Scribd
Upload
54 views11 pages

Chapter 7

Solution of chapter 7 solution of Real analysis jeevanson publication

Uploaded by

rs4002748
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
54 views11 pages

Chapter 7

Solution of chapter 7 solution of Real analysis jeevanson publication

Uploaded by

rs4002748
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11
ery Continuity and Uniform Continuity in Metric Spaces RNS essen tl awe EXERCISE 7.1 Kxample 1. Define continuity of a function ‘f”on a metric space X into a metric space Y. Prove that fis continuous at x9 Xiffevery sequenee converging tox,, the sequence converges tp fe). Solution. Continuity Let (X, d) and (Y, d*) be two metric spaces and let f: XY beg mapping of X into Y. Then fis said to be continuous if it is continuous a: every point of X. For example, let (X, d) be a discrete metric space and (¥, d*) be any metric Space. Then the function f : X > Y is continuous on X. For, ifa < X and ¢ > 0 be given choose any 8 such that 0 <8 <1, then {x < X:d (x, a) <8) =(a) > d* (f(a), f(a) f(a) Let ¢ > 0 be given. Since fis continuous at z,, there exists 5 > 0 such that diz,a)<6 > d* (fix), f@) Xp ,we can find ng <.N such that d(x,, x9) f(x,) > fa) Conversely, suppose that x, > xy => f(x,)—> fly) We shall prove that fis continuous at x, Tat if possible ‘/” is not continuous at x, ‘Then there exists an open sphere $s.) «) which contains ®°i"* of any open sphere centred ona, ie, f(S(x5, 5) ¢ Sif (x), 6) Now x, €S 2 But f(z,)d contradiction. Hence fis Example 2. and let fbe a m: are continuous Solution. | Let f (X,d We shall pre go Our assump & Let G be any To prove tha ea) cs open Now (wof | CONTINUITY AN; re | (D UNIFORM CONTINUITY Iy METRIC ; SPACKS . In particular, this holds for | 1 S{t0.2) ferattn ew | |tere fee | n ‘Thus for each nN, there exi; Sl x), » there exists u 18S x, € le | ‘such that f(x, ES (f(xq), e) Now x, =8(x0.4) n > (xq, %) <> XS > bay But f(x,)does not converge to f(x,) as f'(a,)¢ S (flxq),) which is a contradiction. Hence ‘f’ is continuous at x,. Frample 2. Let (Xd), (¥,d*) and (Z,d*) be three metric spaces and let fbe a mapping of X into Y and g a mapping of ¥ into Z. If < are continuous, then so is gof. (M.D.U. 2011) 5 Solution. Let (X,d), (¥,d*) and (Z, d**) be three metric spaces. Let f (X,d) > (¥,d*)and g:(¥,d*) + (Z,d**) be continuous maps. We shall prove that gof :(X,d)->(Z,d**) is a continuous map- ‘assumption implies that _ gof :(X, d) > (Z,d **) is 2 map- y d**. open set in Z. of is a continuous map tt is aufficient to prove that (fog @ =f le! and Gisd**-open pen in ¥ wrt. motric a. i and g(@) is dtopen, it follows that (got? (aia d-open in ® E JAYPER REAL ANALY, Example 8. Give an example of a function which is continuoy, but not uniformly continuous. Solution. The mapping f :(R,d) > (R, d) such that f(x) = 2? for all x € R is continuous but not uniformly. continuous on R, where ‘a’ is usual metric. To check the continuity + Let (a, 6) be any arbitrary open interval on the real line, then 6 ifa 0 be given We claim that there exists no 8 > 0 such that |x-a|<8 = |/(x)-fla)| 0 exists, Fi . £ Dake any Gg meuch that a >= Let Af ,70, the For eontinuot I fol ‘Kis also ¢ Seec Let if ‘Then 5, in (0, 1] Ifwe (0.25) and But th the conditio Thus f Examy Soluti. > Vis s + O.depene Examp| d) and (¥, d%) be two metric spac spaces, } Afunction f: X + Y is said to be unit i > 0, there exists a8 > 0 (depending on ¢ o a mily) si Y continuous on X if giv uch that m ner €X.diay,49)<8 > a*(Fix,fie,)) WX) ce For example, the function f :10, 101>R continuous. defined by a) =xtis uniformly IL follows from definition that every uniformly cont Wer continous on tml conyersateed Sars gees sa Second part : ae Let if possible ‘f’ is uniformly continuous in (0, 11. ‘Then given ¢ > O, there can be found 5 > 0 i . dependent of any ch yin (0, 1] sueh that ee |x-%)|<8 > is Ifwe choose x, =6 itself, we see that the interval (x, x, +8) becomes 0,25) and the condition (1) now must hold for any + in this, interval. © asx 0 and so by choosing x sufficient near 0, be violated. form continuous in (0, a. nuity ofa function. two metric spaces. A fonction, ne > 0, there exists ne uniform conti d) and (¥, 2%) be tri iformly continuous on X if giver oe df (eof a) <& tinuous: (x), FO <* 165 JAYPEE REAL ANALYg Example 7. Prove that every contraction mapping ina met, space is continuous. Solution. Let f be a contraction mapping on a metric space (x, 4) ‘Yhen there areal number o with 0 0 Choose 6 > 0 such that 5 <«, Then d (x, y) <8 > d (fix), fy) sad (zy) <08 fe diz,y<3] R and g:X +R be two real valued peal ou! and where & Tak ALY, Abysis, AND UNLYORM CONTINUITY IN ME ‘RIC SPACES. : metric hus [+ g)l2)-(f + e\@|e 0, there exists real numbers 8, > 0, 52 >0 such that dix,a)<8, > d* (fo, fa e “a-ha ese and d(x.) <8, > d*(g(w), g(a) d (x,y) <8] t d 0 [f)-f@l° therefore for a given & > % = at(fis) fa) 168 JAYPEB REAL ANAL Sig =| (Fle) fla) |< = (3) Now [la f)(x)-(af)(@|=|alflx)=fl@)| =|a|| f(x) fla] é panes seee By) ‘TVhus|(a f)(x) ~ (a) (a)|<# whenever|x-a|<6 or d*(crf)(x), (af) (a) 0 be given. Let us choose 5 > 0 such that 6 d* (f(a), ga)) > 0 Let d* (fla), g(a) =eo9 Since fand g i are continuous, thus for ¢ lere exists 3.3.9) d at the >0, th d (x, a) <8 ts Such that, > d* = > ACO ACIS and d* (@(w), g(x) <& a (1) Now, d* (f(a), : sla) S a" (f(a), f @)+d*(F @),gle)+d 1, +d*(g (x), g(a) £ 5g tPF (x), ea) +e 3 By (a) > e z © f(x) 4a) Besa oe eee (@, 8) CAS ‘Avigthe nbd. ofa. Sineeaisa efore A” is open. rbitrary, so A°is then’. spaces and fbe @ dt) be metric xifand ¢ continuous at a’ < oa, the sequence < y. 20061 d(a,,a)<8 foralln> ny By(1),wehave d*(f(a,),f (@)<8 forall n 2 ng | { Tb . f (a,) f (a) | Cor Convers is a = oy dh) ( | Conversely, suppose that a, >a “= f (a,)~> f (a) Pris We shall prove that f is continuous at ‘a’, { we Let if possible ‘f” is not continuous at ‘a’ So, for alll ¢ > 0 and for all Let 3>0, we have | For: d(,a) a, rabutf(a,) + f(a), which is a contradiction. Hence fis continuous at ‘a’. Exam Example 3. Let (%, d) and (¥, d*) be metric spaces and ‘f’ bes empty sub function of X into Y. Then show that fis continuous if and only if alc, 4 £-1(G) is open in X whenever G is open in Y. Sou, ti [MD.U, 2009, 07, 05, K.V. 2008) : Solution. Let f be continuous on (X, d) and let G be any open subset a of Y. I Vo prove that f 1 (G)is open in X : hn {ft f-*(Q) = 6, itis clearly open, ance t So, let. f1(G) «4 les ‘ con Let aef4(G) > fia)eG Sot, a 3 Since G is open, there exists an open sphere S (f(a), ¢) such thet 4 nee be a SY(a),) 0, consider the open sphere S (f(a), ¢). By assumption, f-' (S(f (a), ¢))is open. Since a< f* S(f (a), £)), there exists an open sphere S,8) cf * Sf (@,2). > FS@sMcSfO,) ‘This shows that fis continuous at = 4 Since ‘a’ was an arbitrarily choosen point, it follows that ‘f’ is continuous at every point of X and hence fis continuous. Example 4, Let (X, d) be a metric space and let A be a non- pty subset of X. Then show that the function f:X> R defined by =, A)is uniformly continuous. us choosed S¢ so that d(x,a)be JAYPEE REAL ANALYSIS 172 Since fis uniformly continuous, so there exists ¢ > 0 such that dit,,.2,)<@ >d*(fQ,) fl) is a Cauchy sequence in X, so for this 6, there exists a positive integer my such that m,n =m = Gs X,) <8 (2) «, From (1) and (2), we have d* Fp), f (e,)) <€ for all m,n = my. This shows that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in Y.

You might also like