JINKA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCINCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCINCE

Industrial internship report at Ethio-telecom SSWR (Jinka District)

Title: Operation and maintenance Management

Name of Students Id. No

1. Amanuel Desalegn Ugr/8628/13

2. Bereket Sishu Ugr/7846/13

3. Habtamu Fentew Ugr/7794/13

4. Seleshi Mekuant Ugr/7420/13

5. Teshome Fufa Ugr/8551/13

Jinka, Ethiopa

Nov, 2023
 DECLARATION
We here by solemnly declare that the internship report is prepared and completed by us under the
supervision and guidance of Instructor Tadese Dejene. This report have been prepared by visit
the places and collecting the data from the staff and merge with the group data.

Name of Advisor Signature

Instructor Tadese Dejene (Ms) __________

Head of Department
Instructor Eshetu Tesfaye (Ms ) __________

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and for most, we praise the Almighty God for his mercy, love and care which enable us to
complete our internship duration effectively. Next we would like to extend our greatest gratitude
to Jinka University for providing this opportunity, and all coordinators who take their time to
adjust the internship. Besides, we would like to say thanks to the hosting company Ethio-telecom
SSWR Jinka District, for its acceptance and to assist us during the internship period specially
Mr.Tadese Dejene our supervisor for giving us data, general idea and advice. Also we would like
to say thanks to workers specially Mr. Alemayheu and other staffs for their assistance and
endless help during our internship duration. In addition to this we would like to acknowledge our
beloved family for supporting us in every need.

ii
TABLECONTENTS
DECLARATION.....................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....................................................................................................ii
LIST OF ACRONYMS.........................................................................................................iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................v
CHAPTER 1...............................................................................................................................1

1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of Ethio-telecom...........................................................................................1

1.2 Mission, Vision and Values of SSWR Jinka district Ethio-telecom................................1
1.3 Company Objectives........................................................................................................2
1.4 Some common problems and tasks in power and maintenance in Jinka District are includes
:...............................................................................................................................................2
1.5 The objectives of power and maintenance works in the field of telecommunications
include:...................................................................................................................................3
1.6 METHODOLOGY FOR BUSSINES PROCESS............................................................4
1.6.1 Methodology of Data collections....................................................................................4
1.6.2 Methods of problem analysis........................................................................................4
1.7 There are a numbers of Departments in Jinka District Ethio Telecom that are includes:5
CHAPTER 2...............................................................................................................................6

2 SPECIFIC JOB INFORMATION...........................................................................................6

2.1 Section of Operation and maintenance of SSWR region in Jinka District Ethio-Telecom6
2.1 Power section...............................................................................................................7
2.2 Transmission Section........................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Wired Transmission Media.............................................................................................9
2.2.2 Wireless transmission media.........................................................................................11
2.3 Optical Transport Network (OTN).................................................................................12
2.4 Radio Access Network (RAN) Section..........................................................................13
2.4.1 GSM Overview..............................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3.............................................................................................................................17

3. MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYE INFORMATION......................................................17

iii
 3.1Challenges Faced During Internship...............................................................................17
3.2OVER ALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP....................................18
1 Improved practical skill..................................................................................................18
2 Upgraded theoretical knowledge....................................................................................18
3 Upgraded interpersonal communication skill...............................................................18
4 Improved team playing skill...........................................................................................18
CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................................19

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................................19

4.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................19
4.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................19
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................21

LIST OF ACRONYMS

CDMA : CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

ETC : Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation

GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
MBPS : Megabit Per Second
OTN : Optical Transport Network
RF : Radio Frequency
SSWR : South SouthWestern Region
WDM : Wavelength Division Multiplexing
SSWR : South SouthWestern Region
BB: Broad Band

AC : Alternative Current

ATS: Automatic Transfer Swich

GSM: Global Systems Of Mobile System

iv
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This internship program is mainly concerned in computer science to create productive, skilled
and knowledgeable generation. The report is an outcome of the practice we conducted during our
internship period at Ethio-telecom SSWR (Jinka district).This brings to us a great opportunity to
realize our theoretical knowledge by practical works, which we gained for the last three years of
study in Jinka University, Computer Science Department.

This report is divided in to different parts starting from briefly describing the background of
Ethio-telecom, including its history, objective, vision, mission and any others. While the other
part describes the overall internship experience, we had gained during the practical periods, the
section of the company we have been working in, the procedure we used while preforming our
task. Finally, this report includes the benefits we gained from the internship program in terms of
improving our practical skills, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills,
leadership skills, upgrading our theoretical knowledge and work ethics

v
 CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION
Ethio-Telecom is an integrated telecommunications services provider in Ethiopia, providing
internet and telephone services. The Ethiopian telecommunication started with a low rank
beginning more than a hundred years ago by establishing a telephone link between the capital
city and some major imperial cities. Today, telecommunication has extended to the interior of the
country and uses technologies such as microwave, satellite and fiber optics. SSWR in Jinka
district Ethio-telecom is situated in the south of Ethiopia which is found at Jinka town 750 km
from Addis Ababa. In SSWR from Jinka district includes transportation, fixed access network,
operation and maintenance, Business partner, finance and physical security.

1.1 Background of Ethio-telecom

Telecommunication service was introduced in Ethiopia by Emperor Menelik 2nd in 1894 , after
17 years it is introduced to the world. Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest
public telecommunications operator in Africa. In those years, the technological scheme
contributed to the integration of the Ethiopian society when the extensive open wire line system
was laid out linking the capital with all the important administrative cities of the country.

1.2 Mission, Vision and Values of SSWR Jinka district Ethio-

telecom

Vision
 To be a world-class telecom service provider
 To be internationally recognized, moving quickly strong and vibrant world class
telecom service provider
Mission
 Connect Ethiopia through state of the art telecom services.
1
  Provide high quality, innovative and affordable telecom products and services that
enhance the development of our nation and ensure high customer satisfaction.
 Build reputable brand known for its customers’ consideration.
Values
 Lead with vision: -Be committed to understand, meet and exceed the telecom needs and
expectations of the country at large and of customers in particular.
 Respect: Respect customers and recognize that the revenue generated allows Ethio
telecom to operate.
 Integrity: -Be ethical and honest in all assignments
 Accountability: -Be accountable to all stakeholders.

1.3 Company Objectives

In line with its ambitious mission, Ethio-Telecom has ambitious goals:
 being a customer centric company
 offering the best quality of services
 meeting world-class standards
 building a financially sound company
 Serve citizens with courtesy, non-discrimination and respect.
 Establish feedback mechanism from citizens to improve service quality

1.4 Some common problems and tasks in Opreation and

maintenance in Jinka District are includes :
1. Equipment failure

2. Environmental factors.

3. Software updates and patches.

4. Security threats

5. Network congestion

2
1.5 The objectives of Operation and maintenance works in the
field of telecommunications include:
1. Ensuring uninterrupted power supply to telecommunications equipment and infrastructure.

2. Maximizing the reliability and availability of power systems to minimize downtime and
service disruptions.

3. Protecting telecommunications equipment from electrical damage, such as power surges and
lightning strikes.

4. Extending the lifespan of power equipment and minimizing the need for costly repairs or
replacements.

5. Ensuring compliance with safety and regulatory standards for power systems.

6. Optimizing energy efficiency and reducing operational costs related to power consumption.

7. Supporting the growth and expansion of telecommunications networks by providing scalable

and reliable power infrastructure.

8. Implementing proactive maintenance practices to identify and address potential issues before
they lead to failures or outages.

9. Developing and maintaining contingency plans for power-related emergencies to mitigate

risks and minimize impact on operations.

10. Supporting the overall performance and quality of telecommunications services by

maintaining a robust and reliable power infrastructure.

3
1.6 METHODOLOGY FOR BUSSINES PROCESS ANALAYSIS OR
CASE STUDY
1.6.1 Methodology of Data collections

1. Interviews the supervisors and the members of the staffs Ethio-telecommunication

2. Questionnaires and surveys by asking the maintenance and operations and also the
supervisors of the Jinka district Ethio telecomunication
3. Observations we can gathering data by observing and searching all information and
data
4. Documents and records we receive the documents and records the data
5. Oral histories the history methods of the data collection is used

1.6.2 Methods of problem analysis

1. Identify the Problem: The first step in problem analysis is to clearly define and identify the
specific issue or challenge related to the STP cable segments. This may involve gathering
information from users, technicians, or other stakeholders to understand the nature of the
problem.

2. Gather Data: Collect relevant data and information related to the problem, including test
results, performance metrics, and any observed issues with the STP cable segments. This may
also involve reviewing historical data or previous test results.

3. Root Cause Analysis: Use techniques such as root cause analysis to identify the underlying
reasons for the problem. This may involve examining potential factors such as environmental
conditions, cable quality, installation practices, or network configuration.

4. Data Analysis: Analyze the collected data to identify any patterns, trends, or anomalies that
may be contributing to the problem. This may involve using statistical analysis or visualization
tools to gain insights into the performance of the STP cable segments.

5. Hypothesis Testing: Develop and test hypotheses to determine potential causes of the problem.
This may involve conducting additional experiments or simulations to validate potential
explanations for the observed issues.

4
6. Solution Identification: Based on the analysis of the problem, identify potential solutions or
mitigations to address the issues with the STP cable segments. This may involve considering
factors such as cable replacement, network reconfiguration, or environmental controls.

7. Decision Making: Evaluate the potential solutions and make informed decisions based on the
analysis of the problem. This may involve weighing the costs, benefits, and feasibility of
different options for addressing the issues with the STP cable segments.

8. Implementation and Monitoring: Once a solution has been selected, implement the necessary
changes and monitor the performance of the STP cable segments to ensure that the problem has
been effectively addressed. This may involve ongoing monitoring and adjustments to optimize
performance

1.7 There are a numbers of Departments in Jinka District Ethio

Telecom that are includes:
1. Customer Service

2. Marketing and Sales

3. Operation and maintenance

4. Human Resources

5. Finance and Accounting

6. Information Technology

5
 CHAPTER 2

2 SPECIFIC JOB INFORMATION

2.1 Section of Operation and maintenance of SSWR region in Jinka District Ethio-Telecom
This department covers all operation and maintenance in case of SSWR Jinka District. Operation
and maintenance department have its own manager. Under the SSWR region In Jinka District
Ethio-telecom we have been working in the Operation & Maintenance department and the
department consists of four sections. The work flow of the working sections is managed by the
manager of the department.

ETHIO-TELECOM SSWR JINKA DISTRICT

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

FAN
Power RAN Transmission
Section Section Section Section

Figure 2.: The General sections in SSWR Region in Jinka District Ethio-telecom Company

At SSWR region in Jinka district we assigned to work in operation and maintenance

management. Now we are going to discuss about sections we assigned for our two weeks
internship duration.

2.1 Power section

In SSWR Jinka District power section is the major important section in this region The Ethio
telecom can use the AC power, Stand by generator, Disl generator and back up battery is the
most applicable section they use ATS machine to change powers when they get the AC and
Generator the first selects the AC power if AC is get problem it change the power automatically
6
to Diesel generator and the generator is not work it uses the stored battery for 7days is available
after this stage it goose through into the convertor

Figure AC power figure stand by generator

Figure ATS Machine FIGUER AC TO DC CONVERTER MACHINE

Fig betray
FIXED ACCESS NETWORK SECTION

7
Fixed access networks (FAN) are an essential part of telecommunication infrastructure,
providing the physical connection between end-users and the core network. These networks
include various types of technologies such as fiber optic, copper, and coaxial cables, as well as
wireless connections for last-mile connectivity

Figuer:Fixed Access Network

2.2 Transmission Section

Transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an analogue or digital signal
over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium either wired or
wireless.
.

There are many transmission systems used in the SSWR Region IN Jinka District Ethio-telecom
for communication system. SSWR Jinka District Ethio-telecom is mainly using Wired
Transmission Media and Wireless Transmission Media.

Communication Media

Figure 2.2 : Type of communication media.

Wired Wireless

Twisted pair cable Microwave

Coaxial cable Satellite

8
Optical fiber Radio waves
Now today telecommunication uses mostly two types of transmission medium. These are micro
wave and optical fibers.

2.2.1 Wired Transmission Media

Wired transmission media are a physical Medias that transmit data (voice, text, image, video
etc.) from one station to another that include twisted-pair, Coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A
signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the
medium.
Twisted Pair
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted
together for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility.
Two types twisted pair cables:

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable: The unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling is used for a
variety of an electronic communications. The unshielded twisted pair cables can have maximum
segmented length of 100 meters.

Figure 2.3:UTP

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable: The shielded twisted pair (STP) cables comes with
shielding of the individual pairs of wires, which further protects it from external interference.
Shielded twisted pair cables can have maximum segment length of 100 meters.

9
 figure 2.4:STP

Coaxial Cable
Cable consists of two conductors. The inner conductor is held inside an insulator with the other
conductor woven around it providing a shield. An insulating protective coating called a jacket
covers the outer conductor. The outer shield protects the inner conductor from outside electrical
signals. Coaxial cable is a type of transmission line, used to carry high frequency electrical
signals with low losses.

Figure 2. 1: Coaxial cable

Optical Fibber communication
Fibber optics, or optical fibber, refers to the medium and the technology associated with the
transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fibber. Optical
Fibber consists of thin glass fibbers that can carry information at frequencies in the visible light
spectrum and beyond.

Figure 2. 2: Optical fiber cable

10
2.2.2 Wireless transmission media
Wireless transmission is becoming more and more popular this days. Ethio-telecom uses
microwave and satellite communication.
Microwave Communication
Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via Radio frequency using a series of
microwave towers. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little by
the troposphere. Some attenuation occurs when microwave energy passes through trees and
frame houses.

Figure 2. 7: Microwave Transmission System

Satellite Communication
Satellite is a microwave repeater in the space that is used for telecommunication, radio and TV
signals. There are about 750 satellites in the space; most of them are used for communication

Figure 2.8: Satellite communication

11
How satellite works?
Two stations on earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far a way to use
conventional means. Two stations can use a relay station for their communication.
One earth station transmits the signal to the satellite at an uplink frequency and the second earth
station communicates with the first in the same way at a downlink frequency.

2.3 Optical Transport Network (OTN)

OTN is the underlying transport technology for multi-service packet-optical networks. OTN
creates a framework for consistent wavelength multiplexing, providing a robust and manageable
transport infrastructure that scales well us beyond 100 Gbps. Structurally, OTN utilizes a digital
wrapper, a multiplexing hierarchy, and comprehensive layered instrumentation, to deliver
mapping, mixing and switching that can simplify the process of end-to-end circuit provisioning
and improve transport capacity management. It is the latest Transmission technology & is 100G.
Advantages of OTN include:
Reduction in transport costs
Efficient use of optical spectrum
Virtualized network operations
Flexibility Secure by design
Robust yet simple operations
Disadvantage of OTN
 High cost
 Difficult to install
 Requires new hardware and management system

12
 Figure OTN

2.4 Radio Access Network (RAN) Section

A radio access network is part of a mobile Telecommunication system. It implements a radio
access technology. Conceptually, it resides between a devices such as a Mobile phone, a
computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its core network.
This department focuses on the mobile communication, CDMA applications, responsible on
installing new mobile network (installing new Base transceiver station), network configuration,
controlling mobile communication performance, alarm management (fault management) that
occurred on the base transceiver station, maintenance of base transceiver station and send weekly
report to Addis Ababa about the alarm management on the system.

Figure RAN Section

2.4.1 GSM Overview

GSM stands for global system for mobile communication. It is a standard used for digital cellular
networks that allows mobile devices to communicate each other and with the internet GSM is the most
widely used mobile communication standard in the word

The GSM system was designed as a second generation (2G) cellular phone technology which
was built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission but better in capacity and

13
performance than the previous first-generation analogue systems. In GSM roaming service was
possible but not in 1G. Ethio-telecom’s 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz & 1800 MHz
frequency bands and it supports circuit switched voice and data.

1. Radio Station Subsystem

Radio station subsystem is portion of GSM architecture which covers all the radio aspects. RSS
is composed of two subsystems:
i. Mobile station (MS)
ii. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
i. Mobile station (MS)
Mobile stations are the section of a GSM cellular network that the user sees and operates. The
two main elements are the main hardware, user equipment, and the SIM. The user equipment
contains the main elements of the mobile phone including the display case, battery, the
electronics components used to generate the signal and process the data to be received and
transmitted.
ii. Base station subsystem
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is the Radio Access Network (RAN) section of GSM
architecture that is fundamentally associated with communicating with the mobiles on the
network. It consists of two elements which are:
Base transceiver station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Base Transceiver Station: BTS is a mobile network access device which comprises the radio
transmitter/receiver and their associated antennas that transmit and receive signals to directly
communicate with mobiles. BTS has indoor and outdoor components with their specific
functions.

The indoor part consists of Base Band Unit (BBU), Radio Transmission Network (RTN), ATN
and Digital Current Distribution Unit (DCDU) and Rectifier.

14
Figure 3.14: BTS tower and indoor physical appearance
The outdoor portion consists of the following components:
Power amplifier (PA): amplifies the signal from drive receiver for transmission through
antenna; may be integrated with drive receiver.
Combiner: Combines feeds from several TRXs so that they could be sent out through a single
antenna. It allows for a reduction in the number of antennas used.
Duplexer: is used for separating, sending and receiving signals to/from antenna. It does send and
receive signals through the same antenna ports (cables to antenna).
Alarm extension system: Collects working status alarms of various units in the BTS and
extends them to operations and maintenance (O&M) monitoring stations.
Base Station Controller (BSC)
BSC resides between group of BTSs and MSC. It controls all the BTSs around it and the
switching mechanisms between MS and MSC, manages radio and terrestrial channels, encrypts
and decrypts the data, traffic measurement, authentication, location register and update and
manages handover.

Mobile switching centre (MSC)The MSC controls call signalling and processing, and
Coordinates the handover of the mobile connection from one base station to another as the
mobile roams around.

15
 CHAPTER 3

3. MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYE INFORMATION

IN SSWR Jinka district we have been assigned to work in operation and maintenance department
for all internship session. This section covers all operation and maintenance case of SSWR In
Jinka district. So that it consist of different working section. At the day we began intern to this
company we introduced with operation and maintenance manager and they assigned a supervisor
for us. On the next day, after we have introduced with our supervisor and he has shown us
different working sections of this company.
We introduced to the supervisor and with other operation and maintenance worker during first
day . After that, we assigned to see different SSWR Jinka district Ethio-telecom equipment and
how they are configured these includes RAN system, transmission system, power system and
fixied access network To have detail knowledge about this equipment the manual of some
equipment was given to us by PDF and hard copy/module/.

16
3.1Challenges Faced During Internship
There were challenges that we have faced during the internship time. We did not get what we
expected while we work in case of we hadn’t got much time.
The challenges we encountered were:
 Having a smaller number of contacts with the supervisors due to their busynesss, as they
had to move from place to place more frequently.
 The budget allocated for this two week internship program is not given.
 We hadn’t got a chance to train there more than 3 days per two week so, we were unable
to understand most of the companies equipmenties and devices like MSAG,
 In addition, telecommunication language is full of abbreviations. There was some
challenge in adapting those abbreviations. Because of this reason most of subscribers
were challenged.

3.2OVER ALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP

During the time that we stayed for the two weeks in the hosting company we gained many
benefits in terms in terms of relating the theoretical knowledge with practical knowledge,
improving and upgrading theoretical skills, interpersonal communication and team playing skills,
entrepreneurship skills, and work ethics related issues etc.

1 Improved practical skill

In most cases Universities have not enough Laboratory and workshops even if it has enough
budgets to improve the theory of the learning process with the practical skills. In our university
there is no enough communication equipment because of this it is difficult to generate skill full
students. Now this internship is important for us to increase our awareness in practical skill,

2 Upgraded theoretical knowledge

Theoretical knowledge is gained from visualizing something from what we understand and is
weak to master or save. Whereas theoretical knowledge is developed by practical it will be
unforgettable, easily and quickly understandable and the main tool for problem solving. It is very
essential that one should know the theoretical aspects prior to going for practice.

17
3 Upgraded interpersonal communication skill
The communication system within the industry management and technical employers, sales
department and distributers has taken a large role in the achievement of less down time of
mechanism with effective and efficient production. A basic understanding of communication
system is beneficial to professionals, as they all play apart in the success of the company.

4 Improved team playing skill

Teams need strong team players to perform well. Teams need people who speak up and express
their thoughts and ideas clearly, directly, honestly, and with respect for others and for the work
of the team. That's what it means to communicate constructively.

CHAPTER 4

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Conclusion
During our whole stay in Jinka district Ethio-telecom for Internship program it helped us to have
experience on the work that’s related to my field, to know the society and environment how it
looks like on the work place. This internship had been enlightening. And also we gained skill and
some theories that we did not gained in the classroom. In these times we had been able to
differentiate theoretical aspects, methodologies and how to interpret a telecommunication. So,
this all things that we were working with the professional worker’s in the office are what we got
from this program. The benefit we got here was it answer our question “how it looks like
working with the professional workers?” So, we gained knowledge, skills and experience from
different sections of the company workers. Besides of technical, practical and theoretical
knowledge, we gained experiences in real life work. During our stay in Ethio-telecom, we
developed our confidence in communication. Especially how the information is exchanged
between two distance destinations by using modern equipment technology. And also, we can

18
differentiate the difference between many types vendor’s equipment exists in Southern Ethiopia
region in Jinka district Ethio-telecom. Generally, the internship program develops our confidence
that we have in our stream and introduced us to the world of telecommunication.

4.2 Recommendation
Now we would like to recommend the internship to be improved for future student from what we
faced during the intern both University and company.

 It is better to give a chance to the students to practice working with the devices and the
company must have to visit the work of the interns with some scheduled period of time.
 There should be enough material such as computer and manual of transmission network.
 The company should aim to serve its clients to the highest level of satisfaction, providing
the most appropriate and desired solutions with the best international standards of quality,
safety and environmental care to maximize the benefits of their stake holders, clients and
the community without overlooking ethical values on the professional and personal
development.
 The department must enforce the academic supervisor as well as advisor to attend and
guide the students during internship and they have to give expected guidance for students,
the main things to do on it especially in Jinka University to practice if it is accustomed.
 The time schedule of the program is better to be as of the other internship hosting
Companies.

19
REFERENCES
1. Transmission basic training for operation and maintenance, NAP Transmission Teams,
July 27, 2015
2. Fundamentals of transmission system basic technical manual transmission training
section, 2010

20