This Week Introduction to the Course

https://ceng240.github.io/

Introduction Objectives
CEng 240 Spring 2023 Course objectives, content, outline; Grading; Information
This course gives a brief introduction to a working understanding of basic
computer organization, data representation, programming language
Week 1 about the homeworks, the labs, the exams. constructs, and algorithmic thinking. It is designed as a first course of
programming and supported by laboratory sessions for students outside of
the Computer Engineering major.
Gönül Günal
Basic computer organization: Textbook
Introduction, What is computing, programming Programming with Python for Engineers, by S. Kalkan, O. T. and G.
Üçoluk. Available at: https://pp4e-book.github.io/
Basic Computer Organization Von Neumann Architecture, CPU & Memory Course Workbook
Fetch, decode, execute cycle Available at: https://pp4e-workbook.github.io/
Machine code + assembler It contains solved and unsolved exercises in Python

by Göktürk Üçoluk and Sinan Kalkan. BIOS, OS

The slides are based on the lecture notes prepared by Sinan Kalkan.
2023 CEng 240 2 2023 CEng 240 3

The book is interactive and available in Colab, HTML and PDF. The workbook in a similar format. https://pp4e-workbook.github.io/

Introduction to https://ceng240.github.io/
the Course
https://pp4e-book.github.io/

Course conduct
Each week: 2-hours online session (prescheduled, with instructor) + 2-hours practice
sessions (on your own time)
8 Lab exams (online)
Midterm exam and final exam.
Contact
[email protected]

2023 CEng 240 4 2023 CEng 240 5 2023 CEng 240 6

What is computing? Computing examples

Task: Multiplying two numbers, X and Y , and subtracting 1
Computing is the process of inferring data from data.
from the multiplication.
What is going to be inferred is defined as the task.
Input: X, Y
The original data is called the input (data) and the inferred
Output: the result of (X × 1
one is the output
The board instance of a chess game, as input, where black
has made the last move.
Task: Predict the best move for white (output).

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

2023 CEng 240 7 2023 CEng 240 8 2023 CEng 240 9

 Computing examples What is a computer? ?
The most common Our brains are composed of simple processing units, called
The input is a sentence to a neurons. They receive signals (information) from other neurons,
chatbot. The task is to determine context: An electronic process those signals and produce an output signal to other
the sentence (output) that best device that has a neurons.
follows the input sentence in a
conversation.

The broader context: Any

physical entity that can

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_fr
om_inside_018.jpg

2023 CEng 240 10 2023 CEng 240 11 12

What is a computer? What is programming?

A program is a sequence of
instructions that automate
a sequence of instructions. the performance of a task.
Deterministic
Based on binary (0/1)
representations
Consists of two main entities:
The Central Processing Unit
(CPU), and a Memory. IMPLEMENTED

https://cdn.britannica.com/61/74061-050-
47B62C0E/computer-peripherals-images-laser- PROGRAM
printer-inkjet-layout.jpg

2023 CEng 240 13 2023 CEng 240 14 2023 15

What is programming? What is programming? What is programming?

A recipe for cooking a certain dish is also a program
(but not a computer program).

THIS "EXACT INSTRUCTIONS CHALLENGE" IS SO HILARIOUS:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ct-lOOUqmyY

2023 CEng 240 16 2023 CEng 240 17 2023 CEng 240 18

 Few basic instructions High-Level / Low-Level Languages

Input: Get data from the keyboard, a file, etc. A program consists of a series of instructions to be
Output: Display data on the screen or send data to a performed.
file. Python
Math: Perform basic mathematical operations. series of steps to be performed -> High-level
conditional execution: Check for certain conditions Machine code programs -
and execute the appropriate sequence of
statements.
Repetition: Perform some action repeatedly, with Low level
some variation.
2023 CEng 240 19 2023 CEng 240 20 2023 21

Von Neumann Architecture Memory Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM) Accessing any content in RAM
Allows reading and writing only
operations. provided to the RAM through the address bus.
takes the same amount of time, irrespective of the
Each access requires an address.
address of the content.
Each row is called a byte In todays RAMs, this access time is around 50
a unit of digital information. nanoseconds.
consists of eight bits. When a content is overwritten, it is gone forever.
The information stored in the main memory vanishes
when the computer is turned off.

2023 CEng 240 22 2023 CEng 240 23 2023 CEng 240 24

Instruction cycle
Central Processing Unit
(Fetch-decode-execute) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5JC9Ve1sfI

Fetch
of a computer Retrieve the next instruction
It consists of: from the memory into the
Control Unit (CU) registers.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Decode
Registers Look at the opcode of the
instruction and decode what
Input/Output connections
actions should be performed.
Execute
Execute the actions identified in
the decode phase.
2023 CEng 240 25 2023 CEng 240 26 2023 CEng 240 27
 Stored Program Concept Peripherals of a Computer

All input-output
devices are
connected to the
CPU via a wiring
system called bus.

book by G. M. Schneider, J. L. Gersting

28 2023 CEng 240 29 2023 CEng 240 30

Final Words:
The running of a computer Operating System (OS)
Important Concepts
BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) is loaded Computer, computing, programming.
Power-On Self Test (POST) is performed. The von Neumann Architecture.
The interaction between the CPU and the memory via address, R/W and
Checks CPU and RAM for errors book by G. M. Schneider, J. L. Gersting data bus lines.
Identifies and initializes peripherals Memory management
The crucial components on the CPU: The control unit, the arithmetic logic
Looks for an OS through the storage devices Process management unit and the registers.
The fetch-decode-execute cycle.
Master Boot Record (MBR) of a disk contains a table Device management
The stored program concept.
and code piece for loading the OS on that disk File management Operating system and its responsibilities.
MBR is executed to load the OS. Security
User interface
2023 CEng 240 31 2023 CEng 240 32 2023 CEng 240 33

Final Words:
Reading
Textbook: 1st chapter. "I hear and I forget.
The material at the end of the first chapter. I see and I remember.
History of computing: I do and I understand."
http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerH - Confucius
istory/History.htm
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1331A4
548513EA81

2023 CEng 240 34 2023 CEng 240 35