Database Management System Notes
Database Management System Notes
Date
Page
Sche dulc 4
does not pr eScrue
prescruc (A+8)
KSeriolizability
ConElict Serializability
uiew Serializability
Las chitdrcanodc.
|Anima)
wild
Tcat lionTiger
(S Thi model bclps to rcprcSeot
to mans rclatonship.
6) PaLcot- child tclationsbip
(9Nctwork modc)
extension of hicra chìal msd
) To this modc) data S oqarniSco Mo moe
ikc o qroph.
3) Hauc morc than onc porcot node.
4) Herc MorcIclationShip arc cstablished
S)AccSsinq data is e easicr ond Fast
6) Many-mons datarclationship
D This was mostly oldey uGed doata bose
modd beforc rclationa mode coaS
itoduced
Storc
orderl terms
rclatiG
attubutcS. dcpartmcnt nH
ckssate
into
nome
dcpt
bwlding
qct
bud and ottribute
DatePage
usin9
deSiqn exist
Ex tibute
ualucd attIbute
rcprcscot
Get
2
iotercst atible
key Set
relations
ioto
model rclotcd that
gbject by entitu
to at -multi
repicsented
-
choracteristlcs
obËcct
ccmposite set
cotits Set.
rela
+o
)Rectonqlc
hip of oic toioto
Entity
-rclotions
TDdato
modc
basc
qood
pictoria)
Form
othcr attubuteS.
Deiucd to
ct dcfioc
obje entits js & attibutc
NulL
9)
L)lin
iS an Fom ualucd Componcnts.
modc)instructor
modcl js is and
diuing
mode Salory eotitq cotity
Attributes
quishable Diomon
9)
DifFcrcot
andts nome
Simple Ellipse
S
ID Entity D)Sinalc
by
bip.4)Thi An
3ER A
D) ) ) 2)
Date
Page
attibwde
SDouble cllipSe mutiualucd
dcriucd dttribte
6) Dashcd ellipsc
are undertincd
key attribute ar
primary
Wcak Eotity Set
houc aprimag
doeS Loot
DAo entity Sct docs Wcak cotity Set
kcy js rcfeLCd os eotty Set depend
ExiStence Of cueok entits Set
Stroog
on existence OF
oF Set js fonme
of oeak Set
Ohe pliMory key
primory kcy oF Strong
by
wcak cotity Get by double
) c depict a
Srectang!eeclioc the discriminator oF
) e Undcrloc
entits Sct coth dashcd inc.
coeak (Payment
ate
PaymNt Payma
(amount amouE
10an HIPoyment
Paument no discriminator
locn no- Payment no - Prima key
Ex - Student
Current student
9)Agqreqration rclatien
LAqqrcqration )S prOCesScobco
as
befucco tuo0 entity is trcated
Single cotity
enquir
Uisito
Aduanta qe
easils undcrStone
D) Help
i n physica data base ccaticn
G Can be qeneralizcd Specializcd
4) Con be help in databaSe dcSiqn
alsemate
Data
Page
Disdduantagc.
D Somc amoLuot of ambiq uHeS
)inconsistc0cy
3)8) Sonmetimc diagrams may be
mou leads to
misiniotecptctation
4)Rc)ationa modcl
D Io this modc) data is orqaoiscd in two
Ldimco Slonal toble 1970
o) This mode (wasingtrod u ced by EE coddio
3) This mode js wwidcls uScd dahabasc modc
L)The basic Structuce of data in thc selaton
model iS toblc.
S) AL ofor matioo S Storedio roco OF to ble
6) TobleS are alSO KDOOD aS rclations i
relatioDa model
Rollo Name AddrcS No
D0FEcreocc
Page
u)TnserHoo anomaty
exist NO
G)DecleHoo anomaly
exist
PortiaJ
locks data inde Data
peoc datpend indcpend
less flcxi bl. most
Dota Abstraction
PhysicaJ
D TH iSs the lowcst cuc)_of abstractHan
2 T+ dc Eiochow tHhc data is actuculs Stored
3) Tt defi nc data- StructUrc to Storc the
data
)T+ is decidcd bu deuelopcr and clatoba SC
OpplicaHon proq ram MCr hoo to Storc datr
S) Tt js ueryComplcx level to under Sta nd
) logica
D Totcrmediate leueJ
2) T desribc obat data is Storc in datoba
this data
3) What sclaionship exist amonq
complcx thao phy Siccu
It s uscd by dcucloprs data
S)
Ladmiostra tors CDBA)
Cootaun tabics 1clationShlr
6) logica leucl
amoog table atttibute
3)vicu)
TH is highcst lcuel
there are diFFercnt leuel
Jcue uieu
OF uiews ioteracHoo coith usc.
GimpiEles
3) Ttalso uiccoS o mwtipic uicco.
pIodidcmanq
4) T bu_ cu) User
S)T S uS ed by
6 TS lcast Complex
For
USercX Can interact
inter oith SyStem using
bate
X D8ms lanquagc
Dato defination languaqc
DDDL
Qucry long uage
a) DQL Dato
Data maoipuUction
) DML Control
) D e - Dcta
TransacHooContro|
S) TCl
SQL Command
DQL pcL
ODL DML TCL
f r ot
m obe)
<toblc~Damc 2!)
tablc_Domc) Uatuc) tablc-nomc2
K
FROM age.
studcotsi
Erom uaiue
nam
table
Disaduant
datatypc,colum
<Uoluc|, CondHoo
Comnand CoDditoo
JUHERE
DSELECT
Commond
From
INTO Aduantage
&
c upDAIE
INSERT UPDALE
3) DELECT
4)
¥SELEcT
SELECT TNSERI
2) Ualueç wbcre DELETE
So
form
edatobas
that quarantced o cotirc
onine uSing
langu
be Nutl qiuen th
cASSHAte dictiooory.
data
as Suntax Can
mayit
oE.
trcatmcot Sub-accesS
Page a bc cotaJog
thecn cobich
Defe
relationa
bein
must Rulc coith treatment Rule
base key
elemcotiS must data
of in
Acccssloqically be lineat
updatin
base
rule handlc
rulc.
dato pimany unform
database description
onine Stored ComprehensiuCupdbe
thc
metadata
onis data
Rulc
8Ioformation Sustematic
foundation a
in Ccuaraotccd
data bc _hauinq
Theidatabasci
Con acessiblc Actiuc
Stored name a ond knocUO
Cataloq
must uicw
uleu
in Structure languaqe
Rule.
Codd
(0)
m
Syste
or Single Systemnatic
ata oFtablc
- value
Database data 8 database
8 the
o d be
2 Eucry 3 Null 4 s 6
Rule fhat The Uscr Rule Rule the
Rule Rule Rule
to a A
Functhonal
depcndoncy
D) (q)
D
Tt The
20that theo Location
Rulc2
IE Gec Rulc
appicationToteqrity
uses
that Rule
Alo Rulc Ldelete
Rulc
prouldc
accesS
Subuertto Ru 8inser
Rule & A
typically
ttribute
Don-kes Function a database databasemust
exist Sustcm that The 9 ton
thc L &
cnd
betuueen interface
data
Distribution oqicaJ
independa
Physicad
data High
thc o0 updation
’Ybetwcen
X exist
depen user must
has
Subucrsion iss leud
6sstem to
dancy ao
distributed dato Support
must bcce
indcpenda
loO-
too must
intcrtace independance
lndcpcndentof
insert,
Ro
indcpendalce. delcHon
leuc Dot
attributeS is Rulc hiqh
not
relationsh
primog ke
a oUer be update,
bc
recòd Jeue Page Date
adassKate
Hhat ablc
dbe uartou
ta
2)
Norn-tiuaU FD
2) ) )
IAlhen Subset ofA Emp-
Name
conSidcr Ex Thc TriuaJFD
AB TypcsoF FD toreX
side sidc
l-eEt o
NameComplctc
DoR IDNtriNouna A’BS EmpId,
tùua
Non-FD
TiUal Riqht
ollowiog
AOB has Emp- Id
Name d D
non
1S
Emp-Namcf tablc tiua
detcrminont
depeodcrst FD
iS
trìuaJ FD
OF
ull tuoo also FD
then EDE EBis Emp.armc
columo riua
daenste
rulc
) (5 bY u)union
Ruc
Pscudotransitiuc
DX’Y
(Ciuen)ProoE
3)
Rule(6 ’YZ
Dx 2)XZ DX’Y
(giucn)
3) (Ceiven)
Proof It TtX’YZ
Dccompds
iS Proof TE
Xz X’Y IF XY YZ XXC X XY
’ >Y Knoæn S
Yz reUerSe YZ
Celucn) (
cton
and Cqiuen) (using
(using and
C using
usingusin9 (usingthenX’YXZ% of as
(using
IRe) Rule
YZ’ unionrulc
project ’Z
IR , IR,
IRon
JRg IR) JRz
On onl
on I W rulc then
’YZ X
by then nby 2
3 tohere by
x\-X
3
augm 2 Page Date
augmcntaH.
augoith
4)
clAsSMate
2)
ol
th
aion ¥NOrOmalizaton
G 2)DT+ on0molics Tnsert 3) oDomalics DeletionQ) onomaicS 9)Anomaies
octeristics
deletton 20 2o DUpdate
lec Torbage T+
dato that Ne OF Ne Could then itDot JE contaun
mas It TE
is iS j
oherc
Gome
else JE
Gct H data
also uscd procc
docs
tricd aworencSS
cwastried datodatabase
of lioked
blc baSe
to
mauies rclation ss
sS lef to itcms
ocliminate Oot
uide for o inscrt desgooc
delete
%updatCike
insertioo rcdureduce -2)
3) )t
red
theundc to
leadeach 0re
design
k exiSt
Organizing
inereasing data data
Somc
ndancy data 0
orge lctcd
Scattcrcd
to is
choncesuee ct at rccord
is other not
itgity anomaliesano
al io alSo Stran4e
blc the oFrom thc he O
becauSe
but properly
pertect
maieS
re SoUcd
undc performoe and Page Date
cdata &l datof a cord ports SituHol clecmte
NE.
depcnds
Don
3)zrd ID
Emp.
2324 Portial
2NE 2
Therc
Ceiuen
OF 2
2)
No
statc
City.
daseate
S
FDblc.
Page
Date to
Cucry
3NE
US city City of
8NE Dam P OF LFkey
S 3NE
Namc
Emp- Emp-no
PoR UcrSio
BCNE
X42P¢R State notState
’ city State
UP US
thanSupcr
UP US
codd isiO
NE toblc
but
’ aduonce 8NE
Stictcr
SX’YX
ID
Emp. Emp
zip Emp.ID Id
iS2NE
1D Emp- Emp_zip
245
S
tablc iSin
Employ
245 StCtc T+
123 Emp 2 123
Bouce
(u)S
S
TH )IHA
T
2) 3)
D394
3
Emp_DEPDEpt|
Emp
Fmp-cQuntry
DEPDGBCF
DEPT-NO
cASSMAt
tablc
are
ito
DEPNO DEP
Em
Page
Date Desigo
ID, Ceunty
Emp-
Test ble
Couoty
Eop- Country
Emp-
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DEPTEmp to
qiuco Jndia
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Emp-I
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ble
aboueta
To DEPT’
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kcy
not
condidate
thc
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candiadc
key
's
EmpIDDEPT
coOUcrt Emp.
ID
Emp
ID
Emp tablc
TD
Emp. 264
269
CeFolo 26
4
264
1St
toblc
blc2rd
ta
nd tob
Tbe
TO fD