Scribd
Upload
27 views45 pages

Unit 2. Math Language and Symbols

This document discusses mathematical language and symbols used in variables, sets, relations, and functions. It provides examples and definitions of key concepts such as: - A variable is a symbol that represents a quantity. - A set is a collection of elements denoted by capital letters. Sets can be described using roster or rule methods. - A relation between sets is a subset of their Cartesian product. Relations can be one-to-one, onto, or bijective functions. - A function maps each element of its domain to an element of its codomain such that each input is paired with exactly one output. Functions can be tested for properties like one-to-one and onto using vertical line tests.

Uploaded by

Dearlyne Almazan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views45 pages

Unit 2. Math Language and Symbols

This document discusses mathematical language and symbols used in variables, sets, relations, and functions. It provides examples and definitions of key concepts such as: - A variable is a symbol that represents a quantity. - A set is a collection of elements denoted by capital letters. Sets can be described using roster or rule methods. - A relation between sets is a subset of their Cartesian product. Relations can be one-to-one, onto, or bijective functions. - A function maps each element of its domain to an element of its codomain such that each input is paired with exactly one output. Functions can be tested for properties like one-to-one and onto using vertical line tests.

Uploaded by

Dearlyne Almazan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 45

2.

MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE &
SYMBOLS
ARIEL F. MELAD
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
2023
VARIABLES

What is variable?
- a symbol that represents a quantity
VARIABLE

• Is there a number with a property:

“Doubling it and adding by 3 gives the same result


as squaring it?”
2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 2
VARIABLE

• Is there a number with the property:

“The sum of their squares equals the square of


their sum?”
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
VARIABLE

• Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than


the numbers themselves?
• Given any real number, its square is
a. nonnegative?
b. nonpositive?
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

What is a set?
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Set was introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor (1845-1918).


• A collection of elements.
• Set is denoted by capital letters.
• The elements are objects belong to the set.
• Given A = {a, b, z} , we write, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴. Also, 𝑝 ∉ 𝐴.
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Describing Sets
1. Roster Method – listing down the elements of
the set and enclosing them with braces
Example. A = {a, e,i, o, u}
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Describing Sets
2. Rule Method – x is used to represent any member of a given
set, {x /p(x)}
Example. A = {x/x is a vowel}
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

Definition of Terms
• Finite and Infinite set. Elements are possibly enumerated are
finite set. Otherwise, infinite set.
• Null/empty set. A set is empty if does not contain any
element. Denoted by { } or ∅.
• Universal set. A set containing all elements, denoted by U.
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Power set. A set whose elements are all the subsets of a


given set denoted by p(A), if A is the given set.
• Cardinal number. The number of elements of the given set
denoted by n(A), if A is the given set.
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Is {0} = 0?
• Is {∅} = ∅
• How many elements of the given set?
A = {0,{0}, {0,0}}
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Set Relations
a. Equal set
b. Equivalent set
c. Disjoint set
d. Overlapping set
e. Subset
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Set Operations
a. Union
b. Intersection
c. Difference
d. Complement
e. Set product
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

Venn Diagram. A very useful pictorial representation in


dealing with relations and operations involving after the
Cambridge Logician John Venn.
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

30 students prefer Accountancy (A) ∪= 60 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠


40 students prefer Entrepreneurship (E)
35 students prefer Business (B)
20 would like to consider careers in both
A
Accountancy and Entrepreneurship
25 Entrepreneurship and business
18 accountancy and business
10 would like to consider all these career
E B
paths
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

QUESTIONS:
How many students who
1. do not like any of the three careers?
2. prefer business courses only?
3. prefer exactly one of the career paths?
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

QUESTIONS:
How many students who
4. prefer exactly two of the career?
5. do not like business courses?
6. prefer both Accountancy and Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship & business?
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

• Homework. Answer all exercises in the module.


THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

What is a RELATION?
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Definition. A relation ℜ between sets A and


B is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. We read (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℜ as
“a is related to b” and write 𝑎 ℜ 𝑏. The set A
is called the domain of ℜ and the set B is
called its co-domain or range.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Notations: x ℜ y means that (x, y) ∈ ℜ.


x ℜ y means that (x, y ) ∈ ℜ.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A ℜ B

x y

Figure 1. Arrow Diagram of Relations of set A and B


THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 1: Let Z = {1,2,3} and Y = {1,2}


defined by a relation ℜ from Z to Y. For any
𝑥−𝑦
(x,y) ∈ ℜ means that is an integer.
3
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Find Z x Y.
2. Which ordered pair (x,y) are in ℜ ?
3. What are the domain and co-domain of ℜ ?
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Solution:
1. Z x Y = (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,1), (3,2).
1−1
2. (1,1) ∈ ℜ since = 0 is an integer.
3
1−2 −1
(1,2) ∉ ℜ since = is not an integer.
3 3
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Also,
(2,2) ∈ ℜ but (2,1), (3,1) and (3,2) ∉ ℜ .
Hence, (1,1) and (2,2) ∈ ℜ.
3. The domain of ℜ is {1,2} and the co-
domain is {1,2}.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

X ℜ Y

1 1
2 2
3
Figure 2. Arrow Diagram of Relations in Example 1
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 2. Define a relation ℜ from ℝ 𝑡𝑜 ℝ:


For any (x,y)∈ ℝ × ℝ, (x,y) ∈ ℜ means that
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Which ordered pair in ℝ × ℝ are


relations?
2. Sketch the graph.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

(1,0) ∈ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of


𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
(0,-1) ∈ ℜ
(0,0) ∉ ℜ x
-1 1
(2,0) ∉ ℜ
1 3
, ∈ℜ
2 2
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

(1,-1) ∉ ℜ y Fig.3. Graph of


𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
(1,1) ∉ ℜ
x
2 2 -1 1
, ∈ℜ
2 2
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Domain: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 y Fig.3. Graph of


Range: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1

x
-1 1
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Definition. A function ∅ mapping 𝑋 into Y is a


relation between X and Y with a property that each
𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 appears as the firs member of exactly one
ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) in ∅ . Such a function is also
called a map or mapping of X into Y.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Which of these figures a function?


THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Which of these figures a function?


THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Vertical Line Test. A test use to determine if a


relation is a function. A relation is a function if the
vertical line intersects the graph at most 1 point.
Example: A parabola that opens upward/downward is
a function.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Is a parabola that opens to the right or left a


function?
2. Is the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 a function?
3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is a function?
4. Is the line 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5 a function?
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Check your progress


1. Let A = {2,3,4} and B = {6,8,10} and define a
relation ℜ from A to B as follows: For all (x,y) ∈ 𝐴 ×
𝐵, (x,y) ∈ ℜ means that y/x is an integer.
a. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵.
b. Which ordered pairs are relations?
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

c. Write the domain and co-domain of ℜ.


d. Draw an arrow diagram for ℜ.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

2. Let A = {1,2,3} and B={2,4,6}. For each relation between


A and B given as a subset of A x B, decide whether it is a
function mapping A into B. If it is a function, decide
whether it is one to one and whether it is onto B.
a. {(1,4),(2,4),(3,6)} d. {(2,2),(1,6),(3,4)}
b. {(1,4),(2,6),(3,4)} e. {(1,6),(2,6),(3,6)}
c. {(1,6),(1,2), (1,4)} f. {(1,2),(2,6),(2,4)}
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Definition. A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is one to one if


𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) only when 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .
The function 𝑓 is 𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐨 Y if the range of 𝑓 is Y. A
map that is both one to one and onto is called
bijective.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 1. The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2


is not one to one because 𝑓 2 = −2 = 4 but 2 ≠
− 2. Also, it is not onto R because the range is the
proper subset of all nonnegative numbers in ℝ.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 2. The function g: ℝ → ℝ defined by


𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 is both one to one and onto ℝ.
THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Check your Progress. Check if the given equation is one to


one or onto.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
2. g(x) = x+3

𝑛 − 1, if 𝑛 is odd
3. h(n)=
𝑛 + 1, if 𝑛 is even

You might also like