BPED 125 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

Community

 In the context of disaster risk management, a community can be defined as people living in one
geographical area, who are exposed to common hazards due to their location. They may have common
experience in responding to hazards and disasters. However, they may have different perceptions of and
exposure to risk. Groups within the locality will have a stake in risk reduction measures (either in favor or
against).

Vulnerability

 A concept which describes factors or constraints of an economic, social, physical or geographic nature,
which reduce the ability of a community to prepare for and cope with the impact of hazards.

WHO NEEDS TO PREPARE FOR DISASTER?

 Yourself
 Family
 Kids
 Seniors
 Pets
 Your home
 Schools
 Workplace

Those Who May Need Special Attention

 The aging
 Those with mobility concerns
 Those medical needs
 Those who are blind or with low vision
 People who are deaf or hard of hearing
 Pets

Emergency

 A combination of circumstances resulting in a state that calls for immediate action.

What is Accident?

 Is an unexpected event with negative consequences occurring without the intention of the one suffering
the consequences.

What is Disaster?

 A calamitous event, occurs suddenly and causing great loss of life and property.
 A sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life or
sometimes permanent change to the natural environment.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

 Risk

 The probability that negative consequences may arise when hazards interact with vulnerable areas, people,
property and environment.

Capacities

 The resources and skills people possess, can develop, mobilize and access, which allow them to have more
control over shaping their own future and coping with disaster risks.

Preparedness

 It is refers to the ability of an individual to anticipate and respond effectively to the impact of, likely,
imminent or current hazards, events or conditions. It means putting in place mechanisms which will allow
national authorities and relief organizations to be aware of risks and deploy staff and resources quickly.

Disaster Preparedness

 Is the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery
organizations, communities and individual.

Monitoring

 The continuous or periodic review and overseeing by stakeholders of the implementation of an activity, to
ensure that input deliveries, work schedules, target outputs are proceeding according to plan.

Evaluation

 The assessment of results and impact of a project in order to see to what extent the project objectives
have been achieved. Mid-term evaluation is done to analyze the project halfway and if necessary, make
some adjustment or changes. Terminal evaluation is undertaken to determine whether the overall purpose
of the project is reached.

Republic Act No. 10121

 otherwise known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and management Act of 2010”.

Type of Disaster:

1. Natural Disasters

 Fire
 Storm
 Earthquake
 Flood

2. Man made Disasters

 Terrorism
 Fire
 Bomb Threats
 Riot

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

 The National Council’s members shall be the following:

j) Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);

(k) Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);

(l) Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ);

(m) Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE);

(n) Secretary of the Department of Tourism (DOT);

(o) The Executive Secretary;

(p)Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP);

(q) Chairman, Commission on Higher Education (CHED);

(r) Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP);

(s) Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP);

3 Categories of Rescuer:

1st Category - 2nd Category – 3rd Category –

SURVIVOR UNTRAINED PERSONNEL TRAINED PERSONNEL

Types of Exposure:

1. Acute - means a single dose or exposure

2. Chronic - means repeated exposure
3. Sub-acute - means two or three exposures at a level between acute and chronic.

Exposure may be local or systemic

Personal Protective Equipment

 Responders must understand the use and limitations of personal protective equipment (PPE) in order to
protect themselves from contact with and exposure to hazardous materials.

Classification of Hazards:

 Natural Hazards
 Technological
 Quasi-Natural Hazards

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

 EVACUATION AND EMERGENCY PACKS

Evacuation

 an organized transfer of people and necessary materials from a place that become dangerous into a safe
place. The goal of evacuation is to leave the premises as quickly and safety as possible.

Family Evacuation

 This module deals with identifying primary, secondary and succeeding sites for evacuation and designating
the places of assembly where family members will meet after a disaster.
 The assembly or mustering areas must be instituted per household, in schools, in hospitals, corporate
entities, factories, and even in the community.
 There must be clustering of families in case the evacuation areas will utilize school complexes. The local
DRRM office will be the one to instruct, guide and conduct a drill for the evacuation routes and sites.

Important Reminders for Family Members:

1. Family members/household, everyone must have assignments on what to bring should

evacuation is ordered due to flood or earthquake.

2. There must be point persons on who will assist a PWD family member, the elderly, or secure the
pets.

3. There must be also being ‘deputies’ or secondary point persons in the absence of the primary
point persons.

Evacuation and safe-area points should be part of the Family Emergency Action Plans and must be discussed
thoroughly with each member. Some of these evacuation and rendezvous points are listed below:

1. School grounds
2. Gyms, sports complexes
3. Parks, parking lots
4. Government buildings
5. Church grounds
6. Airports
7. Military camps
8. Radio and TV stations
9. Ports, terminals
10. Hospital vicinities
 Be particular as to where exactly in the evacuation area the family members must meet for example: Room
56 in the Indang Elementary School; right corner of the hospital near the ambulance station, etc.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

  Conducting a family evacuation drill should be done. The core purpose of the evacuation drill is
to acquaint the family members of the different corridors to be used during evacuation time.
One road might be compromised thereby using the other ‘back up’ exits and lanes. You may ride
or walk to the designated evacuation or meeting points.

 The most ideal concept of this topic is to have a minimum of 3 rally points/meeting sites either
from your home and/or workplace, whether government-assigned or personal preference.

 Your evacuation vehicle (if there is) should also be part of your preparation. It should have a
‘pile-plan’ and your vehicle can be your second home. It does not only bring you to your
destination, it might be your vehicle for survival.

EMERGECY BAG/EMERGENCY BUCKET

 When disaster strikes or there is an emergency, it pays to be well-prepared. You will need to act
and decide promptly. That is why it is important to have an Emergency Bag or popularly known
as the ‘GO BAG’ with you. Emergency bag must be per member of the family. Pets must also
have their own version of emergency bag. A back pack is the best emergency bag as it will
render you to be hands-free in your movements particularly in rough terrains and stairways.

Here are the common contents of an individual Emergency Bag:

1. Multi-tool (e.g. Swiss Knife)

2. Bottled water, at least 3 liters in different containers
3. Signaling & Communication Kit (e.g. whistle, head lamp, lighter, mirror, small transistor with
extra batteries)
4. First Aid and Medicine Kit

In first aid kit you may include other contents as long as it fits your bag.

 Elastic bandage, 4 inches

 Nonsterile gloves, 3 pairs
 4 x 4 gauze minimum of 5pieces
 Adhesive tape
 Betadine 10 % (in small bottle)
 Sets of band aid strips
 Triangular bandage
 Safety pins
 Syringe 5 ml with needle
 Tweezer
 Tissue forcep
 Cotton balls (inside a clean Ziploc or small plastic bottle)
 Antibiotic cream/ointment
 Burn cream
 Paracetamol 3 tablets (for fever, headache and simple body pain)

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

  Decolgen 3 tablets (for flu)
 Lagundi tablets, 3 tablets (for caught)
 Kremil-S, 3 tablets (for gastritis and hyperacidity)
 Benadryl (for allergy)
 Dxycycline, 3 tablets (for Leptospirosis or Malaria)
 Pediatric need (if there’s toddler or infant)
 Loperamide, 3 tablets (for diarrhea)
 Anti-inflammatory tablets
 ORESOL, 2 sachets (for rehydration)
 Any supplement like Vitamin C
5. Chocolate and biscuits; and other ready-to-eat food
6. Apparel (malong, quick dry long pants and long sleeve shirt, hat)
7. Paracord (not less than 5 meters long)
8. Toiletry (dry and wet tissue, nail cutter, tooth brush/paste, alkaline soap, anti-fungal shampoo)
9. Ziplock Kit (Ziploc plastic bags, garbage bag, duct tape, sewing kit, rubber bands, emergency
numbers, money in ziplock)

Place your Emergency Bag as in a fire extinguisher, which is near exits so that it can easily be accessed
when evacuating.

EMERGENCY BUCKET

 An emergency bucket is a collection of emergency goods that can be easily carried in case of
disaster. The bucket can also be used in collecting water, and as a container for food supplies
during a relief situation. In an emergency bucket includes:

1. First Aid and Medicine Kit

2. Hygiene Kit (soap,, shampoo, alcohol, toothbrush, sanitary pads)
3. Clothing (raincoat, boots, sandals, extra shirts, hard hat, malong, underwear)
4. Food and Water (ready-to-eat foods, 3 gallons of water)
5. Documents (certificates, titles, cards)
6. Communication/Information Gadgets (cellphones, radio, extra batteries)
7. Others (flashlight, pen and papers, rope, lighter, waxed matches sticks)

PILE UP FOR EMERGENCY

 Stockpiling is the activity of acquiring and storing a large quantity of something that can be used
for a period of time. Stockpiling your place with necessary items to ‘buy time’ while in the
middle of a disaster where food, water and other necessities are not readily available. The main
cache (a hiding place especially for concealing and preserving provisions or implements) you
must have on the items pertaining to:

1. Food and water

2. Shelter, clothing and bedding

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

 3. Communication and signaling, light and fire starter
4. Health, hygiene and first aid
5. Containers, ropes and others

 Be sure to have a checklist on expiry dates. The rule of stockpiling in the avenue of disaster
preparedness is: One is None, Two is One

 Update your kit every six months to make sure that: all food, water, and medication are not
expired; clothes still fit, personal documents and credit cards are up date; and batteries are
damaged.

 Small toys/ball are important too as they will provide some comfort and entertainment during a
stressful time.

 Older children can be responsible for their own pack of items/clothes too. You can include other
items you feel are necessary for your family’s survival. Some items and/or flavors might leak,
melt, combine with other items, or break open. Dividing groups of items into individual ziplock
bags might help prevent this.

Emergency Vehicle

 Having automobile vehicles is a great help in the evacuation, and transporting; but investing in
the non-fueled vehicles are necessary, this is in case of the absence of fuel and other sources of
energy. The best example of this, is having a good bicycle or other non-motorized vehicles.
 Improvised floatation devices or crafts must be prepared if you are located near the water
bodies or there are possibilities of high flood.

EDC or Everyday Carry

 EDC stands for every-day-carry. It is a collection of useful items that are consistently carried on
person every day. Having an EDC that is relates to urban survival in case of disaster or any
untoward incident is very important. Here are some of the items that are usually included in the
EDC:
1. Light and portable water container
2. Source of light/illumination (i.e. pen light)
3. Small utility cord (at least 1 meter)
4. Source of fire (i.e. lighter)
5. Pen and small piece of paper
6. ID card
7. Portable communication gadget (i.e. mobile phone, whistle)

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

 8. Enough roll of duct tape
9. Portable cutting tool (legal to carry)
10. Easy to carry ready-to-eat food
11. Emergency money

EARTHQUAKE AND EMERGENCY ACTIONS AND PLANS

Earthquake and Its Causes

 An earthquake is an intense shaking of the earth surface. This earth surface is part of the solid,
stiff layer of the lithosphere or the tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are constantly shifting, and
this causes stress on the earth surface. When the stresses get too large, it leads to cracks called
faults. When tectonic plates move, it causes movements at the faults, in which an earthquake
happens.
 The location where an earthquake begins is called the epicenter, in which the intense shaking is
felt. However, the vibrations from an earthquake can still be felt and detected hundreds, or
even thousands of kilometers from the epicenter.

Types of Earthquakes

There are four different types of earthquakes:

1. Tectonic earthquake – is one that occurs when the earth’s crust breaks due to geological
forces on rocks and adjoining plates that causes physical and chemical changes.

2. Volcanic earthquake – is any earthquake that results from tectonic forces which occurs in
conjunction with volcanic activity.

3. Collapse earthquake – is a small earthquake in underground caverns and mines produced

from the explosion of rock on the surface.

4. Explosion earthquake – an earthquake that is the result of the detonation of a nuclear

and/or chemical device.

The concerns during ground shaking are the following hazards which could injure and kill
people and destroy properties and the environment:

1. Structural collapse
2. Fire (as a result of structural damage)
3. Tsunami
4. Seiche
5. Landslide
6. Ground rapture

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

 The following are the procedures we have to keep in mind when in an earthquake incident:

What to DO before an EARTHQUAKE

 Discuss a plan with your family, and community members.

 Profile community if situated along fault line/s, near the shore, lake or any land slopes.
 Come up with a family communication plans, family disaster plans.
 Prepare a family emergency kit or GO Bag per member.
 Familiarize where the gas tanks, breakers and water valves are and do a drill on how to turn
them off.
 Fasten or anchor tall or heavy furniture onto the walls. Secure those which might drop during
tremors by rearranging the aesthetics of your home. Put all heavy objects at the base of the
shelves.
 Identify where to do your initial ‘drop-cover-hold’ around the house, office or school premises.
 Learn the earthquake evacuation plan and corridor in your house, community, school or
workplace. Also note exit and mustering points in crowded areas as earthquake might happen
during your travel, market or mall schedules.

What to DO during an EARTHQUAKE?

INDOORS

 If with a table to go under, execute Drop-Cover-Hold with eyes open. Stay calm and orient
yourself to the exit area. You may also get at once your Emergency Bag if near your position.
 Be sure you are not near glass windows, unfastened furniture, or any heavy ornaments that will
fall.
 If there is nothing to hide under to, do the TRIPOD POSITION, and keep eyes open with hands
down to maintain balance during the tremor. Look up, front, left, right, and at your back. Watch
for falling things. Orient yourself to the nearest, unblocked areas.

Triangle of Life Tripod Position

 You may also stay low (tripod position) at the strong beam of the building.
 You may stay at strong walls there while there is shaking. In case you are hit and trapped by a
huge fallen object, you will easily be seen by the rescuers because the latter will always search
on walls inside the buildings. All rescuers consider walls as ‘safelines.’

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM

  If in stairways, stay low on the wall side while looking everywhere for things that might fall. Do
the tripod or semi-kneeling position with one knee anchored on favorable edge of the stairs
during the shaking.
 If inside an elevator, hold onto the walls in the straddle position.
 Do not drop, cover and hold with face smacked on the ground.

OUTDOORS

 During sudden jolts, stay low by doing the tripod position. Open your eyes and scan
surroundings post, wires, debris from tall buildings, etc.
 If outside any tall building, get away from the side to avoid being hit by fallen glass materials and
other debris. You may maneuver in wide stride towards center of the road or stay low at the
strong undercover of the building.
 You may stay besides a fixed, strong object (e.g. park bench) and stay low while observing your
surroundings.

What to DO after an EARTHQUAKE

 Check for any injuries in your body and also check injuries of others if in a safe location.
 Do not use matches to light up!
 Evacuate to assigned mustering points if ordered or if there are hazards present like fire,
breached structures, etc. Evacuate safely with your GO Bag and other protective equipment like
helmet and lamps.
 During evacuation, do not stoop down or hold your head, you might lose balance. Check
surroundings for hanging, unstable objects or debris on the ground. More eyes, more margin of
safety.
 Shut off the valves and breakers of water, gas and electricity.
 If there is tsunami or seiche alert, get away from shoreline or lake side.
 Do not attempt to rescue in damaged building. Reentry order to a building must be done by
professionals. Seek advice from structural engineers if building is habitable after the order of
stand down.
 You may do firefighting if within safe side using available fire extinguisher.
 If trapped inside a building, use whistle to call for attention.
 Be alert at all times for aftershock.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODULE FOR COLLEGE DRRM