Home SQL PL/SQL MySQL MongoDB PostgreSQL SQL Server

ADVERTISEMENT

SQL Tutorial

SQL tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of SQL. Our SQL tutorial is designed for both
beginners and professionals.

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to perform operations on the records stored in the
database, such as updating records, inserting records, deleting records, creating and modifying
database tables, views, etc.

SQL is not a database system, but it is a query language.

Suppose you want to perform the queries of SQL language on the stored data in the database. You
are required to install any database management system in your systems, for example, Oracle,
MySQL, MongoDB, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, DB2, etc.
What is SQL?
SQL is a short-form of the structured query language, and it is pronounced as S-Q-L or sometimes as
See-Quell.

This database language is mainly designed for maintaining the data in relational database
management systems. It is a special tool used by data professionals for handling structured data
(data which is stored in the form of tables). It is also designed for stream processing in RDSMS.

You can easily create and manipulate the database, access and modify the table rows and columns,
etc. This query language became the standard of ANSI in the year of 1986 and ISO in the year of
1987.

If you want to get a job in the field of data science, then it is the most important query language to
learn. Big enterprises like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn, use SQL for storing the data in the
back-end.

Why SQL?
Nowadays, SQL is widely used in data science and analytics. Following are the reasons which explain
why it is widely used:

The basic use of SQL for data professionals and SQL users is to insert, update, and delete the
data from the relational database.

SQL allows the data professionals and users to retrieve the data from the relational database
management systems.

It also helps them to describe the structured data.

 It allows SQL users to create, drop, and manipulate the database and its tables.

It also helps in creating the view, stored procedure, and functions in the relational database.

It allows you to define the data and modify that stored data in the relational database.

It also allows SQL users to set the permissions or constraints on table columns, views, and
stored procedures.

History of SQL
"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" was a paper which was published by the
great computer scientist "E.F. Codd" in 1970.

The IBM researchers Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlin originally developed the SEQUEL
(Structured English Query Language) after learning from the paper given by E.F. Codd. They both
developed the SQL at the San Jose Research laboratory of IBM Corporation in 1970.

At the end of the 1970s, relational software Inc. developed their own first SQL using the concepts of
E.F. Codd, Raymond Boyce, and Donald Chamberlin. This SQL was totally based on RDBMS. Relational
Software Inc., which is now known as Oracle Corporation, introduced the Oracle V2 in June 1979,
which is the first implementation of SQL language. This Oracle V2 version operates on VAX
computers.

Process of SQL
When we are executing the command of SQL on any Relational database management system, then
the system automatically finds the best routine to carry out our request, and the SQL engine
determines how to interpret that particular command.

Structured Query Language contains the following four components in its process:

Query Dispatcher

Optimization Engines
 Classic Query Engine

SQL Query Engine, etc.

A classic query engine allows data professionals and users to maintain non-SQL queries. The
architecture of SQL is shown in the following diagram:

Some SQL Commands

The SQL commands help in creating and managing the database. The most common SQL commands
which are highly used are mentioned below:

1. CREATE command

2. UPDATE command

3. DELETE command

4. SELECT command

5. DROP command

6. INSERT command

CREATE Command

This command helps in creating the new database, new table, table view, and other objects of the
database.
UPDATE Command

This command helps in updating or changing the stored data in the database.

DELETE Command

This command helps in removing or erasing the saved records from the database tables. It erases
single or multiple tuples from the tables of the database.

SELECT Command

This command helps in accessing the single or multiple rows from one or multiple tables of the
database. We can also use this command with the WHERE clause.

DROP Command

This command helps in deleting the entire table, table view, and other objects from the database.

INSERT Command

This command helps in inserting the data or records into the database tables. We can easily insert the
records in single as well as multiple rows of the table.
SQL vs No-SQL

The following table describes the differences between the SQL and NoSQL, which are necessary to
understand:

SQL No-SQL

1. SQL is a relational database management 1. While No-SQL is a non-relational or distributed

system. database management system.

2. The query language used in this database 2. The query language used in the No-SQL
system is a structured query language. database systems is a non-declarative query
language.

3. The schema of SQL databases is 3. The schema of No-SQL databases is a dynamic

predefined, fixed, and static. schema for unstructured data.

4. These databases are vertically scalable. 4. These databases are horizontally scalable.

5. The database type of SQL is in the form of 5. The database type of No-SQL is in the form of
tables, i.e., in the form of rows and columns. documents, key-value, and graphs.
 6. It follows the ACID model. 6. It follows the BASE model.

7. Complex queries are easily managed in the 7. NoSQL databases cannot handle complex
SQL database. queries.

8. This database is not the best choice for 8. While No-SQL database is a perfect option for
storing hierarchical data. storing hierarchical data.

9. All SQL databases require object-relational 9. Many No-SQL databases do not require object-
mapping. relational mapping.

10. Gauges, CircleCI, Hootsuite, etc., are the 10. Airbnb, Uber, and Kickstarter are the top
top enterprises that are using this query enterprises that are using this query language.
language.

11. SQLite, Ms-SQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and 11. Redis, MongoDB, Hbase, BigTable, CouchDB,
MySQL are examples of SQL database and Cassandra are examples of NoSQL database
systems. systems.

Advantages of SQL
SQL provides various advantages which make it more popular in the field of data science. It is a
perfect query language which allows data professionals and users to communicate with the database.
Following are the best advantages or benefits of Structured Query Language:

1. No programming needed

SQL does not require a large number of coding lines for managing the database systems. We can
easily access and maintain the database by using simple SQL syntactical rules. These simple rules
make the SQL user-friendly.

2. High-Speed Query Processing

A large amount of data is accessed quickly and efficiently from the database by using SQL queries.
Insertion, deletion, and updation operations on data are also performed in less time.
3. Standardized Language

SQL follows the long-established standards of ISO and ANSI, which offer a uniform platform across
the globe to all its users.

4. Portability

The structured query language can be easily used in desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and even
smartphones. It can also be used with other applications according to the user's requirements.

5. Interactive language

We can easily learn and understand the SQL language. We can also use this language for
communicating with the database because it is a simple query language. This language is also used
for receiving the answers to complex queries in a few seconds.

6. More than one Data View

The SQL language also helps in making the multiple views of the database structure for the different
database users.

Disadvantages of SQL
With the advantages of SQL, it also has some disadvantages, which are as follows:

1. Cost

The operation cost of some SQL versions is high. That's why some programmers cannot use the
Structured Query Language.

2. Interface is Complex
Another big disadvantage is that the interface of Structured query language is difficult, which makes
it difficult for SQL users to use and manage it.

3. Partial Database control

The business rules are hidden. So, the data professionals and users who are using this query
language cannot have full database control.

Next →

Youtube For Videos Join Our Youtube Channel: Join Now

Feedback

Send your Feedback to [email protected]

Help Others, Please Share

Learn Latest Tutorials

Splunk tutorial SPSS tutorial Swagger T-SQL tutorial

tutorial
Splunk SPSS Transact-SQL
Swagger

Tumblr tutorial React tutorial Regex tutorial Reinforcement

learning tutorial
Tumblr ReactJS Regex
Reinforcement
Learning

R Programming RxJS tutorial React Native Python Design

tutorial tutorial Patterns
RxJS
R Programming React Native Python Design
Patterns

Python Pillow Python Turtle Keras tutorial

tutorial tutorial
Keras
Python Pillow Python Turtle

Preparation

Aptitude Logical Verbal Ability Interview

Reasoning Questions
Aptitude Verbal Ability
Reasoning Interview Questions

Company
Interview
Questions
 Company Questions

Trending Technologies

Artificial AWS Tutorial Selenium Cloud

Intelligence tutorial Computing
AWS
Artificial Selenium Cloud Computing
Intelligence

Hadoop tutorial ReactJS Data Science Angular 7

Tutorial Tutorial Tutorial
Hadoop
ReactJS Data Science Angular 7

Blockchain Git Tutorial Machine DevOps

Tutorial Learning Tutorial Tutorial
Git
Blockchain Machine Learning DevOps

B.Tech / MCA

DBMS tutorial Data Structures DAA tutorial Operating

tutorial System
DBMS DAA
Data Structures Operating System

Computer Compiler Computer Discrete

Network tutorial Design tutorial Organization and Mathematics
Architecture Tutorial
Computer Network Compiler Design
Computer Discrete
Organization Mathematics

Ethical Hacking Computer Software html tutorial

Graphics Tutorial Engineering
Ethical Hacking Web Technology
Computer Graphics Software
Engineering

Cyber Security Automata C Language C++ tutorial

tutorial Tutorial tutorial
C++
Cyber Security Automata C Programming
 Java tutorial .Net Python tutorial List of
Framework Programs
Java Python
tutorial
Programs
.Net

Control Data Mining Data

Systems tutorial Tutorial Warehouse
Tutorial
Control System Data Mining
Data Warehouse