Zoology Integumentary-Muscle
Zoology Integumentary-Muscle
Zoology Integumentary-Muscle
is this the protective outer covering of the animal body It includes the skin and structures
associated
with the skin (derivatives of the skin) such as hair, nails, scales, feathers, and horns
Invertebrate Integument:
Some singled-celled protozoa have only a plasma membrane for external covering
(Amoeba)
Other protozoa have a thick protein coat called pellicle outsidethe plasma
membrane(Paramecium)
Others have added a secreted non-cellular cuticle over the epidermis (crustaceans,
arachnids, insects)
Additional protection
Old cuticles need to be shed periodically in a process called molting to permit growth
Cephalopods have a more complex epidermis with a cuticle, simple epidermis, layer of
connective tissue, & a layer of iridocytes - a guanine-containing cell in the skin of fish
and some cephalopods, giving these animals their iridescence
Arthropods have a complex integument that provides protection and skeletal support
VERTEBRATE INTEGUMENT:
The epidermis gives rise to hair, feathers, and hooves (epidermal derivatives)
Dermis:
The dermis is a dense connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, collagenous
fibers, nerves, pigment cells, fat cells, and fibroblasts
In reptiles, dermal bone contributes to the armor of crocodilians, the beaded skin of
some lizards, and portions of a turtle’s shell (carapace &plastron)
Claws, beaks, nails, and horns are composed of a combination of epidermal (keratinized)
and dermal components.
EXAMPLES OF VERTEBRAE INTEGUMENT
Osteichthyes (bony fishes) – skin has scales; skin is permeable and functions in gaseous
exchange; epidermis may also contain mucous cells; dermis is richly supplied with
capillary beds to facilitate its use in respiration
Amphibians – stratified epidermis and dermis containing mucous, serous glands and
with pigmentation
Reptiles – stratum corneum is very thick and modified into keratinized scales
Functions:
Resist abrasion
Inhibit dehydration
Acts as a “suit of armor” for protection
Aquatic birds – may also have fat deposits in the hypodermal layer that store energy &
help insulate the body
Mammalian Skin (Human Skin) Notable features of mammalian skin are:
a highly stratified, cornified epidermis
a dermis with blood and lymphatic vessels,nerve endings, small muscles, glands, hair
follicles
a hypodermis composed of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and skeletal muscles
– the hypodermis attaches the skin to the underlying muscles
Sweat Glands
Different types prevent overheating of the body; secrete sweat, cerumen and milk
Ceruminous glands – modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete
cerumen
Sebaceous Glands-
Simple alveolar glands found all over the body
Soften skin when stimulated by hormones
Secrete an oily secretion called sebum
Skin Receptors
Meissner’s corpuscles – touch receptors
Nails
Modification of epidermis
Flat, horny plates on dorsal surface of distal segments of the digits
Skeletal Systems:
Skeleton is the hardened part of the animal body
Functions:
● Supports the body
● Framework of the body
● Protects vital organs of the body
● Blood cell formation/hematopoiesis
● Site for the attachment of muscles
● Accessory to movement
● Storage of minerals
Hydrostatic Skeletons
In the hydrostatic skeleton of an earthworm, muscles in the body wall develop force by
contracting against incompressible coelomic fluids
Alternate contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles of the body wall enable a
worm to move forward
Rigid Skeleton
● Rigid skeletons contain some kind of rigid elements
● Provide anchor points for pairs of opposing muscles
● Provides protection & support
Vertebrate Endoskeleton
The vertebrate endoskeleton is composed of bone and cartilage (types of connective
tissue)
Bone provides support, protection, and serves as a reservoir for calcium and
phosphorous
Cartilage
Jawless fishes (eels, hagfishes) and elasmobranchs (sharks, sting rays) have
cartilaginous skeletons
Cartilage is a soft, pliable tissue that resists compression and is variable in form
No blood vessels
Cartilage is often found at articulating surfaces of many bone joints, larynx, trachea,
vertebral column, nose, pinnae, and Eustachian tube
Bone is highly vascular living tissue that contains significant deposits of inorganic
calcium salts
Endochondral (replacement) bone develops from another form of connective tissue –
usually cartilage
Spongy bone consists of open, interlacing framework of bony tissue, oriented to give
strength
Compact bone is dense– the open framework of spongy bone has been
filled in by additional calcium salts.
Bones consist of bundles of osteons interconnected with blood vessels and nerves.
Bone - Dynamic Tissue
Both processes occur together so that new osteons are formed as old ones are resorbed.
Hormones (parathyroid hormone for resorption and calcitonin for deposition) are
responsible for maintaining a constant calcium level in the blood.
In fishes it provides points for muscle attachment, provides stiffness, and preserves
body shape during muscle contraction
Pectoral and pelvic fins in fishes supported by the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Tetrapods have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs (although they may be highly modified
through bone loss or fusion)
The pelvic girdle is generally firmly attached to the axial skeleton, while the pectoral
girdle is more loosely attached
Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles