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LIU Fall (23-24) Template Report

This report analyzes two experiments: [1] applying the superposition theorem to determine voltages in a circuit with two voltage sources, and [2] verifying the Thevenin theorem and determining maximum power transfer. The experiments were simulated and conducted using resistors, voltage sources, a breadboard, wires and a multimeter. The superposition theorem was verified when the algebraic sum of the voltages with each source alone equaled the total voltage. The Thevenin and Norton theorems were also verified, with the Thevenin resistance determining the load resistance for maximum power transfer.

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142 views15 pages

LIU Fall (23-24) Template Report

This report analyzes two experiments: [1] applying the superposition theorem to determine voltages in a circuit with two voltage sources, and [2] verifying the Thevenin theorem and determining maximum power transfer. The experiments were simulated and conducted using resistors, voltage sources, a breadboard, wires and a multimeter. The superposition theorem was verified when the algebraic sum of the voltages with each source alone equaled the total voltage. The Thevenin and Norton theorems were also verified, with the Thevenin resistance determining the load resistance for maximum power transfer.

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32230951
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lebanese International University

School of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.


EENG301L— Electric circuits lab.
Section ID: D

Report ID: 2

Report Title: Analysis to determine voltage in a circuit.

Submitted by: Adam Youssef Tarraf

Lab Instructor: DR.Mohammad Zehri.

Date: 28/11/2023.
School of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
EENG301L – 301 Lab

Report No. 2
Fall (23-24)
Day Month date 2023, Time

Student Name
ID

Grade Weight
Objectives 10
Title 5
Cover 5
Equipment 10
and Roles
Simulation 30
Part
Hardware 30
Part
Conclusion 10
Total 100

Instructions
Report submission is individually
Each Part includes: title (2 pts), description (10 pts), and
procedures (10pts), results (8 pts).

Conclusion should contains five points, four related to


each experiments+ Application point (4 pts/ each)
Please Don’t delete or edit the Mark Scheme
I. Objectives of the Experiment (10points)

First experiment: Superposition theorem


 Apply the superposition theorem to linear circuits with more
than one voltage source.
 To study a circuit with two voltage sources.
 Solve the currents.
 Solve the voltages.
 Verify your computation by measurement.

Second experiment: Thevenin theorem and maximum power

 Verify Thevenin theorem and Norton’s theorem.


 Calculating the Thevenin voltage (Vth).
 Calculating the Thevenin resistance (Rth).
 Calculating the Norton current (In).
 Calculating Norton resistance (Rn).
2
 Testing the rule (P=V L/R).
 Testing the rule (P=V2L/4Rth).

II. Equipment used with role of each (10 Points)

 Breadboard: Provides temporary connections between


individual electronic components to design and assemble.
 Wires: Wires are pieces of metal that transport electricity
between 2 devices.
 Multimeter: Used to major multiple parameters of a circuit like
voltage, current, and resistors.
 Dc supply: A device that creates and supplies a stable direct
current (DC) from the AC power supply.
 For exp1:
1. We used 3 resistors (10k, 3k and 3k).
2. We used 2 voltage (10V and 7V).
 For exp2:
1. We used 3 resistors (3.26k, 0.989k and 3.55k).
2. We used one voltage supply (10V).
3. We used load resistor (4.33k, 2.86k, and 8.16k).

III. Simulation Part: Title (30 pts for the whole experiment)

A. Description

Superposition theorem: The superposition theorem is a


means by which we can solve circuits that have more than
one independent voltage source, the response of an element
will be equal to the algebraic sum of the responses of that
element by considering one source at a time.

Thevenin theorem and maximum power: Thevenin’s theorem


states that any linear circuit, no matter how complex, can be
simplified to an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source
with a series resistance connected to a load. The Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem states that the maximum amount of power will
be dissipated by a load resistance if it is equal to the Thevenin or
Norton resistance of the network supplying power.
B. Procedure

Exp1:

First step

Fig1

Second step:

Fig2
Third step:

Fig3

Exp2:

Fig1
C. Results

Exp1:

Fig1
Fig2

Fig3

Exp2:
Max power transform:

Fig1

Rl=Rth=4.6
Fig2

RL<Rth

Fig3

RL>Rth
IV. Hardware Part: Title (30 pts for the whole experiment)

A. Description

Superposition theorem: The superposition theorem is a


means by which we can solve circuits that have more than
one independent voltage source, the response of an element
will be equal to the algebraic sum of the responses of that
element by considering one source at a time.

Thevenin theorem and maximum power: Thevenin’s theorem


states that any linear circuit, no matter how complex, can be
simplified to an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source
with a series resistance connected to a load. The Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem states that the maximum amount of power will
be dissipated by a load resistance if it is equal to the Thevenin or
Norton resistance of the network supplying power.

B. Procedure

First experiment:

 Connect the 3 resistors that have different values to a 10 v


source and 5v.
 Measure V1,V2,V3
 Remove a voltage source (5v), and replaced it by a wire
(turned off) and v1 is on.
 Measure V’1,V’2,V’3
 Remove a voltage source (10v), and replaced it by a wire
(turned off) and v2 is on.
 Measure V’’,1V’’2,V’’3
 Calculate Vs=V’+V’’

Second experiment:
• To measure Vth:
1. Disconnect the load resistor and apply an open circuit.
2. Measure the open circuit voltage that should be equal to
Thevenin voltage.
• To measure Rth:
1. Remove 10v power supply and apply a short circuit.
2. Measure the resistance where the across the terminals where the
load was connected.
• To measure in:
1. Disconnect the 10v power supply and apply a short circuit.
2. Measure the Norton’s current across the terminal where the load
was connected.
• To measure Pmax:
1. Use different values of load resistance (RL<Rth, RL=Rth, and
RL>Rth)
2. Measure the voltage across each load.
3. Use the rule (P=V2/R) and compare the value for the three
scenarios.
4. The maximum power is delivered in the case where load
resistance is equal to Thevenin resistance.

C. Results

Exp1:
R1 R2 R3
Vm(V) 2.55 7.25 0.137

V’(V) 6.74 3.30 3.30

V’’(V) -4.01 3.91 -3.1

Vm=Vs=V’+V’’ 2.73 7.21 0.2

Exp2:
Table1:

Vth (V) 2.92

In (mA) 0.531

Rth (kohm) 4.313

Vth=In*Rth 2.29

Pmax(W)=|Vth|2 \ 4.942*10-4
4Rth

R1=2.36ohm R2=4.33ohm R3=8.16ohm


V 0.80 1.13 1.74
P=V2 /R (mW) 0.29 0.27 0.26

VII. Conclusion (10 Points)


Exp1:

 In this experiment, we calculated Vm across the 3 resistors


while all the power supplies were active and observed the
voltage drop in an electric circuit.
 The calculation of V’ involved deactivating the 5v power
supply and measuring the voltage across the 3 resistors while
keeping the 10v power supply and analyzed how the absence
of one power supply affected the circuit.
 The calculation of V” involved deactivating the 10v power
supply and measuring the voltage across the 3 resistors while
keeping the 5v power supply and observed the effect of
deactivating the second power supply on the circuit.
 4. Since the algebraic sum of V’ (the sum of V’ while
deactivating 5v) and V” (the sum of V” while deactivating
10v) is equal to Vs (the sum of Vm). Thus, the rule of
superposition theorem (Vs=V’+V”) is verified.

Ex2:

 Thevenin's theorem says that if you take any two terminal


of a complex network you can replace the circuit across it
by a voltage source and a resistor in series.
 This simplifies the circuit drastically. On the other hand in
Norton's theorem the circuit is replaced by a current source
and a resistor in parallel
 The Thevenin resistance was measured by applying short
circuit and analyzed how a short circuit affected the
circuit.
 Norton’s current was determined successfully through the
short-circuit test. Since the multiplication of Rth and In
was equal to the value of Vth then the Thevenin and
Norton’s theorem is verified. Reaffirming that the
Thevenin circuit can be represented by a voltage source
(Vth) and a series resistor (Rth), and the Norton’s circuit
can be represented by a current source (In) and a parallel
resistor (Rn).
 The maximum power test was confirmed by
experimenting with different resistance load. Moreover,
maximum power was observed in the case where the load
was equal to the Thevenin resistance which demonstrates
the theorem.

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