possess
symmetric strains with respect to these stresses. This could be generalized to
any orthogonal directions. For stress y the strains will be y = y / E and x= z
= - y = - y / E also stress z produces a strain z = z / E and y= x = - z =
- z / E.
Applying the superposition concept, the strain in any direction is linearly
dependent upon the stress in its direction and those in the two orthogonal
directions. For example in Cartesian coordinate system,
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STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS

x =
1
E

 x − ( y +  z ) 
y =
1
E

 y − ( z +  x )  ………………………(1)

z =
1
E

 z − ( x +  y ) 
The elastic constants E and  apply to both tensile and compression loading
and the above equations are called Hooke's law.

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STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS
The shear strain components are also related to shear stress as shown in
Figure (3) and given by:

Figure (3) Shear stress- shear strain relation

 xy  yz  zx
 xy =  yz =  zx = ………………(2)
G G G
E
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus. G=
2(1 + )
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STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS
 max 1 −  3
 max =  1 −  3 = =
G 2G
1 −  3
1 −  3 =
2G
 1 =  1 − ( 2 +  3 )
1
E
 3 =  3 − ( 1 +  2 )
1
E

E
G=
2(1 + )

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STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS
❑ THERMOELASTIC RELATIONS

Change in temperature causes normal strains, however the thermal stresses

wouldn't be developed in the body if the changes in temperature are uniform
throughout the body and it is free to expand or contract. However in the
presence of either thermal gradients or external constraints, thermal stresses
are produced.

For linear elastic material, the strain resulting from the temperature can be
superimposed upon that developed from the applied load. If (DT) is the
temperature change from the initial temperature and  is the coefficient of
thermal expansion, then eqns. (1) and (2) becomes:

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STRESS – STRAIN REL ATIONS

x =
1
E
 
 x − ( y +  z ) +  (DT )

y =
1
E
 
 y − ( z +  x ) +  (DT ) ..……………..…….……(3)

z =
1
E
 
 z − ( x +  y ) +  (DT )

 xy  yz  zx
 xy =  yz =  zx = ………………………..(4)
G G G

The above equations show that, the temperature affects only the normal strains
while the shear strains are not affected.

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 Two Dimensional Problems in
Cartesian and Polar Coordinates

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I-1 INTRODUCTION

Solution of plane elastic problems (either plane stress or plane strain) are
obtained by means of stress functions in the form of algebraic polynomials to
determine the stresses and deformation of the loaded body under equilibrium
condition.

I-2 THE ELASTIC PLANE PROBLEM

This problem means that it is reducible to a two dimensional problem, i.e.

the stress or strain components at every point in the body are confined to one
plane and are functions only of the reference coordinates parallel to that
plane.

I-2-1 PLANE STRAIN (PSN) FORMULATION

In a long body under the action of applied loads; a state of plane strain exist
if at every point in the reference plane x-y the strains:

 z =  yz =  zx = 0
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and the remaining strains are functions of x,y only.

The strain tensor is thus:

  xy 
 x 0
 2 
  =  xy y 0
 2 
 0 0 0
 
 

 yz =  xz = 0 &  z =  ( x +  y ) − ET


=0
z
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 e.g. Compatibility equations

 2 x   y   xy
2 2

+ =
y 2
x 2
xy

the other five compatibility conditions are satisfied.

I-2-2 PLANE STRESS (PSS) FORMULATION

As in thin plates, the stress components are

 z =  yz =  xz = 0

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The values of x , y , xy are assumed independent of z and are equal
throughout the thickness of the plate.

The stress tensor for (PSS) condition is

 x  yx 0
  =  xy  y 0
 0 0 0

Since xz = yz = 0 , then xz = yz = 0 , =0
z
 x  yx
+ + Fx = 0
x y
Equilibrium equations:
 xy  y
+ + Fy = 0
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x y
  x = ( x − y ) + T
1
E

 y = ( y − x ) + T
1
E
 xy
 xy =
G
−
z = ( x +  y ) + T
E

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I.3 Plane Polar Coordinates

- Plane polar coordinates ( r , θ ) are convenient to deal with many problems.

These problems include elastically loaded solids with or without axial
symmetry.

- Axisymmetric Problems, for example, Thick-walled cylinder subjected to

internal and / or external pressure e.g. gun barrels and extrusion dies
(Figure 1-a). Rotating discs and drums, e.g. turbine blades and fly wheel.
(Figure 1-b)

- Non-axisymmetric Problems, for example, Curved beams e.g. crane hook.

(Figure 1-c)

17
 1) Po 2)

Pi

Po
3)
Pi

Figure (1-a) Thick-walled cylinder subjected to :

1-Internal pressure
2-External pressure
18
3-Internal and external pressure
 Figure (1-b) Rotating discs and drums

M M
P

19 Figure 1-c Curved beams (hooks)

Equilibrium Equations in Polar Coordinates under Plane stress condition

 r 1  r  r −  
+ + + Fr = 0
r r  r

 r 1   2 r
+ + + F = 0
r r  r

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Strain-Displacement Relations

u
r =
r

u v
 = +
r r

u v v
 r = + −
r r r

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 Compatibility Equations

 2  1  2 r 2   1  r 1  2 r 1  r
+ 2 + − = + 2
r 2
r  2
r r r r r r r 

22
Elastic Stress - Strain Relations

z = 0

r =
1
( r −    ) +  (DT )
E

 =
1
(  −  r ) +  (DT )
E

−
z = ( r +   ) +  (DT )
E
 r
 r =
G
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