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CAT 1997 Question Paper
DI-LR
Instructions [1 - 5 ]
The following table gives the number of rooms in different hotels in Mumbai and the cost of building each
one of them. Note that all the projects started in 1997

Note: All projects start in 1997.

1. Which of the following had the least cost per room?

A Lokhandwala Group

B Raheja Group

C IHCL

D ITC
Answer: A

Explanation:
The cost per room equals (total cost)/(total rooms)
To calculate the least cost per room, we have to only check IHCL and Lokhandwala Group. A simple
inspection will remove all other companies as they have more cost and lesser rooms than either of the two.
Cost per room of IHCL = 275/600 = 45.83 lakhs
Cost per room of Lokhandwala = 225/536 = 41.97 lakhs.
Hence, the cost per room is least for Lokhandwala Group.

2. Which of the following has the maximum number of rooms per crore of rupees?

A IHCL

B Raheja Group

C Lokhandwala Group

D ITC
Answer: C
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Explanation:
For the above answer, the ratio of number of rooms to the cost should be maximum. It is maximum for
lokhandwala group which is 536/225 = 2.38
3. Assume that the cost of the project is incurred in the year of completion; interest is charged at the
rate of 10% per annum. What is the cost incurred for projects completed in 1998?

A Rs. 475 crore

B Rs. 500 crore

C Rs. 522.5 crore

D Rs. 502.5 crore

Answer: C

Explanation:
Total cost in 1997 = 250 + 225 = 475 Crores.
These projects were completed in 1998 => Interest for 1 year must be added to the cost.
475∗1∗10
Interest = 100 = 47.5 Crores
Total Amount = 475 + 47.5 = 522.5 Crores.
4. Assume that the cost of the project is incurred in the year of completion; interest is charged at the
rate of 10% per annum. What is the cost incurred for projects completed in 1999?

A Rs. 1,282.6 crore

B Rs. 1,270 crore

C Rs. 1,805.1 crore

D Rs. 1,535 crore

Answer: A

Explanation:
Total cost of projects that were completed in 1999 is 275 + 235 + 250 + 300 = Rs 1060 Crores.
Interest for 2 years must also be added to this cost => 1060(1 + (0.1))2 = 1060 * 1.21 = Rs 1282.6 Crores

5. What is the approximate cost incurred for projects completed by 2000? (in crores)

A 1,785

B 2,140
C 2,320

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 None of these
D
Answer: A

Explanation:
All the projects are completed by 2000. Hence, we need to add the costs of all the projects.
On adding all the costs we get Rs 1785 Crores.
Instructions [6 - 11 ]
The graph given below shows the quantity of milk and food grains consumed annually along with female
and male population (in millions). Use the data to answer the questions that follow.

6. When was the percapita consumption of milk the least?

A 1990

B 1992

C 1994

D 1996
Answer: A

Explanation:
The population is increasing steadily, but the milk consumed decreased significantly in 1996.
Hence, the only two years we need to check for the least per capita milk consumption are the first year
(1990) and 1996.
Milk consumed in 1990 is 5 million gallons.
Total population in 1990 is 34+35 = 69 million.
Hence, per capita consumption of milk in 1990 is 0.072 gallon per person.
Milk consumed in 1996 is 6 million gallons.
Total population in 1996 is 40+42 = 82 million.

Hence, per capita consumption of milk in 1996 is 0.073 gallon per person.
Hence, the year with the least per capita consumption of milk is 1990.
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 7. When was the per capita production of foodgrains most?

A 1992

B 1993

C 1994

D 1995
Answer: D

Explanation:
In this question the total population does not change much in the whole span. So the per capita food grain
production will be maximum when the total foodgrain production is maximum. It happens in 1995.

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8. In which year was the difference between the percentage increase in the production of food grains
and milk maximum?

A 1993

B 1994

C 1995

D 1996
Answer: C

Explanation:
The difference is maximum when one quantity is maximum and other quantity is minimum. The percentage
increase in production of food grains is maximum in 1995 and the percentage production increase in
production of milk is negative for 1995.
9. If milk contains 320 calories and foodgrains contain 160 calories, in which year was the per capita
consumption of calories highest?

A 1993

B 1994

C 1995

D 1996
Answer: C

Explanation:
The consumption of milk is comparatively lesser than that of food grains and also the consumption of milk
does not change by much during the given period.

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Hence, the change in food grains is the key to estimate the calorie count.
We can see the spike in consumption of food grains in 1995. Hence, percapita consumption is highest in
1995.
10. If one gallon milk contains 120 g of a particular nutrient and one tonne of foodgrains contains 80 g of
the same nutrient, in which year was the availability of this nutrient maximum?

A 1993

B 1994

C 1995

D 1996
Answer: C

Explanation:
The maximum availability of the nutrient will be either in 1994 or 1995. because the cumulative production
of milk and food grains is maximum in these years.
Availability in 1994 = (120*8) + (25*80) = 2960
Availability in 1995 = (6*120) + (31*80) = 3200
Hence the availability is maximum in 1995.

11. Referring to the previous question, in which year was the per capita consumption of this nutrient
highest?

A 1993

B 1994

C 1995

D 1996
Answer: C

Explanation:
Ratio of nutrient in milk(1 gallon) and foodgrains(1 tonne) is 3:2
There is a huge spike in the consumption of food grains in 1995.
Total nutrients consumed in 1995 = 30*80 + 7*120 = 3240 million gms.
This is more than any other year.
=> 1995 is the answer
Instructions [12 - 17 ]
The graph given below gives the yearly details of money invested in producing a certain product over the
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years 1991 to 1995. It also gives the profit (in ‘000 rupees).

12. In which year was the increase in raw material maximum?

A 1992

B 1993

C 1994

D 1995
Answer: B

Explanation:
The raw materials used in 1991 was 55,000
The raw materials used in 1992 was 48,000 (decrease by 7,000)
The raw materials used in 1993 was 60,000 (increase by 12,000)
The raw materials used in 1994 was 65,000 (increase by 5,000)
The raw materials used in 1995 was 75,000 (increase by 10,000)
Hence, the increase in use of raw materials was maximum in 1993
13. In which period was the decrease in profit maximum (as a percentage)?

A 1991-92

B 1992-93

C 1993-94

D 1994-95
Answer: C

Explanation:
The profits of the company became zero only in one year (1994)
Hence, the change in profit is maximum in the period 1993-94 and equals 100%.
Note that there was a decrease in profits in other years also, but the maximum possible change is 100%
and it was occurred in 1993-94

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14. Which component of the cost production has remained more or less constant over the period?

A Interest

B Overheads

C Wages

D Raw material
Answer: A

Explanation:
Interest has remained constant over the given years attaining the value of 50-60 in all the year. Only in the
year 1994, the value of interest is little less.
15. In which year were the overheads, as a percentage of the raw material, maximum?

A 1995

B 1994

C 1992

D 1993
Answer: C

Explanation:
25
Ratio in 1992 = 50 = 0.5
25
Ratio in 1993 = 60 = 0.4167
30
Ratio in 1994 = 70 = 0.428
30
Ratio in 1995 = 80 = 0.375
Hence, overheads, as a percentage of raw material, is maximum in 1992.
16. What percentage of the costs did the profits form over the period?

A 3%

B 5%

C 8%
D 11%
Answer: C

Explanation:
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Total Profit = 10 + 25 + 20 + 0 + 20 = 75
Total Cost = 170 + 175 + 195 + 200 + 210 = 950
75
% of Profit = 950 = 8%

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17. If the interest component is not included in the total cost calculation, which year would show the
maximum profit per unit cost?

A 1991

B 1992

C 1993

D 1995
Answer: B

Explanation:
10
Ratio in 1991 = 120 = 0.833
25
Ratio in 1992 = 125 = 0.2
20
Ratio in 1993 = 145 = 0.138
20
Ratio in 1995 = 160 = 0.125
1992 has maximum profit per unit cost.
Instructions [18 - 22 ]
The following table gives the tariff [in paise per kilo-watt-hour (kWh)] levied by the UPSEB in 1994-95, in four
sectors and the regions within them. The table also gives the percentage change in the tariff as compared
to 1991-92.

18. If the amount of power consumed by the various regions in sector 1 is the same, then as compared
to 1991-92 the net tariff in 1994-95

A increased by 6.5%
B decreased by 3.5%
C increased by 10.2%

D decreased by 7.3%
Answer: A

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Explanation:
425+472+420+415+440
Average tariff in Sector 1 in 1994-95 = 5 = 434.4 P/kWh
425 472 420 415 440
1.15 + 1.05 + 0.96 + 1.08 + 1.1
Average tariff in Sector 1 in 1991-92= 5 =408.4 P/kWh
Change =434.4-408.4=26 P/kWh
26
% Change = 408.4 × 100 = 6.5%
19. What was the approximate average tariff in sector 3 in 1991-92?

A 407

B 420

C 429

D None of these
Answer: B

Explanation:
Average tariff in sector 3= (428/1.08 + 478/.96 + 432/1.06 + 441/1.1 + 439/1.08)/5 = 421.8 ~ 420

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20. In 1994-95, if there was 10% decrease in the domestic consumption of power as compared to that in
1991-92, what was the consumption of power in the rural sector in 1991-92?

A 1,312 megawatts

B 1,422 megawatts

C 1,750 megawatts

D Cannot be deterrmined
Answer: D

Explanation:
In this data, all the tarrif rates are given. The table does not mention the consumption of electricity in any of
the given years. Hence the consumption cannot be determined.
21. In the given 2 years, what is the total tariff paid by the urban sector?

A Rs. 22.4 lakh

B Rs. 21.6 lakh

C Rs. 27.2 lakh

D Cannot be determined
Answer: D

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Explanation:
As we do not know the population of the urban sector and its usage of current, we cannot determine the
total cost.
22. Which of the following statements is true?

A The average tariff in region 4 is 437.5 p/kWh

B The average tariff in region 2 is greater than the average tariff in region 5

C In 1991-92, the industrial sector contributed to about 42% of the total revenue from power

D None of these
Answer: B

Explanation:
415+423+441+451 1730
Average tariff in region 4 = 4 = 4 = 432.5 p/kWh => A is wrong.
In all the four sectors, tariff in region 2 is higher than tariff in region 5.
=> Average tariff in region 2 is higher than average tariff in region 5 => Option B is correct.

CAT previous papers (download pdf)

Instructions [23 - 30 ]
The table given below gives the annual details of loans from rural banks and agricultural loans over the
years 1970 to 1983. Using this data answer the questions that follow.

23. In 1974, the amount of agricultural loans formed what percentage of the total loans?

A 85%

B 71%
C 77%

D Cannot be determined
Answer: A

Explanation:
Total loan from rural in 1974 = 260 × 98 × 243 = 6 million (nearly)
Loan for agriculture in 1974 = 34.5 million

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Total = 34.5 + 6 = 40.5
34.5
%Agriculture loan = 40.5 × 100 = 85% (Nearly)
24. From the given data, the number of rural loans up to 1980 formed approximately what percentage of
those in 1983?

A 112%

B 80%

C 97%

D Cannot be determined
Answer: B

Explanation:
Number of loans in 1970 = 90*28 = 2520
Number of loans in 1971 = 115*39 = 4485
Number of loans in 1972 = 130*52 = 6760
Number of loans in 1974 = 260*98 = 25480
Number of loans in 1975 = 318*121 = 38478
Number of loans in 1980 = 605*288 = 174240
Sum of these loans = 251963
Number of loans in 1983 = 840*380 = 319200
251963
Ratio = 319200 = 80% approximately.
25. Which of the following pairs of years showed the maximum increase in the number of rural bank
loans?

A 1971-72

B 1974-75

C 1970-71

D 1980-81
Answer: D

Explanation:
Number of loans in 1970 = 90 * 28 = 2520
Number of loans in 1971 = 115*39 = 4485
Number of loans in 1972 = 130 * 52 = 6760
Number of loans in 1974 = 260 * 98 = 25480
Number of loans in 1975 = 318 * 121 = 38478
Number of loans in 1980 = 605 * 288 = 174240

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Number of loans in 1981 = 665 * 312 = 207480
So, the maximum increase in number of loans is in 1980 - 81

Free CAT Preparation Video Lectures

26. What is the value(in millions) of the agricultural loans in 1983 at 1970 prices?

A Rs. 326

B Rs. 264

C Rs. 305

D None of these
Answer: B

Explanation:
To change the prices from one year to another year, we have to use the Consumer Price Index.
Value in 1983 = 915.7 millions
CPI in 1983 = 149
CPI in 1970 = 43
43
Required value in 1970 = 149 ∗ 915.7 = Rs 264 million
27. In which year was the number of rural bank loans per rural bank least?

A 1974

B 1971

C 1970

D 1975
Answer: C

Explanation:
The second column in the rural bank loans gives us the average number of loans, which is same as the
number of rural bank loans per rural bank.
This field is least in 1970.
Hence, 1970 is the answer.
28. What is the simple annual rate of increase in the number of agricultural loans from 1970 to 1983?

A 132%

B 81%

C 75%

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 1056%
D
Answer: B

Explanation:
Change = 211.6 - 18.3 = 193.3
193.3
% increase = 18.3 ∗ 100 = 1056%
1056
This is distributed over 13 years => Average yearly increment = 13 = 81%

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29. If the consumer price index for 1970 is to be taken as 105 and the indices for the subsequent years
are to be corrected accordingly, by roughly how many points do the indices for 1983 and 1975 differ?

A 174

B 180

C 188

D 195
Answer: A

Explanation:
Difference between CPI of 1983 and 1975 = 149 - 78 = 71
105
If CPI of 1970, which is 43, is changed to 105, then the value of 71 changes to 43 ∗ 71 = 174
30. If the consumer price index for 1970 is to be taken as 105 and the indices for the subsequent years
are to be corrected accordingly, what is the approximate value of the agricultural loans in 1980 at
1983 prices?

A Rs. 570 million

B Rs. 680 million

C Rs. 525 million

D Rs. 440 million
Answer: A

Explanation:
Since the consumer price indices for all years change, the ratios will remain the same as before.
Value of the agricultural loans in 1980 at 1983 prices = 498.4 * 149 / 131 = 570 approx.

Know the CAT Percentile Required for IIM Calls

Quant
Instructions [31 - 33 ]
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A certain race is made up of three stretches: A, B and C, each 2 km long, and to be covered by a certain
mode of transport. The following table gives these modes of transport for the stretches, and the minimum
and maximum possible speeds (in km/hr) over these stretches. The speed over a particular stretch is
assumed to be constant. The previous record for the race is 10 min.

31. Anshuman travels at minimum speed by car over A and completes stretch B at the fastest speed. At
what speed should he cover stretch C in order to break the previous record?

A Maximum speed for C

B Minimum speed for C

C This is not possible

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
2
Anshuman travels at a minimum speed by car over A, so the time taken = 40 *60= 3 min
2
Anshuman travels stretch B at the fastest speed, so the time taken = 50 *60= 12/5 min
So in order to break the record, he has to cover the three stretches in less than 10 min
12 23
10-(3+ 5 ) = 5
23
So the time taken to cover stretch C should be less than 5 min.
Let x kmph be the speed at which he covers stretch C
2 23
x *60 < 5
x > 26.08 kmph but the maximum speed at which he can cover stretch C is 20 kmph.
Hence it is not possible for him to break his previous record.
C is the correct answer.

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32. Mr Hare completes the first stretch at the minimum speed and takes the same time for stretch B. He
takes 50% more time than the previous record to complete the race. What is Mr Hare's speed for the
stretch C?

A 10.9 km/hr

B 13.3 km/hr

C 17.1 km/hr

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 None of these
D
Answer: B

Explanation:
1
Total time taken by Mr. Hare to complete the race = 50% more of (10 min.) = 15 min.= 4 hr.
1 2 2 2
Or 4 = 40 + 40 + v ( i.e. complete time for strech A,B and C Where v is velocity at strech C)
Or v= 13.3 km./hr
33. Mr Tortoise completes the race at an average speed of 20 km/hr. His average speed for the first two
stretches is four times that for the last stretch. Find the speed over stretch C.

A 15 km/hr

B 12 km/hr

C 10 km/hr

D This is not possible

Answer: C

Explanation:
2+2+2
Average speed to cover complete race = 20 km/hr = t1+t2+t3 (Where t1 is time taken to cover the distance
A, t2 is time taken to cover the distance B and t3 is time taken to cover the distance C)

So total time = t1 + t2 + t3 = 18 min.

4
Avg. speed for first two streches = t1+t2
2
Avg. speed for last strech = t3
4 2
Given: t1+t2 =4× t3

Or 2t1 + 2t2 = t3
Or t3 = 12 min.
2
So V3 = 12 × 60 = 10 km/hr
Instructions [34 - 36 ]
There are 60 students in a class. These students are divided into three groups A, B and C of 15, 20 and 25
students each. The groups A and C are combined to form group D.
34. What is the average weight of the students in group D?

A More than the average weight of A

B More than the average weight of C

C Less than the average weight of C

D Cannot be determined

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 Answer: D

Explanation:
As data regarding weights of people is not given, hence we can't determine the avg. weight of people in
group D

Top-500 Free CAT Questions (With Solutions)

35. If one student from group A is shifted to group B, which of the following will be true?

A The average weight of both groups increases

B The average weight of both the groups decreases

C The average weight of the class remains the same

D Cannot be determined
Answer: C

Explanation:
As data regarding weights is not available, hence we can't say about the increment or decrement in group A
an B
But avg. weight for overall class will remain same as no student went out or came inside to make any
changes in total weight or total number of students.
36. If all the students of the class have the same weight, then which of the following is false?

A The average weight of all the four groups is the same

B The total weight of A and C is twice the total weight of B

C The average weight of D is greater than the average weight of A

The average weight of all the groups remains the same even if a number of students are
D
shifted from one group to another
Answer: C

Explanation:
Except option C, all are correct because if everyone has same weight than avg. weight of all groups remain
same.
So avg. weight of D will be equal to avg. weight of A.
37. A student gets an aggregate of 60% marks in five subjects in the ratio 10 : 9 : 8 : 7 : 6. If the passing
marks are 50% of the maximum marks and each subject has the same maximum marks, in how many
subjects did he pass the examination?

A 2

B 3

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 4
C

D 5
Answer: C

Explanation:
Let's say he scored marks as 10x, 9x, 8x, 7x, 6x or total of 40x which is 60% of total maximum
marks(T).
T ×60
100 = 40x
400x
So T (total maximum marks)= 6

T 80x
Or Individual max. marks = 5 = 6

40x
Passing marks =50% of individual max. marks = 6 = 6.66x

Hence he scored more than passing marks in four subjects as 10x, 9x, 8x and 7x

and failed in one subject as scoring 6x marks which is less than passing marks of 6.66x

Free CAT Study Material

38. In how many ways can eight directors, the vice chairman and chairman of a firm be seated at a round
table, if the chairman has to sit between the the vice chairman and a specific director?

A 9! × 2

B 2 × 8!

C 2 × 7!

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
Chariman, Vice-Chairman and the director can be made as a group such that Chairman sits between the
Vice-Chairman and the director. This group can be formed in 2 ways.
Each of the remaining 7 directors and the group can be arranged in 7! ways.
=> Total number of ways = 2 * 7!.
39. If log 2 log 7 (x2 − x + 37) = 1, then what could be the value of ‘x’?

A 3

B 5

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 4
C

D None of these
Answer: C

 Video Solution

Explanation:
log2 log7 (x2 − x + 37) = 1
log7 (x2 − x + 37) = 2
(x2 − x + 37) = 72
Given eq. can be reduced to x2 − x + 37 = 49
So x can be either -3 or 4.
40. After allowing a discount of 11.11%, a trader still makes a gain of 14.28%. At how many percentage
above the cost price does he mark on his goods?

A 28.56%

B 35%

C 22.22%
D None of these
Answer: A

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  Video Solution

Explanation:
Let's say cost price is 100
gain = 14.28
selling price = 114.28
Marked price = x(say)
11.11x 8x
So x − 100 = 9 = 114.28
Or x = 128.52
So marked price is 28.52% more than cost price.

(16n2 +7n+6)
41. If n is an integer, how many values of n will give an integral value of n ?

A 2

B 3

C 4

D None of these
Answer: D

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  Video Solution

Explanation:
6
Expression can be reduced to 16n + 7 + n
Now to make above value an integer n can be 1,2,3,6,-1,-2,-3,-6
Hence answer will be D).
42. A dealer buys dry fruits at Rs. 100, Rs. 80 and Rs. 60 per kilogram. He mixes them in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5
by weight, and sells at a profit of 50%. At what price per kilogram does he sell the dry fruits?

A Rs. 80

B Rs. 100

C Rs. 95

D None of these
Answer: D

 Video Solution

Explanation:
Let's say he buy fruits of weights 3 kg., 4kg., 5 kg.
Total kilograms of dry fruits = 3 + 4 + 5 = 12

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Overall cost price = 3 ⋅ 100 + 4 ⋅ 80 + 5 ⋅ 60 = 300 + 320 + 300 = 920
300 + 320 + 300 920
So cost price per kg. = 12 = 12

920 3
Selling price = 12 × 2 = 115 per kg (Since Profit is 50%)

Hence answer will be D.

43. Fresh grapes contain 90% water while dry grapes contain 20% water. What is the weight of dry grapes
obtained from 20 kg fresh grapes?

A 2 kg

B 2.5 kg

C 2.4 kg

D 10 kg
Answer: B

 Video Solution

Explanation:
Let the total weight of fresh grapes be 100 gm.
=> Fresh grapes have 90 gm of water and 10 gm of fruit.
When these grapes are dried, the amount of fruit does not change.
=> 10 grams will become 80% of the content in dry grapes
10
=> Weight of dry grapes = 0.8 = 12.5 gm
So, the weight of fresh grapes reduces to 1/8th of its original weight.
=> 20 kg of fresh grapes give 2.5 kg of dry grapes.

Free Videos for CAT Preparation

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44. An express train travelling at 80 km/hr overtakes a goods train, twice as long and going at 40 km/hr
on a parallel track, in 54 s. How long will the express train take to cross a platform of 400 m long?

A 36 s

B 45 s

C 27 s

D None of these
Answer: C

 Video Solution

Explanation:
Let's say length of express train = x
So length of goods train = 2x
5 5
Total length travelled by express train = 3x = ((80 − 40) × 18 ) × 54 (Where (80 − 40) × 18 ) = relative
velocity of express train w.r.t. goods train in meter/sec.)
So x = 200 meter.
5
Now crossing a plateform of length 400 m., total length travelled by train = 600 m= t × (80 × 18 )
t = 27 sec.
45. A student instead of finding the value of 7/8 of a number, found the value of 7/18 of the number. If
his answer differed from the actual one by 770, find the number.

A 1584

B 2520

C 1728

D 1656
Answer: A

Explanation:

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let's say number is x.
7x 7x
So 8 − 18 = 770
or x = 1584
46. P and Q are two positive integers such that PQ = 64. Which of the following cannot be the value of P +
Q?

A 20

B 65

C 16

D 35
Answer: D

Explanation:
When PQ = 64
Possible values of P and Q are as follows:

64 and 1 ; 32 and 2 ; 16 and 4 ; 8 and 8

So possible sums are 65,34,20 and 16

Hence answer would be D)

About CAT exam

47. The average marks of a student in 10 papers are 80. If the highest and the lowest scores are not
considered, the average is 81. If his highest score is 92, find the lowest.

A 55

B 60

C 62

D Cannot be determined
Answer: B

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  Video Solution

Explanation:
Total marks = 80 x 10 = 800
Total marks except highest and lowest marks = 81 x 8 = 648
So Summation of highest marks and lowest marks will be = 800 - 648 = 152
When highest marks is 92, lowest marks will be = 152-92 = 60
48. If the roots x1 and x2 are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 − 2x + c = 0 also satisfy the
equation 7x2 − 4x1 = 47 , then which of the following is true?

A c = -15

B x1 = −5 and x2 = 3

C x1 = 4.5 and x2 = −2.5

D None of these
Answer: A

 Video Solution

Explanation:
x1 + x2 = 2

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and 7x2 − 4x1 = 47
So x1 = −3 and x2 = 5
And c = x1 × x2 = −15

49. The sum of the areas of two circles, which touch each other externally, is 153π. If the sum of their
radii is 15, find the ratio of the larger to the smaller radius.

A 4

B 2

C 3

D None of these
Answer: A

 Video Solution

Explanation:
Given:
π((r1 )2 + (r2 )2 ) = 153π
So
(r1 )2 + (r2 )2 = 153
Or ((r1 ) + (r2 ))2 − 2(r1 )(r2 ) = 153
Or (r1 )(r2 ) = 36 and (r1 ) + (r2 ) = 15
r1 = 12
r2 = 3
Ratio = 4

Important Verbal Ability Questions for CAT (Download PDF)

50. If m and n are integers divisible by 5, which of the following is not necessarily true?

A m - n is divisible by 5

B m2 - n2 is divisible by 25

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C m + n is divisible by 10

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
Let's say m=5k and n=5t
So m-n = 5(k-t) will be divisible by 5.
m2 − n2 = 25(k2 − t2 ) will be divisible by 5.
m + n = 5(k + t) will be divisible by 5 but not necessarily with 10.
51. Which of the following is true?

2
A 7(3 ) = (73 )2
2
B 7(3 ) > (73 )2
2
C 7(3 ) < (73 )2

D None of these
Answer: B

Explanation:
2
7(3 ) = 79
(73 )2 = 76
2
So 7 (3 ) > (73 )2
Instructions [52 - 54 ]
A survey of 200 people in a community who watched at least one of the three channels — BBC, CNN and DD
— showed that 80% of the people watched DD, 22% watched BBC, and 15% watched CNN.
52. What is the maximum percentage of people who can watch all the three channels?

A 12.5%

B 8.5%

C 15%

D Data insufficient
Answer: B

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  Video Solution

Explanation:
Let a be the number who watch only one channel, b be the number who watch only 2 channels and c be the
number who watch all channels.
a+b+c = 100
a+2b+3c = 80+22+15 =117
Subtracting both equations,
b+2c = 117-100 = 17
Maximum c occurs when b = 0
2c = 17
c = 8.5

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53. If 5% of people watched DD and CNN, 10% watched DD and BBC, then what percentage of people
watched BBC and CNN only?

A 2%

B 5%

C 8.5%

D Cannot be determined
Answer: A

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  Video Solution

Explanation:
Applying AUBUC formula
Let x be the number who watch BBC and CNN and y be the number who watch all three channels.
100 = 80+22+15-(10+5+x)+y
x-y = 2
Hence only 2% people watch BBC and CNN only.
54. Referring to the previous question, what percentage of people watched all the three channels?

A 3.5%

B 0%

C 8.5%

D Cannot be determined
Answer: D

 Video Solution

Explanation:

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Applying AUBUC formula
Let x be the number who watch BBC and CNN and y be the number who watch all three channels.
100 = 80+22+15-(10+5+x)+y
x-y = 2
We cannot find the exact value of y.
Hence, the answer is "cannot be determined".
55. A man earns x% on the first Rs. 2,000 and y% on the rest of his income. If he earns Rs. 700 from
income of Rs. 4,000 and Rs. 900 from Rs. 5,000 of income, find x%.

A 20%

B 15%

C 25%

D None of these
Answer: B

 Video Solution

Explanation:
He earns x% on first 2000 and y% on rest of his income.
So on 4000 rs. , he will earn as follows:
x y
2000 100 + 2000 100 = 700
Or x + y = 35
Similarly on 5000 rs. ,he will earn 900 as follows:
x y
2000 100 + 3000 100 = 900
Or 20x + 30y = 900
On solving above equations, we will get value of x = 15

How to prepare for Logical Reasoning for CAT

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56.

AB is the diameter of the given circle, while points C and D lie on the circumference as shown. If AB
is 15 cm, AC is 12 cm and BD is 9 cm, find the area of the quadrilateral ACBD.

A 54sq. cm

B 216sq. cm

C 162sq. cm

D None of these
Answer: D

 Video Solution

Explanation:
Since ACBD is cyclic quadrilateral with diagonals as AB = 15 ad CD.
1
So area = 2 × (AB) × (CD) eq.(1)
Triangle ACB and ABD is right angled triangle
Let's say angle CBA = θ
12
so CD = 2 × (9sinθ) (Where sinθ = 15 )
72
CD = 5
Putting values in eq. (1) , we will get area = 108 sq.cm.
Hence answer will be D)
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57. P, Q and R are three consecutive odd numbers in ascending order. If the value of three times P is 3
less than two times R, find the value of R.

A 5

B 7

C 9

D 11
Answer: C

Explanation:
Let's say three numbers are (a-2),a,(a+2)
So 3(a-2) = 2(a+2) - 3
a=7 and a+2 = R = 9
Instructions [58 - 60 ]
For these questions the following functions have been defined.

la(x, y, z) = min(x + y, y + z)
le(x, y, z) = max(x − y, y − z)
1
ma(x, y, z) = 2 (le(x, y, z) + la(x, y, z))
58. Given that x > y > z > 0. Which of the following is necessarily true?

A la(x, y, z) < le(x, y, z)

B ma(x, y, z) < la(x, y, z)

C ma(x, y, z) < le(x, y, z)

D None of these
Answer: D

Explanation:
Best approach to these type question remain assuming values and checking
Case - 1.x=8 ; y=7 ; z = 5
la (x,y,z) = 12
le (x,y,z) = 2
ma (x,y,z) = 7
Case -2: Let us try to find values for which la(x,y,z) and le(x,y,z) would be equal. In such a case, ma(x,y,z)
would also be the same.
So max(x-y,y-z)= min(x+y, y+z)
As x>y>z>0, min(x+y, y+z) = y+z

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So max(x-y, y-z) =y+z
Either x-y=y+z or y-z = y+z
So x=2y+z or z=0
But z cannot be 0 according to given condition.
So, x=2y+z
Let us assume y=2 and z=1
So x=5
la (x,y,z)= 3
le (x,y,z) = 3
ma (x,y,z)= 3
based on these two cases we can deduce that non of the given options holds true.
So the correct option to choose is D - None of these.

Data Interpretation for CAT Questions (download pdf)

59. What is the value of ma(10, 4, le((la10, 5, 3), 5, 3))?

A 7

B 6.5

C 8

D 7.5
Answer: B

Explanation:
Ma(10, 4, le((la10, 5, 3), 5, 3))
Or Ma(10, 4, le(8, 5, 3))
Or Ma(10, 4, 3)
1
Or 2 (6 + 7) = 6.5
60. For x=15, y=10 and z=9 , find the value of le(x, min(y, x-z), le(9, 8, ma(x, y, z)).

A 5

B 12

C 9

D 4
Answer: C

Explanation:
Given expression can be reduced to

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le(15, min(10,15-9) , le(9,8,12))
Or le(15,6,1) = 9
61. ABC is a three-digit number in which A > 0. The value of ABC is equal to the sum of the factorials of
its three digits. What is the value of B?

A 9

B 7

C 4

D 2
Answer: C

Explanation:
The values of 1!, 2!, 3!, 4!, 5!, 6! and 7! are 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720 and 5040 respectively.
So, the digits must lie from 1 to 6 only to satisfy the conditions.
6 cannot be one of the digits as the at least one digit in the final number is more than 6.
145 = 1! + 4! + 5!

Logical Reasoning for CAT Questions (download pdf)

62. The adjoining figure shows a set of concentric squares. If the diagonal of the innermost square is 2
units, and if the distance between the corresponding corners of any two successive squares is 1 unit,
find the difference between the areas of the eighth and the seventh squares, counting from the
innermost square.

A 10√2 sq. units

B 30 sq. units

C 35√2 sq. units

D None of these
Answer: B

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Explanation:
Diagonal of 8th square will be = 16
16
Side of 8th square = 2
Diagonal of 7th square will be = 14
14
Side of 7th square = 2

16 14
Difference in areas = ( 2 )2 −( 2 )2 = 30

63. A, B and C are defined as follows.

A=(2.000004) ÷ ((2.000004)2 + 4.000008) ;

B = (3.000003) ÷ ((3.000003)2 + 9.000009)
C= (4.000002) ÷ ((4.000002)2 + 8.000004)
Which of the following is true about the values of the above three expressions?

A All of them lie between 0.18 and 0.2

B A is twice of C

C C is the smallest

D B is the smallest
Answer: D

Explanation:
Given expressions can be reduced as follows
1
A = 4.000004
1
B = 6.000003
1
C = 6.000002
Among all of them B is smallest.
64. The value of each of a set of coins varies as the square of its diameter, if its thickness remains
constant, and it varies as the thickness, if the diameter remains constant. If the diameter of two coins
are in the ratio 4 : 3, what should be the ratio of their thickness' be if the value of the first is four
times that of the second?

A 16 : 9

B 9:4
C 9 : 16
D 4:9
Answer: B

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  Video Solution

Explanation:
Value of coin = k(2r)2 t (where k is proportionality constant, 2r is diameter and t is thickness)
So (value of first coin) = 4 (value of second coin)

k(2r1 )2 t1 = 4 × (k(2r2 )2 t2 )
t1 9
or t2 = 4 (As ratio of diameters 2r will be 9:4)

Quantitative Aptitude for CAT Questions (download pdf)

65. In ABC, points P, Q and R are the mid-points of sides AB, BC and CA respectively. If area of ABC is 20
sq. units, find the area of PQR.

A 10 sq. units

B 5√3 sq. units

C 5 sq. units

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
As we know, the triangle joining midpoints of sides will divide it in 4 similar traingles of equal area.
20
So area will be = 4 =5
66. In a rectangle, the difference between the sum of the adjacent sides and the diagonal is half the
length of the longer side. What is the ratio of the shorter to the longer side?

A √3 : 2

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 1 : √3
B

C 2:5

D 3:4
Answer: D

Explanation:
Consider rectangle with shorter side as y, longer side as x and diagonal as z .
x
So (x + y) − z = 2 => x/2+y=z

Where z 2 = x2 + y2
So, (x/2 + y)2 = z
squaring on both sides and after putting value of z and solving we can get ratio of y to x as 3:4
Instructions [67 - 68 ]
The Weirdo Holiday Resort follows a particular system of holidays for its employees. People are given
holidays on the days where the first letter of the day of the week is the same as the first letter of their
names. All employees work at the same rate.
67. Raja starts working on February 25(Sunday), 1996, and finishes the job on March 2, 1996. How much
time would T and J take to finish the same job if both start on the same day as Raja?

A 4 days

B 5 days

C Either a or b

D Cannot be determined
Answer: A

Explanation:
Raja takes 7 days to complete the job.
Feb 25, 1996 is a Sunday.
If T and J start working on Sunday, they can complete the work by wednesday because T would have
worked for 3 days and J would worked for 4 days, thereby matching the number of days worked by Raja.
Hence, they can complete the job in 4 days.

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68. Starting on February 25, 1996 (Sunday), if Raja had finished his job on April 2, 1996, when would T
and S together likely to have completed the job, had they started on the same day as Raja?

A March 15, 1996

B March 14, 1996

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 March 22, 1996
C

D Data insufficient
Answer: C

Explanation:
The number of days taken by Raja to complete the work is 5+31+2 = 38
So, cumulative number of days needed by T and S to complete the work is 38.
Both of them take two days off in a week as S takes of on Saturday and Sunday and T takes off on Tuesday
and Thursday.
So, total number of man-working days per week by the duo is 10.
Hence, after three weeks, they finish 30 man working days.
i.e by end of 17th March 1996 (Sunday), 30 man working days are finished.
Both of them work on Monday,
S works on Tuesday
Both of them work on Wednesday
S works on Thursday
Both of them work on Friday and the remaining 8 man working days are also over.
Hence, the required date is 17+5 = 22 March 1996 (Friday)
Instructions [69 - 71 ]
Boston is 4 hr ahead of Frankfurt and 2 hr behind India. X leaves Frankfurt at 6 p.m. on Friday and reaches
Boston the next day. After waiting there for 2 hr, he leaves exactly at noon and reaches India at 1 a.m. On
his return journey, he takes the same route as before, but halts at Boston for 1hr less than his previous halt
there. He then proceeds to Frankfurt.
69. If his journey, including stoppage, is covered at an average speed of 180 mph during the journey from
Frankfurt to India, what is the distance between Frankfurt and India?

A 3,600 miles

B 4,500 miles

C 5,580 miles

D Data insufficient
Answer: B

Explanation:
X leaves Frankfurt at 6 PM and reaches Boston at 10 AM, which is 6 AM in Frankfurt => 12-hour journey
Leaves Boston at 12 PM ad reaches India at 1 AM, which is 11 PM in Boston => 11-hour journey
=> Total time = 12 + 2 + 11 = 25 hours
Average speed = 180 mph
=> Distance = 25 * 180 = 4500 miles

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70. If X had started the return journey from India at 2.55 a.m. on the same day that he reached there,
after how much time would he reach Frankfurt?

A 24 hr

B 25 hr

C 26 hr

D Data insufficient
Answer: A

Explanation:
X leaves Frankfurt at 6 PM and reaches Boston at 10 AM, which is 6 AM in Frankfurt => 12-hour journey
Leaves Boston at 12 PM ad reaches India at 1 AM, which is 11 PM in Boston => 11-hour journey
=> Total time = 12 + 2 + 11 = 25 hours
Return journey is 1 hour lesser => 25 - 1 = 24 hours.

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71. What is X's average speed for the entire journey (to and fro)?

A 176 mph

B 180 mph

C 165 mph

D Data insufficient
Answer: D

Explanation:
Distance is not known to find the average speed.
=> Data insufficient

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72. In the adjoining figure, points A, B, C and D lie on the circle. AD = 24 and BC = 12. What is the ratio of
the area of CBE to that of ADE?

A 1:4

B 1:2

C 1:3

D Data insufficient
Answer: A

Explanation:
As we know angles of same sectors are equal
Hence angle B and angle D will be equal. Angle BCE and angle EAD will be equal.
So triangles BCE and EAD will be similar triangles with sides ratio as 12:24 or 1:2.
Area will be in ratio of 1:4.
73. In the given figure, EADF is a rectangle and ABC is a triangle whose vertices lie on the sides of EADF
and AE = 22, BE = 6, CF = 16 and BF = 2. Find the length of the line joining the mid-points of the sides
AB and BC.

A 42

B 5

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C 3.5

D None of these
Answer: B

Explanation:

From the above figure, △ EBF and △ABC are similar.

AC AB
EF = EB

AC 2 = 82 + 62 = 100
So AC = 10
10
EF = 2

EF = 5
Length of line joining mid-points will be = 5

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Instructions [74 - 75 ]
A thief, after committing the burglary, started fleeing at 12 noon, at a speed of 60 km/hr. He was then
chased by a policeman X. X started the chase, 15 min after the thief had started, at a speed of 65 km/hr.
74. At what time did X catch the thief?

A 3.30 p.m.

B 3 p.m.

C 3.15 p.m.

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
d
Time taken to catch the thief = v (Where d is relative distance achieved in 15 min. = 15km. and v is relative
velocity of poiliceman i.e. = 65-60 = 5 kmph)
So time taken = 3hr.
Hence he will catch thief at 3:15 pm
75. If another policeman had started the same chase along with X, but at a speed of 60 km/hr, then how
far behind was he when X caught the thief?

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A 18.75 km

B 15 km

C 21 km

D 37.5 km
Answer: B

Explanation:
As relative velocity of other poilceman will be 0 , hence distance remain same as starting i.e. = 15 km.
76. What is the value of a3 + b3 ?
I. a2 + b2 = 22
II. ab = 3

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: D

Explanation:
Considering first statement only, nothing absolute can be said about the value ofa3 + b3 similarly
considering 2nd statement only nothing absolute can be said about the value of a3 + b3 .
When we consider both statements together two values of (a+b) can be possible as 28 and − 28
By which two possible values of a3 + b3 . Nothing absolute can be said about it.
Hence answer will be D).

77. Is the number completely divisible by 99?

I. The number is divisible by 9 and 11 simultaneously.
II. If the digits of the number are reversed, the number is divisible by 9 and 11.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: B

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Explanation:
99 = 9 * 11 => If the number is divisible by 9 and 11, then the number is divisible by 99.
=> We can answer the question using only statement I.
The divisibility rule of 9 is that the sum of the digits in the number must be divisible by 9.
The divisibility rule of 11 is that the difference of sums of digits in odd places and digits in even places
must be a multiple of 11.
According to statement II, if the number is reversed then the number is divisible by 9 and 11 => Divisible by
99.
Now, on reversing the number again, the number is still divible by 99 because the sum of the digits remains
the same and also the difference of sums of digits in odd places and digits in even places remains the
same.
Hence, the question can be answered using either of the statements alone.
78. A person is walking from Mali to Pali, which lies to its north-east. What is the distance between Mali
and Pali?
1
I. When the person has covered 3 the distance, he is 3 km east and 1 km north of Mali.
2
II. When the person has covered 3 the distance, he is 6 km east and 2 km north of Mali.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: B

Explanation:
Considering first statement alone, we can calculate 1/3rd of the complete distance as 12 + 32 Hence,
we can evaluate complete distance too.

Considering second statement alone, we can calculate 2/3rd of the complete distance as 22 + 62
Hence, we can evaluate complete distance too.
So answer will be B as complete distance can be calculated by using any of the statement alone.
79. What is the value of x and y?
I. 3x + 2y = 45
II. 10.5x + 7y = 157.5

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: D
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Explanation:
Considering first statement alone,
As there are 2 variables x and y, and one equation we can't say anything absolute about values of x and y.
Considering second statement alone,
With 2 variables and one equation, we can't say anything absolute about variables x and y.
Even considering both statements together, we can't find values of x and y as equation in 2nd statement is
same as in 1st statement after multiplying it 3.5

80. Three friends P, Q and R are wearing hats, either black or white. Each person can see the hats of the
other two persons. What is the colour of P's hat? I. P says that he can see one black hat and one
white hat. II. Q says that he can see one white hat and one black hat.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: D

Explanation:
Considering first statement alone:
Nothing absolute can be said about the hats of Q and R, as Q might have black hat or white hat similarly R
might have white or black hat as seen by P.
Considering second statement alone:
Nothing absolute can be said about the hats of P and R as they can have either Black or White caps
Even considering both statements together, we were not be able to reduce the possibilities of having black
hats and white hats
Hence answer will be D.
81. What is the speed of the car?
I. The speed of a car is 10 (km/hr) more than that of a motorcycle.
II. The motorcycle takes 2 hr more than the car to cover 100 km.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: C

Explanation:

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Let the speed of the car be x.
Using both the statements, we get a quadratic equation in x.
This equation will have 2 roots, one positive root and one negative root. So, we have to consider only the
positive root.
The question can, therefore, be answered by using both the statements together.
82. What is the ratio of the volume of the given right circular cone to the one obtained from it?
I. The smaller cone is obtained by passing a plane parallel to the base and dividing the original height
in the ratio 1 : 2.
II. The height and the base of the new cone are one-third those of the original cone.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: B

Explanation:
Considering 1st statement alone:
As height is reduced to 1/3rd of it, radius will also get reduced 1/3rd of complete cone
Now we know volume is directly proportional to product of square of radius and height , we can calculate
ratio of volumes.
Similarly considering 2nd statement alone, we can calculate ratio of volumes as we will have sufficient
information regarding radius and height.
So answer will be B

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83. What is the area bounded by the two lines and the coordinate axes in the first quadrant?
I. The lines intersect at a point which also lies on the lines 3x - 4y = 1 and 7x - 8y = 5.
II. The lines are perpendicular, and one of them intersects the Y-axis at an intercept of 4.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: C

Explanation:
Considering 1st statement alone:

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We can find only one coordinate regarding both lines, which is insufficient information to calculate area.
Considering 2nd statement alone:
We have only one coordinate , regarding one line with insufficient information to calculate area.
Now if we consider both statements together, we can find points where lines are meeting co-ordinate axis
and then area.
So our answer will be C.

84. What is the cost price of the chair?

I. The chair and the table are sold at profits of 15% and 20% respectively.
II. If the cost price of the chair is increased by 10% and that of the table is increased by 20%, the
profit reduces by Rs. 20.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: D

Explanation:
Let the cost price of the Chair be x and that of the table be y.
Using statement 1)
Hence we get the total selling price = 1.15x + 1.2y and profit = 0.15x + 0.2y
Using this alone we can't find the cost price of the chair.
Using Statement 2)
Total cost price = 1.10 x + 1.2y
Using Statement 1 and 2 together,
We get profit in second case = 0.05x.
Reduction in profit = (0.15x + 0.2y) - 0.05x = 0.1x + 0.2y = 20
Hence we can't deduce the value of x even after using both statements together.
85. After what time will the two persons Tez and Gati meet while moving around the circular track? Both
of them start at the same point and at the same time.
I. Tez moves at a constant speed of 5 m/s, while Gati starts at a speed of 2 m/s and increases his
speed by 0.5 m/s at the end of every second thereafter.
II. Gati can complete one entire lap in exactly 10 s.

A The question can be answered with the help of one statement alone.

B The question can be answered with the help of any one statement independently.

C The question can be answered with the help of both statements together.

D The question cannot be answered even with the help of both statements together.
Answer: D

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Explanation:
From Statement 1, we know the speed of each runner.
From Statement 2, we can calculate the length of the track as we know the speed of runner every second.
But the answer cannot be determined as we do not know the direction of each runner.

Verbal
86. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Peel : Peal

A Coat : Rind

B Laugh : Bell

C Rain : Reign

D Brain : Cranium
Answer: C

Explanation:
Peel and Peal sound fairly similar but have completely different meanings. Peel is used to as a verb to
remove the outer coating of fruits, etc. Peal is a noun and relates to the sound made by ringing bells.
Similarly rain and reign sound fairly alike but mean very different and also have noun and verb difference.

87. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Doggerel : Poet

A Symphony : Composer

B Prediction : Astrologer

C Wine : Vintner

D Pulp fiction : Novelist

Answer: D

Explanation:
Doggerel is a type of poetry and hence poet is associated with doggerel. Similarly pul fiction is a type of
novel and hence novelist is associated with it.
88. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Premise : Conclusion

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A Assumption : Inference

B Hypothesis : Idea

C Knowledge : Books

D Brand : Marketing
Answer: A

Explanation:
In this analogy, a conclusion is derived from a premise. Similarly inference is derived from assumption.
Marketing is not derived from brand. Neither is idea or books derived from hypothesis or knowledge. Option
A is correct.
89. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Barge : Vessel

A Shovel : Implement

B Book : Anthology

C Rim : Edge

D Training : Preparation
Answer: A

Explanation:
Barge and vessel are synonyms for a large boat.
Shovel and implement are synonyms for a tool used for a particular purpose.
Hence, shovel and implement share the same relationship as barge and vessel.

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90. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Love : Obsession

A Happiness : Victory

B Amity : Enimity

C Enemy : Hatred

D Sorrow : Misery
Answer: D

Explanation:
Obsession is an extreme form of love. Similarly Misery is an extreme form of Sorrow. Hence option d is
correct.

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91. Select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to the one expressed in the question pair.
Reptile : Adder

A Skeleton : Flesh

B Method : System

C Plant : Genus

D Dinosaur : Tyrannosaurus
Answer: D

Explanation:
Adder is a type of a reptile.
Tyrannosauraus is a type of Dinosaur. The relationship is similar to that of Adder and Reptile.
Hence, option D is the answer.
92. Choose the set in which the third statement logically follows from the first two.
A. No bird is viviparous.
B. All mammals are viviparous.
C. Bats are viviparous.
D. No bat is a bird.
E. No bird is a mammal.
F. All bats are mammals.

A ADC

B ABE

C FBA

D AFC
Answer: B

Explanation:
Option A => ADC
No bird is viviparous or a bird. C is not related to this statement => ADC is wrong.
Option B => ABE
No bird is viviparous and all mammals are viviparou => We can infer that no bird is vivaparous => ABE is
correct

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93. Choose the set in which the third statement logically follows from the first two.
A. No mother is a nurse.
B. Some nurses like to work.
C. No woman is a prude.
D. Some prude are nurses.
E. Some nurses are women.
F. All women like to work.

A ABE

B CED

C FEB

D BEF
Answer: C

Explanation:
Option A => ABE
No mother is nurse and some nurses like to work => We cannot infer anything from this information.
Option B => CED
No woman is a prude and some nurses are women => We can say that some nurses are not prude but
statement D cannot be inferred.
Option C => FEB
Some nurses are women and all women like to work => Some nurses like to work.
=> Option C is the answer.
94. Choose the set in which the third statement logically follows from the first two.
A. Oranges are sweet.
B. All oranges are apples.
C. Some sweet are apples.
D. Some oranges are apples.
E. All sweet are sour.
F. Some apples are sour.

A DAC

B CDA

C BCA

D FEC
Answer: A

Explanation:
Option A: DAC
Oranges are sweet and some oranges are apples => Some apples are sweet.
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We can also say that some sweet are apples.
Hence, C logically follows from D and A.
95. Choose the set in which the third statement logically follows from the first two.
A. Zens are Marutis.
B. Zens are fragile.
C. Marutis are fragile.
D. Opels are fragile.
E. Marutis are Opels.
F. Opels are stable.

A ACB

B EFD

C CEA

D ABC
Answer: A

Explanation:
Option A => ACB
Zens are Marutis and Marutis are fragile => Zens are fragile
Hence, option A is the answer.

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96. Choose the set in which the third statement logically follows from the first two.
A. Dogs sleep in the open.
B. Sheep sleep indoors.
C. Dogs are like sheep.
D. All indoors are sheep.
E. Some dogs are not sheep.
F. Some open are not sheep.

A AFE

B DCA

C ABE

D None of these
Answer: D

Explanation:
Option A: AFE
Dogs sleep in the open and some open are not sheep. E need not follow these statements because there is
a possibility that all dogs sleep in open that are sheep.
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Option B: DCA
All indoors are sheep and dogs are like sheep. Statement A is unrelated to this. Hence, option B is wrong.
Option C: ABE
A and B contain 4 sets => Not related. Hence, E cannot be inferred.
=> None of these is the answer.
97. Select a pair of sentences that relate logically to the given statement. Either Sam is ill, or he is drunk.
A. Sam is ill.
B. Sam is not ill.
C. Sam is drunk.
D. Sam is not drunk.

A AB

B DA

C AC

D CD
Answer: B

Explanation:
Either Sam is ill, or he is drunk.
So, we can say "if Sam is not drunk then he is ill" and "if Sam is not ill, then he is drunk".
=> BC and DA can be answers.
Only DA is present in the options => Option B is the answer.
98. Select a pair of sentences that relate logically to the given statement. Whenever Ram hears of a
tragedy, he loses sleep.
A. Ram heard of a tragedy.
B. Ram did not hear of a tragedy.
C. Ram lost sleep.
D. Ram did not lose sleep.

A CA

B BD

C DB

D AD
Answer: C

Explanation:
Whenever Ram hears of a tragedy he loses sleep.
Ram heard a tragedy => He lost sleep

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Ram did not lose sleep => He did not hear a tragedy.
So, AC and DB are both answers.
Among the options, only DB is present.
Hence, option C is the answer.

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99. Select a pair of sentences that relate logically to the given statement. Either the train is late, or it has
derailed.
A. The train is late.
B. The train is not late.
C. The train is derailed.
D. The train is not derailed.

A AB

B DB

C CA

D BC
Answer: D

Explanation:
If the train is derailed, it is late but if the train is late that does not mean that the train is derailed. The train
can be late due to several other factors of which derailing is only one of the factors. If the train is not late ,
this means that the train has not derailed.
100. Select a pair of sentences that relate logically to the given statement.
When I read a horror story I have a nightmare.
A. I read a story.
B. I did not read a horror story.
C. I did not have a nightmare.
D. I had a nightmare.

A CB

B AD

C BC

D AC
Answer: A

Explanation:
When I read a horror story I have a nightmare.
Read a horror story => Have a nightmare

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No nightmare => Did not read a horror story.
According to this, CB is the correct answer.
101. Select a pair of sentences that relate logically to the given statement. When I eat berries I get rashes.
A. I ate berries.
B. I did not get rashes.
C. I did not eat berries.
D. I got rashes.

A DA

B BC

C CB

D None of these
Answer: B

Explanation:
When I eat berries I get rashes means getting rashes is sure when I eat berries. Eating berries is in the
domain of getting rashes. Not getting rashes is outside the domain of getting rashes which means not
getting rashes means not eating berries. Hebce the answer is BC.

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Instructions [102 - 106 ]
From the choices given, you are required to choose the one, which would best replace the phrase in quotes.
102. This government has given subsidies to the Navratnas but there is no telling 'whether the subsequent
one will do'.

A whether the subsequent government will do so

B if the government to follow will accept the policy

C if the government to follow will adhere to the policy

D whether the subsequent one will do so

Answer: D

Explanation:
In the quoted portion, "whether the subsequent one will do" , the subsequent refers to the subsequent
government. The correct usage will be "whether the subsequent one will do so."
103. Rahul Bajaj has done a great job of taking the company to its present status, but it is time that he 'let
go off the reins'.

A let go of the reins

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 stepped down
B

C let go off the reins

D delegated responsibility
Answer: A

Explanation:
"Let go of the reins" means to loosen the control. Option A is correct.
104. With the pick up in the standard of education, expensive private schools have 'started blooming up in
every corner of the country'.

A started blooming in every corner of the country

B started mushrooming all over the country

C started mushrooming in every corner of the country

D blossomed all over the country

Answer: C

Explanation:
Mushrooming means to spread and develop quickly. Hence option C is correct. Option A is incorrect as
blooming means to flourish. The author wants to highlight the spreading of private schools. Hence
blooming is incorrect.

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105. 'It is important that' whatever else happens, these two factors should not be messed around with.

A It is important that

B It is a fact that

C It should be urgently understood that

D It should be understood that

Answer: A

Explanation:
This statement is contextually and grammatically correct and there is no error in this sentence.
106. 'It must be noticed' that under no circumstance should the company go in for diversification.

A It must be noticed
B It must be noted

C It must be pointed out

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 It should be noticed
D
Answer: B

Explanation:
When we notice something, we experience a glimpse of something or observe the event or the thing
superficially. In this sentence must is used which conveys a sense of compulsion. Hence the correct
answer is "It must be noted"
Instructions [107 - 112 ]
Fill in the Blanks
107. An act of justice closes the book on a misdeed; an act of vengeance ___.

A is reprehensible

B is sordid

C reopens the first chapter

D writes an epilogue
Answer: C

Explanation:
"Justice" and "Vengeance" are contextually very different in meaning. A justice makes the victim feel
satisfied, that is, it closes the book on misdeed. Whereas vengeance starts the chain and this act
continues. Option C correctly summarizes the point.

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108. This is about ___ a sociological analysis can penetrate.

A as far as

B the outer limits that

C just how far into the subject

D just the relative distance that

Answer: B

Explanation:
This sentence tells the outer limits of sociological analysis can penetrate. The correct option is B. Option C
and Option D are grammatically incorrect. "About" and "just" cannot be written simultaneously. Option A is
incorrect as it does not make any sense. The best alternative is Option B.
109. I am always the first to admit that I have not accomplished anything that I ___ achieve five years ago.

A set out to

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 went to
B

C thought to

D thought of
Answer: A

Explanation:
The things which we want to accomplish are set out. So the correct usage is "I am always the first to admit
that I have not accomplished anything that I set out to achieve five years ago."
110. This is not the first time that the management has done some ___.

A tough talk

B tough talking

C firm talk

D firm talking
Answer: B

Explanation:
Doing tough talking means to talk in a way such that one fears you. Option B is correct in this context.

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111. In India the talent is prodigious, and it increases ___.

A each year

B year by year

C annually

D progressively
Answer: B

Explanation:
Talent cannot be measured. So the talent cannot be measured annually or each year. Between
progressively and year by year, the latter one is a good fit.
112. Fill in the Blanks: The present constitution will see ___ amendments but its basic structure will
survive.

A much more
B many more

C too many more

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 quite a few more
D
Answer: B

Explanation:
Option C and Option D are grammatically incorrect. Amendments are countable noun so it is many more.
The correct sentence is "The present constitution will see many more amendments but its basic structure
will survive."
113. Fill in the Blanks: Taking risks, breaking the rules, and being a maverick have always been important
for companies, but, today, they are ___.

A more crucial than ever

B more crucial

C much more crucial

D very crucial
Answer: A

Explanation:
Option b and option c are eliminated because they are incomplete comparisons. When we say "more
crucial" it is in comparison to something else. Among option a and option d, option a is more suitable
because it shows the urgency in much more plausible manner.

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114. Fill in the Blanks: Education is central because electronic networks and software-driven technologies
are beginning to ___ the economic barriers between nations.

A break down

B break

C crumble

D dismantle
Answer: A

Explanation:
"Break Down" is the correct usage as break down means to remove something.

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115. Arrange sentences A, B, C and D between sentences 1 and 6, so as to form a logical sequence of six
sentences.
1. Whenever technology has flowered, it has put man's language — developing skills into overdrive.
A. Technical terms are spilling into mainstream language almost as fast as junk — mail is slapped
into e-mail boxes.
B. The era of computers is no less.
C. From the wheel with its axle to the spinning wheel with its bobbins, to the compact disc and its
jewel box, inventions have trailed new words in their wake.
D. "Cyberslang is huge, but it's parochial, and we don't know what will filter into the large culture,"
said Tom Dalzell, who wrote the slang dictionary Flappers 2 Rappers.
6. Some slangs already have a pedigree.

A BCAD

B CBAD

C ABCD

D DBCA
Answer: B

Explanation:
The first sentence is putting man's skill into overdrive. Option C continues the theme where it substantiates
with the help of an example. Option B introduces the computer era. Option A continues the theme of
computer era. Option D continues the them where a slang is stated. 6 correctly concludes the sentence.
116. Arrange sentences A, B, C and D between sentences 1 and 6, so as to form a logical sequence of six
sentences.
1. Until the MBA arrived on the scene the IIT graduate was king.
A. A degree from one of the five IITs was a passport to a well-paying job, great prospects abroad and,
for some, a decent dowry to boot.
B. From the day he or she cracked the Joint Entrance Examination, the IIT student commanded the
awe of neighbours and close relatives.
C. IIT students had, meanwhile, also developed their own special culture, complete with lingo and
attitude, which they passed down.
D. True, the success stories of IIT graduates are legion and they now constitute the cream of the
Indian diaspora.
6. But not many alumni would agree that the IIT undergraduate mindset merits a serious
psychological study, let alone an interactive one.

A BACD

B ADCB

C BADC
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 ABCD
D
Answer: A

Explanation:
The passage talks about IIT graduate being a king. Statement B should be the first sentence as it explains
why IIT graduates were kings. Statement A further elaborates on the same point as B so it should follow B.
We have two possible arrangements, BACD and BADC, The last statement starts with 'but' so the previous
statement should have some positive talk about IIT. D is the statement which talks about IITians in positive
light. So D should be the last sentence. Hence BACD is the right order.

117. Arrange sentences A, B, C and D between sentences 1 and 6, so as to form a logical sequence of six
sentences.
1. Some of the maharajas, like the one at Kapurthala, had exquisite taste.
A. In 1902, the Maharaja of Kapurthala gave his civil engineer photographs of the Versailles Palace
and asked him to replicate it, right down to the gargoyles.
B. Yeshwantrao Holkar of Indore brought in Bauhaus aesthetics and even works of modern artists like
Brancusi and Duchamp.
C. Kitsch is the most polite way to describe them.
D. But many of them, as the available light photographs show, had execrable taste.
6. Like Ali Baba's caves, some of the palaces were like warehouses with the downright ugly next to
the sublimely aesthetic.

A BACD

B BDCA

C ABCD

D ABDC
Answer: D

Explanation:
Sentence A is the first sentence as it follows the tone of kings having aesthetic taste. Sentence B follows A
as it continues with describing the aesthetic tastes of the kings. Sentence D extends the subject followed by
sentence C. Sentence 6 concludes the passage.

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118. Arrange sentences A, B, C and D between sentences 1 and 6, so as to form a logical sequence of six
sentences.
1. There, in Europe, his true gifts unveiled.
A. Playing with Don Cherie, blending Indian music and jazz for the first time, he began setting the
pace in the late 70s for much of what present — day fusion is.
B. John McLaughlin, the legendary guitarist whose soul has always had an Indian stamp on it, was
seduced immediately.
C. Fusion by Gurtu had begun.
D. He partnered Gurtu for four years, and 'natured' him as a composer.
6. But for every experimental musician there's a critic nestling nearby.

A ABCD

B BCAD

C ADBC

D ABDC
Answer: D

Explanation:
Sentence A is the first sentence as it highlights he true gifts mentioned in the starting. Option B follows A
which describes its impact on Laughlin. Option D follows B which mentions that he natured him as
composer. Option C desribes the result and sentence 6 concludes it properly.
119. Arrange sentences A, B, C and D between sentences 1 and 6, so as to form a logical sequence of six
sentences.
1. India, which has two out of every five TB patients in the world, is on the brink of a major public
health disaster.
A. If untreated, a TB patient can die within five years.
B. Unlike AIDS, the great curse of modern sexuality, the TB germ is airborne, which means there are
no barriers to its spread.
C. The dreaded infection ranks fourth among major killers worldwide.
D. Every minute, a patient falls prey to the infection in India, which means that over five lakh people
die of the disease annually.
6. Anyone, anywhere can be affected by this disease.

A CADB

B BACD

C ABCD

D DBAC
Answer: A
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Explanation:
Take a look at the last sentence of the paragraph:"Anyone, anywhere can be affected by this disease." This
is connected to B. So B is the last sentence. Option C is the proper starting sentence which talks about its
prevalence. Option A is the logical follwer of option C which highlights the status of India on TB. Option D
follows A. The correct sequence is CADB.

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120. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. It begins with an ordinary fever and a moderate cough.
B. India could be under attack from a class of germs that cause what are called atypical pneumonias.
C. Slowly, a sore throat progresses to bronchitis and then pneumonia and respiratory complications.
D. It appears like the ordinary flu, but baffled doctors find that the usual drugs don't work.

A ABCD

B BDAC

C ADCB

D BCDA
Answer: B

Explanation:
Sentence B introduces the main subject of the paragraph which is atypical pneumonias. Sentence D
describes its appearance in human beings. Sentence A and C describe its symptoms and concludes thee
passage. So the correct sequence is BDAC.
121. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. Chemists mostly don't stock it: only a few government hospitals do but in limited quantities.
B. Delhi's building boom is creating a bizarre problem: snakes are increasingly biting people as they
emerge from their disturbed underground homes.
C. There isn't enough anti-snake serum, largely because there is no centralised agency that
distributes the product.
D. If things don't improve, more people could face paralysis, and even death.

A BCAD

B DBCA

C ABCD

D CABD
Answer: A

Explanation:
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Sentence B introduces the main subject of the paragraph, i.e., snake bites. Sentence C extends the problem
by giving the illustration of shortage of anti snake serums. Sentence A highlights the reason for C. Sentence
D concludes it properly. The correct sequence is BCAD.
122. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. But the last decade has witnessed greater voting and political participation by various privileged
sections.
B. If one goes by the earlier record of mid-term elections, it is likely that the turnout in 1998 will drop
by anything between four and six percentage points over the already low polling of 58 per cent in
1996.
C. If this trend offsets the mid-term poll fatigue, the fall may not be so steep.
D. Notwithstanding a good deal of speculation on this issue, it is still not clear as to who benefits
from a lower turnout.

A BACD

B ABCD

C DBAC

D CBDA
Answer: A

Explanation:
Sentence B introduces the main subject of the passage where it states the low turnaround in the elections.
Sentence A offers the present context of the issue presented in A. Sentence C offers the result of the trend
in A. Sentence D concludes it properly.
The correct sequence is BACD

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123. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. After several routine elections there comes a 'critical' election which redefines the basic pattern of
political loyalties, redraws political geography and opens up political space.
B. In psephological jargon, they call it realignment.
C. Rather, since 1989, there have been a series of semi-critical elections.
D. On a strict definition, none of the recent Indian elections qualifies as a critical election.

A ABCD

B ABDC

C DBAC
D DCBA
Answer: B

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Explanation:
Sentence A starts with the main subject of critical elections. Sentence B follows A as it extends the term to
critical election, that is , realignment. Sentence D offers thee Indian context of critical election. Sentence C
concludes it completely.
Hence the order is ABDC.
124. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. Trivial pursuits marketed by the Congress, is a game imported from Italy.
B. The idea is to create an imaginary saviour in times of crisis so that the party doesn't fall flat on its
collective face.
C. Closest contenders are Mani Shankar Aiyar, who still hears His Master's Voice and V. George, who
is frustrated by the fact that his political future remains Sonia and yet so far.
D. The current champion is Arjun for whom all roads lead to Rome, or in this case, 10 Janpath.

A ABDC

B ABCD

C DCBA

D CDBA
Answer: A

Explanation:
Option A starts the paragraph by mentioning the trivial pursuits of Congress. Option B highlights the
method of the pursuit mentioned in A by mentioning imagining savior. Option D tells the name of this
savior, Arjuna. option C concludes the passage.
The correct sequence is ABDC.
125. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. Good advertising can make people buy your products even if it sucks.
B. A dollar spent on brainwashing is more cost-effective than a dollar spent on product improvement.
C. That's important because it takes pressure off you to make good products.
D. Obviously, there's a minimum quality that every product has to achieve: it should be able to
withstand the shipping process without becoming unrecognizable.

A BACD

B ACBD

C ADCB

D BCDA
Answer: B

Explanation:

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Sentence A starts the paragraph by introducing "Good Advertising." Sentence C highlights the importance of
A. Sentence B extends sentence C by highlighting the aspect of brain washing and Sentence D concludes it
properly.
The correct sequence is ACBD.

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126. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. Almost a century ago, when the father of the modern automobile industry, Henry Ford, sold the
first Model T car, he decided that only the best would do for his customers.
B. Today, it is committed to delivering the finest quality with over six million vehicles a year in over
200 countries across the world.
C. And for over 90 years, this philosophy has endured in the Ford Motor Company.
D. Thus, a vehicle is ready for the customer only if it passes the Ford 'Zero Defect Programme'.

A ABCD

B ACDB

C ACBD

D CDAB
Answer: C

Explanation:
Option A starts the paragraph were the author talks about the initiation of the quality measures of ford
motors. Option C follows option A. Option B refers to the modern day scenario of ford motor's quality.
Option D correctly concludes the paragraph.
127. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. But, clearly, the government still has the final say.
B. In the past few years, the Reserve Bank of India might have wrested considerable powers from the
government when it comes to monetary policy.
C. The RBI's announcements on certain issues become effective only after the government notifies
them.
D. Isn't it time the government vested the RBI with powers to sanction such changes, leaving their
ratification for later?

A ACDB

B ACBD

C BACD
D DACB
Answer: C

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Explanation:
Sentence B starts the paragraph where it highlights the situation of RBI presently. Sentence A follows next.
Sentence C highlights the reason for A. Sentence D concludes it in the form of a questions. The answer is
BACD.
128. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. I sat there frowning at the checkered tablecloth, chewing the bitter cud of insight.
B. That wintry afternoon in Manhattan, waiting in the little French restaurant, I was feeling frustrated
and depressed.
C. Even the prospect of seeing a dear friend failed to cheer me as it usually did.
D. Because of certain miscalculations on my part, a project of considerable importance in my life had
fallen through.

A ADBC

B BCDA

C BDCA

D ABCD
Answer: C

Explanation:
Option B starts the paragraph where it mentions the situation of the author. Option D mentions its reason.
Option C highlights the extent of the frustration. Option A concludes it properly.

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129. Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D in a proper sequence so as to make a coherent paragraph.
A. Perhaps the best known is the Bay Area Writing Project, founded by James Gray in 1974.
B. The decline in writing skills can be stopped.
C.Today's back-to-basics movement has already forced some schools to place renewed emphasis on
writing skills.
D. Although the inability of some teachers to teach writing successfully remains a big stumbling
block, a number of programmes have been developed to attack this problem.

A BCDA

B ADCB

C ACBD

D CABD
Answer: A

Explanation:
Option B starts the paragraph while highlighting the issue. Option C talks about the measure raised in B.
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Option D highlights the limitation of the issue. Option A gives the example of programmes highlighted in D.
130. Three of the words are related to in some way. Select the word that does not fit in the relation.

A Keen

B Kin

C Enthusiastic

D Willing
Answer: B

Explanation:
Keen, willing and enthusiastic means the same, that is eager to do something.Kin means a relative which is
different in this context.
131. Three of the words are related to in some way. Select the word that does not fit in the relation.

A Adept

B Adapt

C Skilful

D Proficient
Answer: B

Explanation:
The words adept, skillful and proficient are synonyms of each other. 'Adept' means being accomplished at
something. On the other hand, the word 'adapt' means 'to adjust to the circumstances'. So, it is the odd one
out.

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132. Three of the words are related to in some way. Select the word that does not fit in the relation.

A Ring

B Round

C Bell

D Circle
Answer: C

Explanation:
Ring, circle and round are synonyms. They are used to represent a circular shape. On the other hand, 'bell' is
a device for making a sound. So, it is the odd one out.
133. Three of the words are related to in some way. Select the word that does not fit in the relation.

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A Computer

B Internet

C Grid

D Network
Answer: A

Explanation:
Grid, internet and network represent a group of computers that are connected to each other. On the other
hand, computer is a single machine. So, it is the odd one out in this context.
134. Three of the words are related to in some way. Select the word that does not fit in the relation.

A Suffer

B Endure

C Bear

D Withstand
Answer: D

Explanation:
The words suffer, bear and endure are synonyms and mean 'experience or be subjected to something
unpleasant'. 'Withstand', on the other hand means 'remain undamaged or offer strong resistance to'. This is
the odd one out among the four words.

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135. Three of the words are related to in some way. Select the word that does not fit in the relation.

A Break

B Hiatus

C Chasm

D Bridge
Answer: D

Explanation:
First three options suggest a gap. Break means "separated into pieces". Chasm means "a rift in the earth."
Hiatus means "a pause in the continuity". Only option d is out of context as it means a path which connects
two separate places.
Instructions [136 - 145 ]
I think that it would be wrong to ask whether 50 years of India's Independence are an achievement or a

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failure. It would be better to see things as evolving. It's not an either-or question. My idea of the history of
India is slightly contrary to the Indian idea.
India is a country that, in the north, outside Rajasthan, was ravaged and intellectually destroyed to a large
extent by the invasions that began in about AD 1000 by forces and religions that India had no means of
understanding.
The invasions are in all the schoolbooks. But I don't think that people understand that every invasion, every
war, every campaign, was accompanied by slaughter, a slaughter always of the most talented people in the
country. So these wars, apart from everything else led to a tremendous intellectual depletion of the country.
I think that in the British period, and in the 50 years after the British period, there has been a kind of
regrouping or recovery, a very slow revival of energy and intellect. This isn't an idea that goes with the vision
of the grandeur of old India and all that sort of rubbish. That idea is a great simplification and it occurs
because it is intellectually, philosophically easier for Indians to manage.
What they cannot manage, and what they have not yet come to terms with, is that ravaging of all the north
of India by various conquerors. That was ruined not by the act of nature, but by the hand of man. It is so
painful that few Indians have begun to deal with it. It is much easier to deal with British imperialism. That is
a familiar topic, in India and Britain. What is much less familiar is the ravaging of India before the British.
What happened from AD 1000 onwards, really, is such a wound that it is almost impossible to face. Certain
wounds are so bad that they can't be written about. You deal with that kind of pain by hiding from it. You
retreat from reality. I do not think, for example, that the Incas of Peru or the native people of Mexico have
ever got over their defeat by the Spaniards. In both places the head was cut off. I think the pre-British
ravaging of India was as bad as that.
In the place of knowledge of history, you have various fantasies about the village republic and the Old Glory.
There is one big fantasy that Indians have always found solace in: about India having the capacity for
absorbing its conquerors. This is not so. India was laid low by its conquerors.
I feel the past 150 years have been years of every kind of growth. I see the British period and what has
continued after that as one period. In that time, there has been a very slow intellectual recruitment. I think
every Indian should make the pilgrimage to the site of the capital of the Vijayanagar empire, just to see what
the invasion of India led to. They will see a totally destroyed town. Religious wars are like that. People who
see that might understand what the centuries of slaughter and plunder meant. War isn't a game. When you
lost that kind of war, your town was destroyed, the people who built the towns were destroyed. You are left
with a headless population.
That's where modern India starts from. The Vijayanagar capital was destroyed in 1565. It is only now that
the surrounding region has begun to revive. A great chance has been given to India to start up again, and I
feel it has started up again. The questions about whether 50 years of India since Independence have been a
failure or an achievement are not the questions to ask. In fact, I think India is developing quite marvelously,
people thought — even Mr Nehru thought — that development and new institutions in a place like Bihar, for
instance, would immediately lead to beauty. But it doesn't happen like that. When a country as ravaged as
India, with all its layers of cruelty, begins to extend justice to people lower down, it's a very messy business.
It's not beautiful, it's extremely messy. And that's what you have now, all these small politicians with small
reputations and small parties. But this is part of growth, this is part of development. You must remember
that these people, and the people they represent, have never had rights before.
When the oppressed have the power to assert themselves, they will behave badly. It will need a couple of
generations of security, and knowledge of institutions, and the knowledge that you can trust institutions — it
will take at least a couple of generations before people in that situation begin to behave well. People in
India have known only tyranny. The very idea of liberty is a new idea. The rulers were tyrants. The tyrants

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were foreigners. And they were proud of being foreign. There's a story that anybody could run and pull a bell
and the emperor would appear at his window and give justice. This is a child's idea of history — the slave's
idea of the ruler's mercy. When the people at the bottom discover that they hold justice in their own hands,
the earth moves a little. You have to expect these earth movements in India. It will be like this for a hundred
years. But it is the only way. It's painful and messy and primitive and petty, but it’s better that it should
begin. It has to begin. If we were to rule people according to what we think fit, that takes us back to the past
when people had no voices. With self-awareness all else follows. People begin to make new demands on
their leaders, their fellows, on themselves.
They ask for more in everything. They have a higher idea of human possibilities. They are not content with
what they did before or what their fathers did before. They want to move. That is marvellous. That is as it
should be. I think that within every kind of disorder now in India there is a larger positive movement. But the
future will be fairly chaotic. Politics will have to be at the level of the people now. People like Nehru were
colonial — style politicians. They were to a large extent created and protected by the colonial order. They
did not begin with the people. Politicians now have to begin with the people. They cannot be too far above
the level of the people. They are very much part of the people. It is important that self-criticism does not
stop. The mind has to work, the mind has to be active, there has to be an exercise of the mind. I think it's
almost a definition of a living country that it looks at itself, analyses itself at all times. Only countries that
have ceased to live can say it's all wonderful.
136. The central thrust of the passage is that

A India is gearing up for a new awakening.

B India is going back to its past status.

C India is yet to understand itself.

D India's glorious past is a figment of the imagination.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Option B is incorrect as 'India is going back to its past status.' is never mentioned by the author.
Option D is incorrect. It is mentioned in the passage that glorious representation of India " is a great
simplification and it occurs because it is intellectually, philosophically easier for Indians to manage" and it
is not the central idea of the passage too.
Option A is incorrect, as it is a false inference of the central idea of the passage. The author does not want
to express the new awakening of future India.
The central idea of the passage is that we have glorified our history, while actually, it was a significant loss
of intellectuals. While in the latter half, the author explained that India post-independence is still trying to
understand and come to terms with itself after such a chequered past.
Option C succinctly captures this idea and is the correct answer.
137. The writer's attitude is

A excessively critical of India.

B insightful.

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 cynical.
C

D cold.
Answer: B

Explanation:
The writer is not critical or cynical about India in general. In fact, he is optimistic about India's future. The
author laments its past but does not write off its future. Moreover, when the author talks about how India's
politics is evolving, the author feels that there are short-term problems but a longer term positive movement
is afoot. Hence, we can eliminate the negative options A and C. The author's tone is not distant or lacking in
emotion. Hence, we can eliminate option D.
Throughout the passage, he gives various insights about India's past. The attitude can be said to be
'insightful'. Option b) is the correct answer.

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138. The writer has given the example of the Vijayanagar kingdom in order to drive home the point that

A Indians should know their historical sites.

B Indians should be aware of the existence of such a historic past.

C it is time that India came to terms with the past.

D All of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
Through the Vijaynagar example, the author is definitely not trying to refer to a 'historic' past. He is of the
opinion that every Indian should visit the site to understand what the invasion of India has led to. In other
words, he wants Indians to come to terms with its past. Option c) is the correct answer.
139. The writer is against

A the child's view of history.

B taking a critical stand on history.

C indulging in the details of the past.

D None of these
Answer: A

Explanation:
The author cites a story-'that anyone could pull a bell and the emperor would appear at his door to deliver
justice' he calls this a child's view of history, which like the slave's view talks about the mercy and
generosity of emperors. The author is against this, because he believes that instead, people (even at the
bottom) must hold justice in their own hands and not rely on a monarch. Hence, Option A is correct.
140. According to the writer, India's regeneration and revival took place
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 in the British
A
period.

after the British

B
period.

during and after the British

C
period.

D a long time after the British left.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "I think that in the British period and in the 50 years after the ...revival of
energy and intellect". From this, we understand that the revival took place during and after the British period.
Option c) is the correct answer.

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141. According to the passage, self-awareness is followed by

A self-righteousness.

B a higher idea of human possibilities.

a desire for more in

C
everything.

D Both b and c
Answer: D

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "...They have a higher idea of human possibilities...", "People begin to
make more demands on their leaders...more in everything". From these sentences, we can infer that self-
awareness is followed by a higher idea of human possibilities and a desire for more in everything. Option d)
is the correct answer.
142. According to the passage, India's current situation is

A bleak.
B horrific.

C primitive and messy.

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:

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At several places in the paragraph, the author refers to India's current position as 'primitive' and 'messy'.
Option c) is the correct answer. Both 'bleak' and 'horrific' are not applicable in this context.
143. For a country to be alive and progressive, it is important that

A self-criticism does not stop.

B self-criticism does not exceed a certain limit.

C it feels that all is right with itself.

D None of these
Answer: A

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "They are very much part of the people. It is important that self-criticism
does not stop". These indicate that for a country to be alive and progressive, self-criticism does not stop.
Option a) is the correct answer.

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144. The writer's prognosis for India's future is that

A it will be stable.

B it will be chaotic.

C it will reflect the manipulations of the present.

D it will give way to self-criticism.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentence: "...But the future will be fairly chaotic". So, the writer's prognosis for the
future of India is that it will be chaotic. Option b) is the correct answer.
145. One of the main features of the tyranny of foreign rulers was

A the decimation of the country's artists.

B the decimation of the country's wealth.

C the decimation of the country's talented people.

D All of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines: "The invasions are in all the schoolbooks. But I don't think that people
understand that every invasion, every war, every campaign, was accompanied by slaughter, a slaughter
always of the most talented people in the country." This point is mentioned in option C.
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Instructions [146 - 155 ]
When talks come to how India has done for itself in 50 years of independence, the world has nothing but
praise for our success in remaining a democracy. On other fronts, the applause is less loud. In absolute
terms, India hasn't done too badly, of course, life expectancy has increased. So has literacy. Industry, which
was barely a fledging, has grown tremendously. And as far as agriculture is concerned, India has been
transformed from a country perpetually on the edge of starvation into a success story held up for others to
emulate.
But these are competitive times when change is rapid, and to walk slowly when the rest of the world is
running is almost as bad as standing still or walking backwards. Compared with large chunks of what was
then the developing world — South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, China and what was till
lately a separate Hong Kong — India has fared abysmally.
It began with a far better infrastructure than most of these countries had. It suffered hardly or not at all
during the World War II. It had advantages like an English speaking elite, quality scientific manpower
(including a Nobel laureate and others who could be ranked among the world's best) and excellent business
acumen. Yet, today, when countries are ranked according to their global competitiveness, it is tiny
Singapore that figures at the top. Hong Kong is an export powerhouse. So is Taiwan. If a symbol were
needed of how far we have fallen back, note that while Korean Cielos are sold in India, no one in South
Korea is rushing to buy an Indian car.
The reasons list themselves. Topmost is economic isolationism. The government discouraged imports and
encouraged self-sufficiency. Whatever the aim was, the result was the creation of a totally inefficient
industry that failed to keep pace with global trends and, therefore, became absolutely uncompetitive. Only
when the trade gates were opened a little did this become apparent. The years since then have been spent
in merely trying to catch up.
That the government actually sheltered its industrialists from foreign competition is a little strange. For, in
all other respects, it operated under the conviction that businessmen were little more than crooks who were
to be prevented from entering the most important areas of the economy, who were to be hamstrung in as
many ways as possible, who were to be tolerated in the same way as an inexcisable wart. The high,
expropriatory rates of taxation, the licensing laws, the reservation of whole swathes of industry for the
public sector, and the granting of monopolies to the public sector firms were the principal manifestations
of this attitude. The government forgot that before wealth could be distributed, it had to be created. The
government forgot that it itself could not create, but only squander wealth.
Some of the manifestations of the old attitude have changed. Tax rates have fallen. Licensing has been all
but abolished. And the gates of global trade have been opened wide. But most of these changes were
forced by circumstances partly by the foreign exchange bankruptcy of 1991 and the recognition that the
government could no longer muster the funds to support the public sector, leave alone expand it. Whether
the attitude of the government itself, or that of more than a handful of ministers, has changed, is open to
question.
In many other ways, however, the government has not changed one whit. Business still has to negotiate a
welter of negotiations. Transparency is still a longer way off. And there is no exit policy. In defending the
existing policy, politicians betray an inability to see beyond their noses. A no-exit policy for labour is
equivalent to a no-entry policy for new business. If one industry is not allowed to retrench labour, other
industries will think a hundred times before employing new labour.
In other ways too, the government hurts industries. Public sector monopolies like the department of
telecommunications and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd. make it possible for Indian businesses to operate only
at a cost several times that of their counterparts abroad. The infrastructure is in shambles partly because it

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is unable to formulate a sufficiently remunerative policy for private business, and partly because it does not
have the stomach to change market rates for services.
After a burst of activity in the early nineties, the government is dragging its feet. At the rate it is going, it will
be another 50 years before the government realises that a pro-business policy is the best pro-people policy.
By then of course, the world would have moved even farther ahead.
146. The writer's attitude towards the government is

A critical.

B ironical.

C sarcastic.

D derisive.
Answer: A

Explanation:
The author has criticized the government throughout the passage when it mentions that the government
sheltered the industrialists from the foreighn competitions. The author highlights the consequence of this
measure and concludes that it had an adverse consequence on Indian Economy.

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147. The writer is surprised at the government's attitude towards its industrialists because

A the government did not need to protect its industrialists.

B the issue of competition was non-existent.

C the government looked upon its industrialists as crooks.

D the attitude was a conundrum.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to thee following lines:"For, in all other respects, it operated under the conviction that businessmen
were little more than crooks who were to be prevented from entering the most important areas of the
economy, who were to be hamstrung in as many ways as possible, who were to be tolerated in the same
way as an inexcisable wart" The writer is surprised because the government shielded the industrialist from
the foreign competitors while considering them to be crooks.
148. The government was compelled to open the economy due to

A pressure from international markets.

B pressure from domestic market.

C foreign exchange bankruptcy and paucity of funds with the government.

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 All of these
D
Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to thee following line:"And the gates of global trade have been opened wide. But most of these
changes were forced by circumstances partly by the foreign exchange bankruptcy of 1991 and the
recognition that the government could no longer muster the funds to support the public sector, leave alone
expand it." This is the same reasn which is mentioned in C.
149. The writer ends the passage on a note of

A cautious optimism.

B pessimism.

C optimism.

D pragmatism.
Answer: B

Explanation:
The writer ends the note in pessimism when he states that if wwee hadn't taken these erroneous measures,
then we would have been in the much better position as compared to today.

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150. According to the writer, India should have performed better than the other Asian nations because

A it had adequate infrastructure.

B it had better infrastructure.

C it had better politicians who could take the required decisions.

D All of these
Answer: B

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"Compared with large chunks of what was then the developing world — South
Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, China and what was till lately a separate Hong Kong —
India has fared abysmally. It began with a far better infrastructure than most of these countries had. It
suffered hardly or not at all during the World War II. It had advantages like an English speaking elite, quality
scientific man." It states that India was better in infrastructure in starting but couldn' perform well.
151. India was in a better condition than the other Asian nations because

A it did not face the ravages of the World War II.

B it had an English speaking populace and good business sense.

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 it had enough wealth through its exports.
C

D Both a) and b)
Answer: D

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "It began with a far better infrastructure than....an English speaking elite".
From this, we can understand that the India was in a better condition than the other south Asian nations
because a) it did not have to face the ravages of the second world war and b) it had an English speaking
populace.
Option d) is the correct answer.
152. The major reason for India's poor performance is

A economic isolationism.

B economic mismanagement.

C inefficient industry.

D All of these
Answer: A

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "The reasons list themselves. Topmost is economic isolationism".
Economic isolationism led to an inefficient industry. So, the major reason is economic isolationism. Option
a) is the correct answer.

153. One of the features of the government's protectionist policy was

A encouragement of imports.

B discouragement of exports.

C encouragement of exports.
D discouragement of imports.
Answer: D

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "The government discouraged imports and encouraged self-
sufficiency....absolutely uncompetitive". So, discouragement of imports was one of the features of
government policy. Option d) is the correct answer.
154. The example of the Korean Cielo has been presented to highlight

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A India's lack of stature in the international market.

B India's poor performance in the international market.

C India's lack of creditability in the international market.

D India's disrepute in the international market.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"So is Taiwan. If a symbol were needed of how far we have fallen back, note that
while Korean Cielos are sold in India, no one in South Korea is rushing to buy an Indian car. The reasons list
themselves. Topmost is economic isolationism." This point highlights India's poor performance in the
international market.
155. According to the writer,

A India's politicians are myopic in their vision of the country's requirements.

B India's politicians are busy lining their pockets.

C India's politicians are not conversant with the needs of the present scenario.

D All of these
Answer: A

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"Transparency is still a longer way off. And there is no exit policy. In defending
the existing policy, politicians betray an inability to see beyond their noses." It means that the Indian
politicians are shallow in their vision.

Instructions [156 - 165 ]

When Deng Xiaoping died a few months ago, the Chinese leadership barely paused for a moment before
getting on with the business of governing the country. Contrast that with the chaotic contortions on India's
political stage during the past month, and it is easy to conclude that democracy and democratic freedoms
are serious obstacles to economic progress.
When the Chinese leadership wants a power plant to be set up, it just goes ahead. No fears of protracted
litigation, of environmental protests, or of lobbying by interested parties. It — or the economy — is not held
to ransom by striking truckers or air traffic controllers. Certainly, there is much that is alluring about an
enlightened dictatorship.
But there the trouble begins. First, there is no guarantee that a dictatorship will be an enlightened one.
Myanmar has been ruled by a dictator for decades, and no one would claim that it is better off than even
Bangladesh which has itself suffered long stretches of dictatorship. Nor can Mobuto Sese Seko, much in
the news these days, be described as enlightened by any reckoning. The people of Israel, almost the only
democracy in a region where dictatorships (unenlightened ones) are the norm, are much better off than
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their neighbours.
Second, dictatorships can easily reverse policies. China was socialist as long as Mao Zedong was around.
When Deng Xiaoping took over in what was essentially a palace coup, he took the country in the opposite
direction. There is little to ensure that the process will not be repeated. In India such drastic reversals are
unlikely.
Six years ago Indian politicians agreed that industries should be de-licensed, that imports should be freed
or that investment decisions should be based on economic considerations. Now few think otherwise.
Almost all politicians are convinced of the merits of liberalisation though they may occasionally lose sight
of the big picture in pandering to their constituencies. India has moved slower than China on liberalisation,
but whatever moves it has made are more permanent.
Democracies are also less likely to get embroiled in destructive wars. Had Saddam Hussain been under the
obligation of facing free elections every five years, he would have thought ten times before entangling his
people in a long confrontation with the West. Germany, Italy and Japan were all dictatorships when they
launched the World War II. The price was paid by the economies. Democracies make many small mistakes.
But dictatorships are more susceptible to making huge ones and risking everything on one decision — like
going to war. Democracies are the political equivalent of free markets, Companies know they can't fool the
consumer too often; he will simply switch to the competition. The same goes for political parties. When
they fail to live up to their promises in government, the political consumer opts for the competition.
Democratic freedoms too are important for the economy, especially now that information is supreme. Few
doubt that the Internet will play an important part in the global economy in the decades to come. But China,
by preventing free access to it, is already probably destroying its capabilities in this area. As service
industries grow in importance, China may well be at a disadvantage though that may not be apparent today
when its manufacturing juggernaut is rolling ahead.
India has stifled its entrepreneurs through its licensing policies. That was an example of how the absence
of economic freedom can harm a country. But right-wing dictatorships like South Korea erred in the
opposite direction. They forced their businesses to invest in industries, which they (the dictators) felt had a
golden future. Now many of those firms are trying to retreat from those investments. Statism is bad, no
matter what the direction in which it applies pressure. At this moment, China and other dictatorships may
be making foolish investment decisions. But as industries are subsidized and contrary voices not heard, the
errors will not be realised until the investments assume gargantuan proportions.
India's hesitant ways may seem inferior to China's confident moves. But at least we know what the costs
are. That is not the case with China. It was only years after the Great Leap Forward and only such
experiments that the cost in human lives (millions of them) became evident to the world. What the cost of
China's present experiments is we may not know for several years more. A nine per cent rate of growth
repeated year after year may seem compelling. But a seven per cent rate of growth that will not falter is
more desirable. India seems to be on such a growth curve, whatever the shenanigans of our politicians.
156. According to the passage,

A India needs a benevolent dictatorship.

B India has failed as a democracy.

C India should go the way of China.

D None of these
Answer: D
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Explanation:
Throughout the passage, the author is of the opinion that though the moves of China have been more
confident than the nimble steps of India, it is better to go India's way rather than the way of China's
dictatorship. Options a) and c) are incorrect. Also, there is nothing in the passage to suggest that India has
failed as a democracy. Option d) is the correct answer.
157. The passage says that

A benevolent dictators are not easy to find.

B not all dictators will be enlightened.

C dictators can make or break a country.

D an enlightened dictatorship is better than a corrupt democracy.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"But there the trouble begins. First, there is no guarantee that a dictatorship will
be an enlightened one." This is highlighted in option B.
158. It can be implied from the passage that

a lower rate of growth is preferred to a higher rate of

A
growth.

a higher rate of growth is preferred to a lower rate of

B
growth.

a low but stable rate of growth is preferred to a high rate of

C
growth.

a low but faltering rate of growth is a sign of stability amidst

D
growth.
Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the last few sentences of the passage. The author is of the opinion that it is better to have a slow
and stable rate of growth than a high and unstable rate of growth. This is best captured in option c). Option
c) is the correct answer.

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159. Vis-a-vis democracies, dictatorships run the risk of

A losing all for a single mistake.

B making bigger mistakes.

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 making huge mistakes and risking
C everything.

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "Democracies make many small mistakes. But dictatorships are more
susceptible to making huge ones and risking everything on one decision". Option c) brings out this idea
clearly.
160. The writer's conclusion in the passage is that

under no circumstances should a country encourage a corrupt

A
democrat.

under no circumstances should statism be a welcome

B
move.

C a statist will not give due importance to the voice of the people.

a statist will always look to his own

D
welfare.
Answer: B

Explanation:
Option a) is incorrect. The author feels that it is better to have a democracy that is faulty than to have a
dictatorship that is benign. Statements in options c) and d), though correct, are not the conclusions that the
author is drawing from the passage. Option b) is the correct answer. The conclusion that the author is
drawing is that statism should not replace the voice of the people under any circumstances.
161. Democracy has been compared to the free market, as

A both have a high degree of competition.

B both offer a multitude of options to choose

from.
C consumer satisfaction plays an important role in both.

D All of these
Answer: D

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentences: "Democracies are like political equivalents of free markets....The same
goes for political parties...competition". From these sentences, we can infer that options a), b) and c) are all
correct. So, option d) all of the above is the correct answer.

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162. It can be inferred from the passage that

A China stands to lose out in the global market because it has blocked the Internet.

B India stands to gain in the global market because of its policy vis-a-vis the Internet.

C Internet will play a crucial role in the global market in the years to come.

D All of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentence: "Few doubt that the Internet will play an important role in the global
economy in the decades to come". Option c) is correct. However, there is nothing in the passage from
which we can infer that India stands to gain from its Internet policy. We can rule out options b) and d).
Option c) is the correct answer.
163. According to the passage, a democratic set up works as a check on the

A actions and decisions of its leaders.

B functioning of its economy.

C Both a and b

D None of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
The authors mentions that in a democratic country like India the actions and the decisions of the leaders
are scrutinized while Chinese leadership can go ahead with any decision without opposition. He further
states that the growth of a democratic economy may be slower because the process of decision making
will take in account the contrary views too. Hence C is the answer.
164. India's moves on liberalisation are more permanent than China's because

A India's politicians are in agreement over the need for reforms.

B India is not at the mercy of dictators.

C unlike China, India is unlikely to have drastic policy reversals.

D India is not in a hurry to reform

Answer: B

Explanation:
Refer to the given lines in the passage:"Almost all politicians are convinced of the merits of liberalization
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though they may occasionally lose sight of the big picture in pandering to their constituencies. India has
moved slower than China on liberalization, but whatever moves it has made are more permanent.
Democracies are also less likely to get embroiled in destructive wars." The author wants to highlight that
the liberalization measures can be embroiled in difficulties if there is a dictatorship in a country.

165. According to the passage,

A Israel is the only democracy in West Asia.

B Israel is better off than Bangladesh or Myanmar.

C Israel does not face policy reversals.

D None of these
Answer: D

Explanation:
Option A is incorrect as the author mentions Israel to be the only democratic nation where dictatorship is
the norm.
Option B is incorrect as the author compares Myanmar with Bangladesh and not with Israel.
Option C is incorrect as the author says that policies can be reversed in a dictatorship and highlights Israel
to be a dictatorship.
Instructions [166 - 175 ]
Of each of the great leaders, it is said by his followers, long after he is gone, he made us do it. If leadership
is the art of persuading your people to follow your bidding, without their realising your involvement, the
archetype of its practice is N. R. Narayana Murthy, the chairman and managing director of the Rs. 143.81
crore Infosys Technologies (Infosys). For, the 52-year-old CEO of the globalised software corporation —
which he founded with six friends, and a combined capital of Rs. 10,000 in 1981 and which now occupies
the front ranks of the country's most admired corporations, leads with the subtlest of weapons: personal
example.
Infosys ranks only 578th among the country's listed companies, and sixth in the software sector, in terms of
its turnover. But it is setting new standards for India Inc. through its practices of inter alia awarding stock
options to its employees, putting the value of its intellectual assets and its brands on its balancesheet, and
conforming to the disclosure standards of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC:of the US. Behind
all this is the stubborn personal subscription of its CEO to the underlying causes of wealthcreation- people-
power and transparency. "What were choices earlier are compulsions now," asserts Murthy.
In fact, the mirror images of Murthy, the Man, can be found all over Infosys, his company. His egalitarianism
— which finds expression in such habits as using the same table and chair as anyone else in the
organization — is practised firmly when it comes to charting a course for the company's future: everyone
has a voice. "We have no hierarchy just for the sake of control.
" Brimming with the conviction that customer satisfaction is the key to success, Murthy has built a
fleetfooted human resource management system that treats employees as customers, using the resources
of the organisation to meet their professional and personal needs. His instruments are not just top-of-

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themarket salaries, but also operational empowerment as well as every facility that an employee needs to
focus on the job.
Just what methods does Murthy use to ensure that his DNA is replicated in his company? Not for him are
the classical leadership genre — transactional or transformational, situational or visionary. His chosen style,
instead, is to lead by example, ensuring that the CEO's actions set the template for all Infoscions.
Murthy believes that the betterment of man can be brought about through the ‘creation of wealth, legally
and ethically’. The personal example that he has set enabled his company to mirror those beliefs, tying his
own rewards, and measuring his value to the company, to his ability to create wealth, and erecting systems
for the company's wealth to be shared by its people. Sums up Nandan Nilekani, 41, deputy managing
director, Infosys: "This is the future model of the corporation. Run an excellent company, and let the market
increase its value to create wealth." Although Murthy is one of the prime beneficiaries of the philosophy —
his 10 per cent stake in Infosys is worth Rs. 130 crore today — in his book, the leader leads not by grabbing
the booty but by teaching others to take what they deserve. That's why, on the Infosys' balancesheet, the
value of Murthy's intellectual capital is nowhere near the top, on the rationale, that the CEO, at 52, is worth
far less to his company than, say, a bright young programmer of 26. To spread the company's wealth,
Murthy has instituted stock options — the first to do so in the country — for employees, creating 300
millionaires already. By 2000, he wants the number to climb to 1000.
To act as a beacon for his version of the learning organisation, Murthy not only spends an hour a day
surfing the Internet to learn about new technological developments in his field, he also makes as many
luncheon appointments as he can with technical people and academicians — dons from the Indian
Institutes of Technology for instance — systematically plumbing their depths for an understanding of new
developments in infotech. Murthy's objective is not just to stay abreast of the state-of-the-art, but also to
find a way to use that knowledge for the company.
Following Murthy's example, Infosys has set up a technology advancement unit, whose mandate is to track,
evaluate, and assimilate new techniques and methodologies. In fact, Murthy views learning not just as
amassing data, but as a process that enables him to use the lessons from failure to achieve success. This
self-corrective loop is what he demonstrates through his leadership during a crisis.
In 1995, for example, Infosys lost a Rs. 15 crore account — then 20 per cent of its revenues — when the $69
billion GE yanked its business from it. Instead of recriminations, Murthy activated Infosys' machinery to
understand why the business was taken away and to leverage the learning for getting new clients instead.
Feeling determined instead of guilty, his employees went on to sign up high profile customers like the $20
billion Xerox, the $7 billion Levi Strauss, and the $14 billion Nynex.
"You must have a multi-dimensional view of paradigms," says the multi-tasking leader. The objective is
obvious: ensure that Infosys' perspective on its business and the world comes from as many vantage
points as possible so that corporate strategy can be synthesised not from a narrow vision, but from a wide
angle lens. In fact, Murthy still regrets that, in its initial years, Infosys didn't distil a multi-pronged
understanding of the environment into its strategies, which forced it onto an incremental path that led
revenues to snake up from Rs. 0.02 crore to just Rs. 5 crore in the first 10 years.
It was after looking around itself instead of focusing on its initial business of banking software, that Infosys
managed to accelerate. Today the company operates with stretch targets setting distant goals and working
backwards to get to them. The crucial pillar on which Murthy bases his ethical leadership is openness.
Transparency, he reckons, is the clearest signal that one has nothing to hide. The personal manifestations
of that are inter alia the practice of always giving complete information whenever any employee, customer,
or investor asks for it: the loudly proclaimed insistence that every Infoscion pay taxes and file returns: and a
perpetually open office into which anyone can walk.

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But even as he tries to lead Infosys into cloning his own approach to enterprise, is Murthy choosing the best
future for it? If Infosys grows with the same lack of ambition, the same softness of style, and the same
absence of aggression, is it not cutting off avenues of growth that others may seize? As Infosys
approaches the 21st century it is obvious that Murthy's leadership will have to set ever-improving role
models for his ever-learning company. After all, men grow old; companies shouldn't.
166. One of the ways in which Infosys spreads the company's wealth among its employees is

A by awarding stock options.

B by giving an extravagant bonus at the end of each year.

C Both a and b

D None of these
Answer: A

Explanation:
Option A can be inferred from the following lines:"But it is setting new standards for India Inc. through its
practices of inter alia awarding stock options to its employees, putting the value of its intellectual assets
and its brands on its balance sheet, and conforming to the disclosure standards of the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC:of the US)."
167. According to the passage, at Infosys

A control is exerted through a system of hierarchy.

B control is not exerted through a system of hierarchy.

C hierarchy does not have pride of place.

D popular opinion is the most respected voice.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Option B can be confirmed from the following lines:"His egalitarianism — which finds expression in such
habits as using the same table and chair as anyone else in the organization — is practised firmly when it
comes to charting a course for the company's future: everyone has a voice. "We have no hierarchy just for
the sake of control."

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168. Murthy believes in

A betterment of man through learning.

B betterment of man through ethical creation of wealth.

C betterment of man through experimentation.

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 All of these
D
Answer: B

Explanation:
The answer to this question can be inferred from the given lines:" Murthy believes that the betterment of
man can be brought about through the ‘creation of wealth, legally and ethically’"
169. The example of the Rs. 15 crore account highlights

A Murthy's ability to see his company through a crisis.

B Murthy's ability to turn failure into success.

C Murthy's potential to handle a crisis.

D All of these
Answer: D

Explanation:
In this passage, the example of 15 crore highlights that Murthy analysed the reason behind the crisis and
removed the weakness to win more clients. This incident highlights all the characteristics of Murthy as
mentioned in the passage.
170. According to Murthy, learning is

A the essence of a employee.

B the art of amassing data.

C a process that helps him to learn from failure.

D All of these
Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"In fact, Murthy views learning not just as amassing data, but as a process that
enables him to use the lessons from failure to achieve success." This implies that Murthy considers
learning as an enabler of success.

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171. According to the passage,

A Infosys could not have succeeded without working backward.

B Infosys succeeded because it worked backwards.

C working backwards contributed to Infosys' success.

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 working backwards is a hallmark of Infosys' functioning today.
D
Answer: D

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"It was after looking around itself instead of focusing on its initial business of
banking software, that Infosys managed to accelerate. Today the company operates with stretch targets
setting distant goals and working backwards to get to them." Option D can be concluded from these lines.
172. Openness at Infosys includes

A the payment of taxes.

B giving complete information.

C sharing secrets.

D Both a and b
Answer: D

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"The crucial pillar on which Murthy bases his ethical leadership is openness.
Transparency, he reckons, is the clearest signal that one has nothing to hide. The personal manifestations
of that are inter alia the practice of always giving complete information whenever any employee, customer,
or investor asks for it: the loudly proclaimed insistence that every Infoscion pay taxes and file returns: and a
perpetually open office into which anyone can walk. " In these lines, the author wants to state the openness
of information in infosys and paying of taxes completely without hiding anything.
173. It is evident from the passage that

Infosys will have to devise new strategies to meet the challenges of the 21st
A
century.

B Infosys will stagnate if it does not become aggressive.

C Infosys may have to become more aggressive in order to retain its market.

D None of these
Answer: A

Explanation:
"Men grow old but companies shouldn't" means the companies should devising new strategies to keep
themselves young. Option A correctly summarizes the answer.

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174. The cornerstone of Murthy's human resource management system is

A the employee as God.

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 optimum utilization of human potential.
B

C customer satisfaction.

D satisfaction of employees' personal and professional needs.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Consider the following sentence: "Brimming with the conviction that customer satisfaction is the key....to
meet their professional and personal needs". So, the cornerstone of Murthy's human resource management
is the satisfaction of their personal needs. Option d) is the correct answer.
175. According to the passage,

A Infosys is a reflection of its CEO.

B Infosys brings the best out in Murthy.

C Infosys and Murthy are synonymous.

D Murthy, the man, and Murthy the CEO are incompatible.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentence: "In fact, mirror images of Murthy, the Man, can be found all over Infosys".
So, we can say that according to the passage, Infosys is a reflection of its CEO, Narayana Murthy. Option a)
is the correct answer.
Instructions [176 - 185 ]
Last fortnight, news of a significant development was tucked away in the inside pages of newspapers. The
government finally tabled a bill in Parliament seeking to make primary education a fundamental right. A
fortnight earlier, a Delhi-based newspaper had carried a report about a three-month interruption in the Delhi
Government's ‘Education for All’ programme. The report made for distressing reading. It said that literacy
centres across the city were closed down, volunteers beaten up and enrolment registers burnt. All because
the state government had, earlier this year, made participation in the programme mandatory for teachers in
government schools. The routine denials were issued and there probably was a wee bit of exaggeration in
the report.
But it still is a pointer to the enormity of the task at hand. That economic development will be inherently
unstable unless it is built on a solid base of education, specially primary education, has been said so often
that it is in danger of becoming a platitude. Nor does India's abysmal record in the field need much
reiteration. Nearly 30 million children in the six to ten age group do not go to school — reason enough to
make primary education not only compulsory but a fundamental right. But is that the Explanation? More
importantly, will it work? Or will it remain a mere token, like the laws providing for compulsory primary
education? It is now widely known that 14 states and four Union Territories have this law on their statute
books.
Believe it or not, the list actually includes Bihar, Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Rajasthan, where literacy and
education levels are miles below the national average. A number of states have not even notified the
compulsory education law. This is not to belittle the decision to make education a fundamental right. As a

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statement of political will, a commitment by the decision-makers, its importance cannot be undervalued.
Once this commitment is clear, a lot of other things like resource allocation will naturally fall into place. But
the task of universalizing elementary education (UEE) is complicated by various socio-economic and
cultural factors which vary from region to region and within regions. If India's record continues to appall, it
is because these intricacies have not been adequately understood by the planners and administrators.
The trouble has been that education policy has been designed by grizzled mandarins ensconced in Delhi
and is totally out of touch with the ground reality. The key then is to decentralise education planning and
implementation. What's also needed is greater community involvement in the whole process. Only then can
school timings be adjusted for convenience, school children given a curriculum they can relate to and
teachers made accountable. For proof, one has only to look at the success of the district primary education
programme, which was launched in 1994. It has met with a fair degree of success in the 122 districts it
covers. Here the village community is involved in all aspects of education — allocating finances to
supervising teachers to fixing school timings and developing curriculum and textbooks — through district
planning teams. Teachers are also involved in the planning and implementation process and are given
small grants to develop teaching and learning material, vastly improving motivational levels. The
consequent improvement in the quality of education generates increased demand for education.
But for this demand to be generated, quality will first have to be improved. In MP, the village panchayats are
responsible for not only constructing and maintaining primary schools but also managing scholarships,
besides organising non-formal education. How well this works in practice remains to be seen (though the
department claims the schemes are working very well) but the decision to empower panchayats with such
powers is itself a significant development. Unfortunately, the Panchayat Raj Act has not been notified in
many states.
After all, delegating powers to the panchayats is not looked upon too kindly by vested interests. More
specifically, by politicians, since decentralisation of education administration takes away from them the
power of transfer, which they use to grant favours and build up a support base. But if the political leadership
can push through the bill to make education a fundamental right, it should also be able to persuade the
states to implement the laws on Panchayat Raj. For, UEE cannot be achieved without decentralisation. Of
course, this will have to be accompanied by proper supervision and adequate training of those involved in
the administration of education. But the devolution of powers to the local bodies has to come first.
176. One of the problems plaguing the education system in India is

A poverty.

B diverse cultural and socio-economic factors.

C male chauvinism.
D All of these
Answer: B

Explanation:
Consider the following sentence: "But the task of universalizing elementary education (UEE) is complicated
by various socio-economic and cultural factors...within regions". So, diverse cultural and socio-economic
factors is one of the problems plaguing Indian education system. Option b) is the correct answer.

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177. In the context of the passage, the term 'grizzled mandarins' means

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A old hags.

B decrepit men.

C ineffective old men.

D None of these
Answer: D

Explanation:
The term "grizzled" refers to the grey or white hair indicating older people. "mandarin" is a word used to
indicate bureaucrats - China was one of the earliest countries to have a civil service and thus members of
the Indian Civil Service are sometimes referred to as mandarins. Hence, the phrase refers to old
bureaucrats. Option d) is the correct answer.
178. One of the reasons contributing to India's poor performance on the education front is that

A its leaders do not have the conviction required to improve the education system.

male members of society do not want their female counterparts to be

B
educated.

C administrators in charge of education are out of touch with ground realities.

the country does not have the law for implementation of education policies in its statute
D
books.
Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"The trouble has been that education policy has been designed by grizzled
mandarins ensconced in Delhi and is totally out of touch with the ground reality." Here the author states that
the people who make education policies are not in touch with reality.
179. The only way in which the education system can be improved is by

A decentralising education planning and implementation.

B introducing fresh blood in the planning body.

C injecting funds into the exchequer solely for the purpose.

D educating the people on the need for primary education.

Answer: A

Explanation:
The answer to this question can be concluded directly if we refer to these lines:"The trouble has been that
education policy has been designed by grizzled mandarins ensconced in Delhi and is totally out of touch
with the ground reality. The key then is to decentralise education planning and implementation. What's also
needed is greater community involvement in the whole process. " Here the author states that the key to
solve the problems is to decentralize education,
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180. Very low education levels are visible in

A Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

B Rajasthan, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.

C Rajasthan, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.

D West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Refer to the following sentence: "Believe it or not, this list actually includes Bihar, Madhya Pradesh (MP) and
Rajasthan". So, very low education levels are visible in these three states. Option c) is the correct answer.
181. The district primary education programme

A was launched in 1994 in 22 states.

B was launched in 1994 in 12 states.

C launched in 1994 has been successful in 122 districts.

D launched in 1994 has met with dubious success.

Answer: C

Explanation:
"One has only to look at the success of the district primary education programme, which was launched in
1994. It has met with a fair degree of success in the 122 districts it covers."
From these lines, we can say that the programme was launched in 1994 and it was successful in 122
districts.
182. The village panchayats in Madhya Pradesh are responsible for

implementing adult education policies for the

A
villages.

B organising non-formal education.

C scholarships and construction and maintenance of primary schools.

D Both b and c
Answer: D

Explanation:
"In MP, the village panchayats are responsible for not only constructing and maintaining primary schools
but also managing scholarships, besides organising non-formal education."

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Through the above information, we can say that both B and C are true.

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183. The successful implementation of education policies is obstructed by

A vested interests.

B panchayat officials.

C politicians.

D bureaucrats.
Answer: C

Explanation:
"Unfortunately, the Panchayat Raj Act has not been notified in many states. After all, delegating powers to
the panchayats is not looked upon too kindly by vested interests. More specifically, by politicians, since
decentralisation of education administration takes away from them the power of transfer, which they use to
grant favours and build up a support base."
Through these sentences, we can infer that politicians obstruct successful implementation of educational
policies.
184. Primary education

A is a fundamental right.

B will be made a fundamental right.

C is only for the privileged sections of society.

D None of these
Answer: D

Explanation:
Primary education is not a fundamental right yet. A bill was tabled seeking to make primary education a
fundamenta right.
It is not mentioned in the passage that primary education is only for privileged sections of the society.
Hence, none of the options are true.
185. One of the ways in which education policy can be successfully implemented as mentioned in the
passage, is

A greater community involvement.

B greater community development.

C greater community awareness.

 Both ( a ) and ( b )
D
Answer: A

Explanation:
Refer to the following lines:"The key then is to decentralise education planning and implementation. What's
also needed is greater community involvement in the whole process." This is highlighted in option A.

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