UNe=1~ Mme mica Losi fotomertt. and rotations: “The ebfect language 1 get Qh Ceelmative sentences that cannot Ie info. citnple sentence! “these ates KOwp, Ihdse cleclavative tentertal Aowvr slaternente® Oly Phe adnttted inte, dkject Ungunge ‘that have One and ony one geoot Niglue + the a ‘peesibte truth the “True 01 False and!) tHay) asce:cencted, by snd & and lio they eidemoted bey 1% Or “AN declarative * sertendos the “hoo repcxitiont ov Statements + ned one and only che ob can) be aXch chlled Slatemert and yt ealblet aXe possi a tion’ woarhigton BE '§ jc tthe capital of faut tthe capital of USA+ = Bom bay Spdia~ 54 =F a4 38> 8 ft jue tea habe: the, uth value fate: the propositions and Jat ae the dtreth vale entider the Follow itt 2 ey have wohat time | careful » 3) Read this 3) close the, 00% y) ero at : b) whey 6) Ohet a Since Sentente nee! Sentente ince sentence 4 ae commands Sentence - 4 5 BEI sthey axe neither beautiful reeVOiiable in the volires NOTES Declarative eters A Ps ¢ Propositional togic: the Bits propestonty 18, ate prepoiitional logic Connettives considered tolled pornarny spenlew state mene pian tonne pak initially ir r men th the compeund Determine formula the “Inet ular oF ) Table + A staternent conditions of yoposition* A ‘table ay the Tatth Table “The negation alled Negation: formed by introduct phate io Dp the cenrtence | fh sentences areq and ‘Tadh, Tables: ovject tanguoge daternentt ugh nesultir oh @ ctaternent Ihe word INGOT ato. proper the statement @) by word it is awe mot beer 499 M9 axe denoied' by 4 4 that deaty calculus op (nr of logic propestioka! axe | ane or atomic state obtained. fmm, athe use, pb statements 16 Cal Hat erent! be cikternent Fath valiie eb eile the com fhe tos each ya ies “truth values Hf such foeriilas oy qerer peand net “the ‘cater @ staterrent * p denotes th statement, then negation ob hep is dencted (01)! wsititten 04 1p O1) Np and. aead as nol P- “Tact! i 1 aj | 9, the cm h velue op Pte the ie TT theny athe Regdton of pile false: the tnith table -foy negationlon wh Ie slatemert College ‘yesterday > “the eb P May be uoseetlen ip one of) “the ays rot go to my college! Me sterclay absent from cellege Mettetdary not the Gide that | went to my whlege Vetter Corjanction | Conjunction of “Heo siaternerts,P and g i cenoted, by, the stotement pag’ ard stead ou Pad vthe statement [P@ @ igctne, only then) nce, & 36 “true |! oemaining, alt caves Tt A false intih Taide, Hor Cok uber PAS ' i st the digunetion ‘ef two proposrti ons ‘pug’? slead ax p 0g ° The ic false only when p is falte all cases i is true | Digunetion : pa Is denoted by pxoposition PY9 i £4 alse’ @ Stemaini Tut “lable! for algunctionConditional slat Koo pacpost P> 4 vead ement: 1p ard g” ate any ther) the compound! tkertenng, pet gk cated _ Slatement (01) irmplication tettemerst Concitiona| ment p> ie false only P ic'tue § ¢ Ie false: the gemaining all Cater it is 4 meth 7 Fy arses tne lable -fox Copetifionad Bleonditinal Ip Pe 4 any statemnertt oe Any -boo ctaternents then the statement pooq whieh is stead as p H and H@ Ne “the biconditional statenrent. The staterrent parg is tue thon pk 4 have identical -tndb. values 4 sieraining all cores I ic false. 1 Ffacth “able for Biconditional pet ; | o \ 0°79 wl Orie g U a o 1 ! 1 Brcludve dicfuneton + 3h, pard G ae any th) | propositions then eroc lass}ve ltfunction th REIS Is denoled by PY4 & stead a! p wecluive ; digunction ef q (erther p org ut Ret both)lathe disunehon gy tical -teth wa for tcl chug sj unction PART Pp, 5 ob fii UsMy Oe U¢eat eae bined “Truth "Tabi PAG pyq p> ome ' t t © BUIh “able oy the folowing conpeund Pe aAlCga ra) (pray) v ornfeund preposttior ae p Go aiiy sel Pe) poe eae ito fo |. (iamfonvtnch: the tneth abe -for } Bi lrtp>aya— Wh [pviqgar)) It pyg)atpya)] Given compound proposhtion fe Pate >a p 7 The compourd prpocition contains two simple Propositions ue hawe = 4 possible “he ctneth Table 16 iY qatery) Bape) io py |, 0 1 Pe 3 ! | 0 mi («d~C«e 0 J incth values:lormed formulas up puatey asec + Nodiecd, Validbble flandirg alone te a well formal well ford fortnula “then 7 “fonwed formulae : a ake well-formed. formula a well 1 -then pyq pig Bors Pas aig formed forrulla.er pe ching eb symbols containing she” ctstermert Aiaic\ % a fob can be obtoined BD wjqiies,. commectives, and para , 4 dornule Ho and! pnty Hf tt appiastiors ef sues 1,.2,and & ate which of the ollcuing axe perfovrned aaa yp > 4 the Examples 18 2 acy ore not well formed Prrnulacr arc well - formed -forrmulact evornples “Totnlogis ' es ae “A formula. sohote dtnrth Values ake alurays i 5 “the truth values Oo os anys tolegrbecic i i a such formu! Do aided eee Perri od Tauctolo jet tid forroule oy" lautolay - fe calle Bp Cniversallny ve ey A compound proposition Bite vst of tne inet all ig oceuy in Hey Ie Called a autologyPF ctercted by To intra diction & “A, compound prop false wat of the hth Propastitoris occus it Contingency &- ‘A compound popes je neither! tautology nov called @ Contir GF py P Ordivate which ‘of ‘the fellowing , forrnula er contiadiction “Foutologies oF Bt, P? (P¥9o HfCp 2) > TI ih, ie pags “ruth Table for propositions pred \ 4 Pit 1 a ppstpyg) ie a Talsology, fthe cornpaund popositian BE is a “Touttblegy « tp “op 7p)gcihe cormpaind propasition is lvoaays “True a ic) a) Tauctolegy t 74 4p) O44P ng the garopourd proposttizn ic “alwwaipe 'Ltte G4 Ista dwntvac lictlon Prove that fox ana} 3 propositions (pq) the | compound proposition [p74 -5 9) [p74 pov) 4p a. Taurtol “Ihe ren compound propesition containy three singple propositions « ctherefore, tt oni By possible p vated Ws ie Poe ra is rs rp 'truth -fable “the cornpaund sn all possibte spsactions + g gt te 1a Tautology| For any tu90 propositions pAaaue compound \ Lipral> GP 1s Tauctolbgy a) 1 From the propostion is THe proposition « eomtiadiction- ; the giver eormpoue proposition Ky, p74) 7 Gee comtains > Simple ( ropotition’ Therefore. re pith ole Bc contains four possible anuth voles» Eo -the ‘tncib Table is i Pe ls p> a77P apg PD ao Dy. ?. ' 0 ' ' a ( Be. ' e © a @ j2 WOninal© t I! \ Bo ee at sia ' I! oa . From thé Faeth ‘Table: we 66 iat Thee rel eornetirns THAT | ind proposition” 1 given connpo iH Bi Folte contingents , and sore times jvalert! “Wo propostions p and 4 ele ) ap be logically ogcuiva torrt W Porg ho Faurtology and ts diroted bY p74 pendrox “eee ind ropa i 00. repettons Pe the. an and pvg. ave l vical truth fable ts, “ if a 7? A Mg chy enn \ } 7 ‘ i if ° \ i from, She! taal grapes Bate thect and * tap) vq, have Yeentical, tet sta ctelogy x) (p-2qy<> GPYV) ie ol equivalent (pa) values © z they dee topicaltyy ep ews> OPVF 5 Rove thet! for any proyastions (- DGP<-9) 4s 4 pra) <7 Tepyq) 4 10009 “the -tncth, table 1 aq © 4p Pa hh Me yi ii pag) (pales) ! 0 q Brom the Tut Table tpa>q) and (pyar ar(pay we Tne shuth values &1) Gpoq) =< Sferaye ero) is tautology «Dt Ke toqieally gquivalent>T Prove that fr andy “hoo Prepations pS oP Tetacoteal tinpllétton YON stateimerst X' Rs band #4 ty ot YH ond only i a Psa imply 2. strterne pes an Uowtology aba vote Hand —>y te X oe ee “rauctolge] 4 Fix ony i postions Pg. t fer (p2ay10 2 PDD a The give? vena propo sition 4)" CpyDe >) HW foi 8 posible “truth sae 2: he truth yable | / 5s pry parry potr2a" me tae a a 3 : pero the sa UIT thet Cpa (PRWAD SC pYg) >) a poet a(pACpapary > (QB ADovmulies Pad wv ane Hhre. 1 eee tes eat a a dernpotert laws A APE. eS ‘3 oa i? ji a Si, paper ative 10006 + f aver Lepr > Eepaanad ap” pistnibertive, (ude: eat pvgacPy py CHAS thy PAG 90) 2 CPAG) ¥ (PAY) “5, Gdemtity ws)! ypyrere ty PATE? P \t, Corvbination tows: , pune sDernorgar’ lust af Tee gesy Pea at pag) <2 Cipy OD a, Absoption tows! i iy pyvCPA9) 2P B PACPNG) SPp+ voHhout construction C0p>9) 34) > (4) consider LHL : ser r(prgryy [P29 >pys) (e pogo (hy Oernorgen tus) smith table | psove “that [ep 74): (apa) \4 91Y4 ube payed Pes aia 2 ae ug) colcesaive MNT F <> (pva) 47 (Gaceatd4 ; se (pg) od ERS ass 1 gous) t >4 Dither connectives’ NAND! the usord NANO %& a conobitetion ob | NOT & AND where Het stands -for negection 4 Aion the cormedtive> MAD AnD stands ns oa is denoted by the & Jenkol De For any tuo) nq i proposttion Pt prg<>1(pag) Non: The wore Nop is O corr tdrnation th. hot & OR pohere NOT denotes Me ato & OR denctes algjunetion and WiNs qenotect, by Eros ve * pog <> (pry) for nant ancl ston Futh Tablenlebos dpa rt ot aie contains “T vand fF -then, we replace Hing ap 08 ¢2Ch] weky then the AU alled tual of & and ie ace) pyg AMYTAE jack qh wis? 1 pag vuahyl ite dual p> 2 ) det U> pg MOPYNG ud (ip) At 99. fet nap $ Qn (GP v9 u és (pype (ng vp? caret! > (Ipaq) CEAP) Se ae Tote hy The Yeriabies and theix nations in a fownula is called yaiieble *lecioiay products For ouanepe, Let! pond gy. OM ang “40 Proposetlonas then pepe), Page PAm, WAGs.Psp ing snpar sary = oe ebiictory pre ETE n: “the cum of! the vactinbled d 6 ts catlecd Llernaidany Suny and 9 Py PYS am re ane sem Bhai négection For anuj Soo prepodtion p PIG PYG PN PIP? DNF Me clementan S ms Digjct? Dicjunctve U forme: A yfarmulas + falort “to the iad Ghat is iqualincte: the Jorrnule ‘ard. “consictt curd ef element any produc i calted Dicjunctwe normal form “ob | : i tthe dual. -forrnala a. normal form: -A formule "which |S 0a ca Conjuretive eqdtatlent toa given roduc of cleroentary Sums and consis Oy 4; forrnula 6 called. tonjundibey Hi) . srorenal form of glvery forennsla . gir sale conjunctive normal fom, and eI dligunetive hom form pAacp-74) iam Yhe quer forrnula is p ACP 174) & Mow pA(p-4) > prapyg,) ‘a Conjunctive normal rr tc pd 4 ORYS) : pijundive normal ferrin, 3S, patp24) & pacipyq. i % <=> (p Op) V(PAGY vel + Poinciple digunetive normal Forno + Minterme * for oj given | n0; Of, vasabler, “the mintern conaets ef conjunctions In, whichvasiable ard O79 Ne negation ‘bert! not both and “only ; Bote hee prpestone then he 4) PA% > PATA, Iparg pige ake any ~three psupositionls Her ible minim: axe $A APAGAS. PAIG AY, PAg ar, parg anal pr7q A% > WPAG 41% 5 Iparg Aas for a ing of digunctiona of Minterms onls ts ied‘ paineple, Agunctive nosmal (pvqy APY? oe Y © 1 ! PONE! By consdesing ~The interns Cet | 40 ech treth, value 4 of the given Cerpounet proposition A<> (ap ag)tthe masters corre fi fi i rormexpond 2 #€ 1(0) ‘eh the Be v (Py792.4 (9p¥9).4. CIpY7g oonin ane ARG eg ake ARE ata cp A (g=7P) my giver> comporind paopbsttions proposttions OPES Y Cprgyy (pag) f ned { considering “the moartterms cosrespondi “wu values Falte iff cS ‘ ue 9 compound. psopesttion. A<> CPYS) obiain “the PDNE and Poni opa:p v fp: 1gyoy or the git query conan pocoposition contains 3 simmplet tions tnetfs stable “eorvtaing, 388 jf tiucth wolues tntth table 1s ap 4 AT or pol y a4) ' 0 Ve D> if k Pent! BY ons the ‘mdeermt we 4o each “Truth vale Pale ie 0) ohAe (pyqvn) PDN: by tonddring the minierm. cosrespondr Ao cach Frith val Thue (7 ot ) eb tthe | ver compound propesttion A if Ae>laparqgaove pagan Opt AVA (pagar? nl pay Ae (1prrg navy cpagan) vp ‘ (pay any 8 (pres v (pay nen eo nv) VOR 8 Ruiter of inperence v7 © Rute of conjective clinplif cation : Mc for any to propestions pond 4 if 1h pA | rue | Dea ae ic trues pag op! | to le of diglunctide airoplitication ! TE ns 450 prepatbons pand gs, if pag te For an. SEN pun hen PSP ‘ Rule Ah Syllogicr: : | for any Ihrer peqostone pga Hops ot Rule of Inference : : 1) Rule of (onjuctive simnplffcation PI fox ony two peopocttion p and 9 it pag Do isthe then \e te be pag = 7 ae id Paice A ae aa i Anmplttt , ule ef PIG yt By y fox, any two proposttion !p and 4). pois the (sthen pry & tre po pag: |Sy loqlem for any + anny three Prepositions pig ja, 23 ik te ther Cprgyacy pow PR ponens (Rule of belachrnent): aR 2 Propositions pig Hp iy thie 8 pry ig cine, then qi ik true Nae: praCprra = B] rrocus pottenc: toy any, > propositions p, 4 4 true and 4 1k false then’ p is s the and q - s tne ive Up-74) 4OqD => 7p Rule eb diqunetive Sytlegicms i fox any > proportions Ps iW pvq ic true ond p i falce then 'q, lis te ve NADAL) 4 distence eh mises”, ‘ i vides & Set, oh premrced ote propastione pn and o proposition ¢ aber a! connpourrel pepposition iso “ihe orn is called Li ph .arig Gilad argument where PI,/P> ae conclu on pf t= Bf the premises and 6c) tthe oygurnent ' On prnetice,. we’ wit) since the proviot argument in ~fabulas -fory), A Ps jtpe pn Gn) (ondislencsy ef, Pacrnices : The premices pl, PoP pr % Gn i xe said, 0 be Brronustent » H theiv con junction PIAP2APZADAA Ap is fate” in aren possible conditions op the olber hand “the Aol ces p li) Ate alledstt one : prsiPis prery corcétions Problems! 1) Show thet sR iF aurtologica ty implied by the premices pve i povR, Qs det 'Plipve, pr: PR ms P31 @->s Elf Now, considen i Apo ApS = S (playa cpoea, 9 > psa). MPa Ene A929) Cs Paes i <=> (1p>7 1(np)A pr?P). A (8-75) (ey teptpit ph ES gp ACPD ALD > 46RD ALO ES) By mule, oh Segtagsro, <> (RS) A (8- >8) By Contra positive ‘a E> RS (by mle oh legion)! \ Hs pus (pp tds eee 2 the given premise tonite gKA (PYG) itis valid fron the preroised ON PAINS tml t us indicate. the premices fottows PNG ot pa toncidey PL AP>ApSAp4ce™ (pvg) ACQ>mq Ae > 4A oF BN 2m AM (oF “entra: | he 5 tvs) aim (By fan of Syogiem) amar) (By! commutative lus) > 1m Acie) by contrapaiitive) me nm by modus pones tony uneilve slimpliication 2 tt ae. | f e> sw acpya) 4 the geo f >Alpv4) valid ay Show “that the given premices a dy (bare) ad j let us indicate the prendicas ‘os folow ps a> (bo) pot d-9 (bac) b>,y paraad > [a>(b fasts Now concider pr Ap? Ap A <> aA[asCo-S4] A [dad > (bA10)] ed Now E> (be) ACLATC) (Modus poriet) et <> (boc) Alby A (10) a S> bA(b>c) atc’ (by coronnutat ve) > CANE) Modus pomes) ; > 6, CEnveyse law) es ase inconsistent & The given prenis necting , then catch Wd} there was { the bus wor difficult: ee ay, D ther orsived 0 41 the lous (rot diffiautt i, Ther ‘gatsdved by ‘ting! ) “4 wi J re uns No Meet and givers statements consist Mme ~then catching | wi, Oh uned jwiTherefore’ the 4 Show ‘that “the a valid angurnerrt 5 P ket us indicate. the statennents 4 Hollows! 4 ct us Indicate P: Thére was & necting at oa catching sthe bus was a itfficurt pA St -thery .Otved Qn time a Sfieh “the sqmoote “orm vohi ihe Gere Ja | statements q 4 ‘ ay ba vPIA Pa APS eS (pq) arp 7gAr P ACPI VO AR Ley. contiapostive law) 1) AX Claus 6b) sy toler) > 19) (By wromutative) SPY 'CBy icontrapacitive) > that the following premises inconsistent sock.) ANKKSed manu! claLeeh!” heed, ch ness then be Fail Y'high choo) ness y jack fails high school, then he is d 4 jack react tot of book’ then he, net cated: ; jack pisses UM because op iMeneas } oead a tot ef’ ‘books: ut indicate *the’ statements a4 follows het “ lances becorse of ines ack mmicses many fack fails high shoo! tick is, uneducated v s vinck readt a Wot of r Hiond: dhe oh the given chimpund Poy ain 1 pas ‘ f, boaka then, chen, sy orm pra qos $2 Jet pt Pe po! Gage pai sate ci pasNow APs APSACE (PPG) A (fo A (E> DA ma Sema (pas) Us By 144? eb cy lagi a cpasd (xq constrapositive) law. Ob yogis) => (pov acs SS (pa ae = (p> 1s aps) > (poh pas cornmutative 108) ( 1 > pacpo 754s > 16 AS the’ given premises ‘este! Iicontistent He there, 2a ball ga one traveling war itfleutt gis 3 there rived on-time “the “troweltng «amt rot litflcutt oun ili, They asedued on time jy, Therefore there | w904 no, ball game Bien Show -thert these ctaternersts ‘arte valid avguments) y) det us indicate ‘tHe daternents os folloter arc Thére was | ho ball gome, | 4 Trawelti was difficutt by ate asdived tine § a: the 6 “then! “the 'Syrnbollc fore of the lien al Ss pismiseh pid, aang. 0 1p a act Pi p—7y f a pos V7 te poi ear Now pi Apa! Ppa '> (pq) A(aS94) At SPHN (FAW ATC: carta alsylogiciny By cofnmiuative law) BY conitvapbsitive tw) the giver js i Wen! premicer ednsistue a valict antifies consies they ftiaving Ramu is a bog Sonu ic a bo Here, “the it posse part vamu ond sonu are" 4KE subject of the and 1 a! they" which |sojere sty the subject have’ js caltect paedicate: ’ a a. predicate ay capital let d ratnes & the individuals and objects ix cxallty lenoléd aj towers Code OD liter. | B].. ere the ipredicarhe, jis a poy ic denoted by 8: and Harnes| Ramm by and Sonu © Ihe Gtatement the amu Is & denoieded pcs) and sonu js @, boy ie denatied by rae Hstaiement Functions ; Considew the: foltovs! ctaternent® jc & mortal ic smorvtat roo ttal Be the =psredicates ig KngUDP, a SMovtal” dnd sie tiie’ yneme,'. SON and)! ie, the , table the Hs, HO) the name india and = the given datement is denoted bythese are Qunatifiers,; there, are “hoo types eh Qunatifion Al, Universal Suantifiers Exitomtial Quarstifiers Ie Universal Gunatifior | Consider statement ah, AI) men aste Mortal "98 the folowing sieveny ape, It sedi, ; Hiican integer 4s eTNeH, poss Hogative in), those Veaternersts, cay be uptitten 8 An Bey ara, Poise 110M), cctbén |! ie enortal Hi ahead fo ids on APRs Ghent A’ is ted oy stool fiaeicis, (an, aotegert t=O IE ea tive’ vs postive ov Mee elatrner tt These ot Mor alt ® oxo can ibe posite ip syrrbolle |, Ech © 4 TAG) SRD] ay | oot Gx, Pzcays [PO WNG)] Mig ose Map Peed ce HEAD, Hs Mortal 7 ACA) $e is an apple, a(x) % is ved) Ww z(4) 1% (Ms, a Megey ped) tle aga Re posttive numibey Nica BASE @ Hegative mum to; B's symbolize “the fox all bay the $i & Via), % and feothdl callect Un vers. | Guantifier and for any, Hor ech , tor all, one also wed Sr , } "«tential Quantitiors tong (entider: the fotsng-ctatena vist 0. spans ve iroenltone scleven a ‘ome Sea! NuMbers ate siational atemenl car be abit at tan %| ich that ia ic “a. eran an such) “tht js, 0, man, and Ferg Tiere evich any ee such that 74; 1c steal uurnladd cational number Ihe above stettemmemt uaaite In sy tbolie Jor ab % Mon) 4 , faci), [ROD A BOO) whene pad Is Maymany 6 ; umber » 900 Iso ical clever! FUP isiie Sad) xaticnal Lumber. ) Fiistentiall Quantiey, dehotedt stay a cutrbol” 34 nde teen pee ies, 2 for atleast OP ealet ade algo! denoted by the Syrokl thes, 7 st: Tarth values o! Quaintfied staterner i ieee * erent bf the per tot S tle pea) is trie! dnby oe PCD, j “es The stalernent & the ie ps anict’ a LES, PLA) '¢ qalse then Jaice “4ov Gheny) 4 ee “Actording to. inform, het a A the form VIESs pea) 40, exhib one ic false The RuleHier 4) Sf! thay ped, As tue cee maughy Fo. | 1 thi that 1 clement ACS: suck otheatPa)ie 5 | suites of inference lation (Us)' 94 terest! PI) 1s Known to the wbhene Keb am aes ic thie “This! te enon 4 oa Specrficati a + Bute! Rulle of Uniubusat Generaliextion a ah an open statement PCO is proved yp, rue for ony avbitrany oy the unwere ¢- hen the quontitic a statement A xcs Pl) te Rule 3: Rule of unmencal peed “An oper sie: Je5iRule for Negation ob a Quantified statement ap. wonstrct:-the negation ef & quontitied | Noo Fetoment changer the Luantifier ten anivessal | Lp existential oe eaistentiat © fo universal ans toe. supiace “the open, statement" it's negation a[vxP! pros 327 pC3) aie) » pend ova, Pye Sambolise. the peat oneal and check soy thelr validity: aly ve’ thing & Honk ov ira ' ud) Yi david; Geldbtl is alive. ard Ht is, not a am 4th, Alb @rimals ‘pape ‘Ress 7 iy og a None bavid Sidtagt héaYhearte y> ig). og det 13. Ha ea TA dE the “ublverie’ He me1S a) plarrt “is 1m bak a heat e + tavidl NED tthe giver cyrnboti Pee oh gree Peemeek or ataternen ll | s, poo ) ie Yam vx Pg ¥ 90D te POD ts 5ic'5 ronal 14) a uct prot Ay Deal peas V HESS RODVG Caer pea) vg (a) (By Is uvivencal: prt ane us) NES 5g.) +> qo) 110) (oy 9) Now concider P+ OA Pa (ada ps GDS Tp v4 Cay] a fapcayy a £4 (2d-> taj] ep gepa) = fiplads q (od) Itplad) 4 fy@srta Y £9 plan Eapla)> 4 lah] Bylo)? By armada <> 4 (a)aly (a)-> x(a] [Modis pore) = ata) CBy Motiis Pond) P99) ed 14 grthe given precnisel tc valid: = Hy ~the validtty of “the follbuding: (Sug rent Mar ee aaa beng thing thing eo plant op. apinval: Toe! gold | fish 6! alive © anal it ts not a plant: {An animals awe heay “therofore Joes old fich has heart., “tha: ppllowing digdimrient FeAl integers axe oeational ae : ; < ane powers, ab {hed i) Phere bite "5 yattonal inurrioené ate! pousyg| son fore Fonat ‘nuptberé ate: pousyg|"_,, 2 ; \ i det Pd % 1 an iMtegony \ qco is @ sakional number po nia) 1 1s a power eg 9 4c hen the ewist given stacternen a Vove fc an! integer Ren ye is @ Sstational dl anisobowr Where-fones: tHe sugrntoic dorm is ron Ar ay pl) > 4D the setond Statement cary Be terior” ar te is an integer dnd for is 3%, PDA 0) 24 ta ape, AD AS 4 OD) : 4 JA POO A ACD) N ever tay ie 2 bet prea) 995 pea) =og 49 lad --ra la) Ley ead pr(Hi9% PDA RAYE pladante) Ley +65] Now consider pr) apata)e> £,pla) ale Lp arte > pla) Sl) A pO Kala) Dy es pla) ATP >4000) a ai [By eomtoltive a €5 qtaa #(a) By ot pones = ‘> doue Tq4(DA AG) aay)ollowvalidity ob the. fol Vien, Oe Mortal cocaates 16 @ whan iherefons Sotvata is mortal det ut indleate the stmternerst, a4 foltows ys: fic a man » 1 ts morta} coc vated: en we unde the stotement 4 ag Hom ic a then He ic) Mortal. the symbolic form 4s V1 PORE gD pian owing ket po + plage pl—g 0) By Lug po (as plad picyaps (esl p@—> 40a] 4 [pray] E> pln fpla) ->g@d) By comme tow 74 (a) | Modus poten pones a clus on 0 OT a eeturert Yi Now Ruove that 3 %> Lp j ind that det s ig the yniverte » We ; j Lip) ag cade> poss (Gy lao Es) fo some a& £ ¢ A 3a, pes 2 Meet ‘ ciel 37,400 POS HEL POI C0) 25 Pla) 5 (0) Fuuey Pa(ayt ans p(r) >pla) Cres) Now pi CAPs (x) => [play 4 (a) A plar, Edplay a[pla)->4 (aN) [Eg cormutativela) +54 la) ‘ y > 95,9) Ce) 401, [pry ) AI pO) > a1g@)