2023

TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

DO NOT REMOVE PAPER FROM EXAMINATION ROOM

Centre Number

Student Number

Biology (taylor’s version)

Whenever you want
Before the HSC

General
Instructions • Reading time - 5 minutes
• Working time - 3 hours
• Write using black pen
• Draw diagrams using pencil
• NESA-approved calculators may be used
• Use the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided
• Write your Centre Number and Student Number on the top of this page

Total marks: Section I - 20 marks (pages 2-12)

100 • Attempt Questions 1-20
• Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Section II - 80 marks (pages 13-35)

• Attempt Questions 21-33
• Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section

Disclaimer
THANK U PAPI ETHANNNN. Not a real trial exam or accurate emula7on of the HSC. Never said it was. I don’t own this. This is a scan of the CSSA paper for all you know. All sources are slay. Good luck. This one is for the boys with
the booming system Top down, AC with the cooler system When he come up in the club, he be blazin' up Got stacks on deck like he savin' up And he ill, he real, he might goLa deal He pop boLles and he got the right kind of
build He cold, he dope, he might sell coke He always in the air, but he never fly coach He a motherfuckin' trip, trip, sailor of the ship, ship When he make it drip, drip kiss him on the lip, lip That's the kind of dude I was lookin' for
And, yes, you'll get slapped if you're lookin' ho I said, excuse me you're a hell of a guy I mean my, my, my, my you're like pelican fly I mean, you're so shy and I'm loving your 7e You're like slicker than the guy with the thing on his
eye, oh Yes, I did, yes, I did Somebody please tell him who the eff I is I am Nicki Minaj, I mack them dudes up Back coupes up and chuck the deuce up Boy, you got my heartbeat runnin' away Bea7ng like a drum and it's coming
your way Can't you hear that Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass? He got that super bass Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass Yeah that's that super bass Boom, boom, boom, badoom, boom
(bass, bass) Boom, boom, boom (bass, yeah) Boom, boom, boom, badoom, boom (bass, bass) Boom, boom, boom (bass) Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass He got that super bass Boom, boom, badoom, boom,
boom, badoom, boom, bass Yeah, that's that super bass (yo, yo) This one is for the boys in the Polos Entrepreneur ****** and the moguls He could ball with the crew, he could solo But I think I like him beLer when he dolo And I
think I like him beLer with the fiLed cap on He ain't even goLa try to put the mack on He just goLa give me that look, when he give me that look Then them pan7es comin' off, off, uh Excuse me, you're a hell of a guy you know I
really got a thing for American guys I mean, sigh, sickenin' eyes I can tell that you're in touch with your feminine side, uh Yes, I did, yes, I did Somebody please tell him who the eff I is I am Nicki Minaj, I mack them dudes up Back
coupes up and chuck the deuce up Boy, you got my heartbeat runnin' away Bea7ng like a drum and it's coming your way Can't you hear that Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass? He got that super bass Boom,
badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass Yeah that's that super bass Boom, boom, boom, badoom, boom (bass, bass) Boom, boom, boom (bass, yeah) Boom, boom, boom, badoom, boom (bass, bass) Boom, boom, boom
(bass) Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass He got that super bass Boom, boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass Yeah, that's that super bass See, I need you in my life for me to stay No, no, no, no, no,
I know you'll stay No, no, no, no, no, don't go away, hey Boy, you got my heartbeat runnin' away Don't you hear that heartbeat comin' your way? Oh, it be like Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass Can't you hear
that boom Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass? Boy, you got my heartbeat runnin' away Bea7ng like a drum and it's coming your way Can't you hear that Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass? He
got that super bass Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass Yeah that's that super bass Boom, boom, boom, badoom, boom (bass, bass) Boom, boom, boom (bass, yeah) Boom, boom, boom, badoom, boom (bass,
bass) Boom, boom, boom (bass) Boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass He got that super bass Boom, boom, badoom, boom, boom, badoom, boom, bass Yeah, that's that super bass.

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ETHAN IS SO REAL FOR THIS THANKS ETHANNNN.

Section I

20 marks
Attempt Questions 1-20
Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Use the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet for Questions 1-20

1 In artificial asexual reproduction of plants, parts of the parent plant are used to generate
a new plant.

Which of the following statements about artificial asexual reproduction is correct?

A. Reproduction is efficient, using minimal time and energy. ·

B. Cuttings taken from a parent plant show increased resistance to disease.

C. It allows rapid population growth, leading to reduced competition for resources.

D. The lack of genetic variation within the population can be advantageous if the
environmental conditions change suddenly.

2 The diagram below is a model of the protein haemoglobin.

Identify the level of structure of haemoglobin.

A. Primary

B. Quaternary

C. Secondary

D. Tertiary

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Refer to the following information to answer Questions 3-4

3 In the late 1800s Robert Koch conducted investigations to determine the cause of the
bacterial disease anthrax. He used the following criteria.

What could be concluded from Koch’s investigations?

A. Anthrax is a non-infectious disease.

B. Boiling of liquids prevents microbial decay.

C. Each disease is caused by a specific microbe.

D. Disease is not caused by spontaneous generation.

4 Through Koch's investigations, it was determined that anthrax bacteria can lay dormant in
soil as spores once they leave an infected host. They can then re-infect other hosts that
inhale the spores from the soil.

What is the mode of transmission of anthrax?

A. Direct contact

B. Indirect contact

C. Vector transmission

D. Droplet transmission through inhalation

ETHAN IS MY FAV PERSON TYSM ETHANNNN

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5 The photo below shows an Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus).

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a structural adaptation of the
Eastern Grey Kangaroo that assists in temperature regulation?

A. Fur reflects sunlight during the day

B. Foraging for food during the night

C. Lying under a gum tree or scrub during the day

D. vasodilation of blood vessels near the skin surface

6 Clindamycin is a medication that can be used to treat disease. It functions by binding to

bacterial ribosomes. Affected bacteria are unable to undergo protein synthesis and are
eventually destroyed. Non-bacterial organisms are not adversely affected by clindamycin.

Clindamycin can be considered to be

A. an antiviral.

B. an antibiotic.

C. a passive vaccination.

D. unsuitable to treat infectious disease.

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7 Evolution is occurring quickly in some cities around the world. The rats of New York City
have started to form two distinct populations, one in Uptown New York City and the other in
Downtown New York City. The rats are separated by Midtown New York City, a mainly
commercial area that lacks the household rubbish the rats thrive on. There is no evidence that
rats from Uptown New York City are mating with rats from Downtown New York City.

Which of the following best explains why the rat groups are diverging?

A. Genetic flow

B. Crossbreeding

C. Genetic variation

D. Geographic isolation

8 A feedback loop of hormones involved in the menstrual cycle is shown below.

Overview of hormonal interaction in menstrual cycle

Which statement best describes the relationship between two of the hormones?

A. LH stimulates production of GnRH.

B. Progesterone inhibits production of FSH.

C. FSH inhibits production of progesterone.

D. Progesterone stimulates production of LH.

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9 The diagram below shows a normal egg (n) combining with an abnormal sperm (n+1) and
the resulting zygote (2n+1)

What is the likely outcome of this type of mutation?

A. No effect on the zygote

B. An extra nucleotide is inserted resulting in a change in one amino acid

C. A large-scale change involving an abnormal number of chromosomes in every cell in

the organism

D. A large-scale change involving an abnormal number of chromosomes in one cell in the

organism

10 What is the function of the stigma in flowering plants?

A. Produces haploid ovules

B. Protects unopened flower bud

C. Produced haploid pollen grains

D. Provides a sticky fluid to trap pollen grains

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11 The diagram below shows a drawing of a cell undergoing mitosis.

Identify the mitotic stage indicated by the diagram

A. Interphase

B. Metaphase

C. Prophase

D. Telophase

Turn over the page

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12 The diagram below shows two homologous double-stranded chromosomes. A, B, a, and b
are alleles on the chromosomes.

Which combination of alleles is possible after crossing-over during meiosis?

A.

B.

C.

D.

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13 A farmer bred two speckled (black and white) chickens and recorded the number of
offspring produced, as shown in the table below.

Feather colour of offspring Number of offspring

Speckled
26
(black and white)
Black 12
White 13

Based on the ratios of offspring recorded, it can be concluded that the inheritance pattern
for the gene for feather colour is

A. co-dominant

B. autosomal recessive

C. autosomal dominant

D. incomplete dominant

14 The table below summarises the cause and treatment of tetanus.

Cause Treatment
Clostridium tetani bacterial spores • Immediate treatment with tetanus Immune
enter via a puncture wound through Globulin (Tig) formed by the extraction of
the skin. antibodies taken from donated human blood.

• Drugs such as benzodiazepines to control spasms

and rigidity in muscles.

• Aggressive wound care reducing infection.

What type of treatment is Tetanus Immune Globulin (Tig)?

A. An antibiotic

B. A disinfectant

C. A passive acquired vaccine

D. An active acquired vaccine

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Refer to the following information to answer Questions 15-16

Data for the rate of hospitalisation for osteoporosis in males and females across a range of age
groups is shown in the table below.

15 Which of the following statements about the trends in the data is correct?

A. The rate of females hospitalised for osteoporosis is higher than males for all age
groups.

B. The rate of males hospitalised for osteoporosis is higher than females for all age
groups.

C. The percentage of females hospitalised for osteoporosis is higher than males for all age
groups.

D. The percentage of males hospitalised for osteoporosis is higher than females for all age
groups

16 Which of the following is a correct observation from the data?

A. Males are more susceptible to osteoporosis than females.

B. Females are more willing to receive hospital treatment than males.

C. Male participants make up about 23.66% of all individuals involved in the study.

D. Female participants make up about 23.66% of all individuals involved in the study.

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17 The diagram below shows the process of recombinant DNA technology

What is the process labelled A?

A. Treatment with helicase

B. Treatment with DNA ligase

C. Treatment with DNA polymerase

D. Treatment with restriction enzyme

18 A flowchart illustrating the role of Immune Substance X is shown below.

Substance X is best described as a

A. part of the innate immune system.

B. part of the adaptive immune system.

C. link between T cells and memory T cells.

D. link between the innate and adaptive immune system.

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19 The table below shows an example of a mutation.

Initial Mutation

DNA sequence CGC TAA GGG GCC CGC TAA GGG GCT

Amino Acid Sequence Alanine-isoleucine-Proline-Arginine Alanine-isoleucine-Proline-Arginine

What type of point mutation is indicated in the table above?

A. Silent mutation

B. Missense mutation

C. Nonsense mutation

D. Frameshift mutation

20 The graph below shows an action potential in a neuron.

Which statement best describes what is happening in the axon during period A?’

A. Resting membrane potential - all ion channels are closed.

B. Depolarisation of the membrane - both sodium and potassium channels are open.

C. Hyperpolarisation of the membrane-potassium channels remain open and sodium ions

are closed.

D. Repolarisation of the membrane - sodium ion channels are closing and potassium ion
channels are opening.

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Section II
80 marks
Attempt Questions 21-32
Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected
length of response.
• Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
• Extra writing space is provided at the end of this examination. If you use this space, clearly
indicate which question you are answering.

Question 21 (5 marks)

The graph below shows the levels of oestrogen and progesterone at different stages of a
female’s menstrual cycle.

(a) With reference to the graph, identify and describe the function of hormone X in the 3
menstrual cycle.

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Question 21 (continued)

(b) If fertilisation was to occur following ovulation, describe how the levels of oestrogen 2
and progesterone would be different to those shown in the graph.

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Question 22 (3 marks)

Below is an image of two cacao pods infected with black pod rot. 3

The cacao tree, which grows in tropical regions, produces the cacao beans that are the raw
material of chocolate

Explain TWO ways that black pod rot could be transmitted between individual plants.

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Question 23 (8 marks)

In order to better understand population genetics in nature, scientists can use computer
simulations to predict genetic variation. Below are the results of a simulation predicting the
allele frequency of an animal on a specific island.

Generation Allele Frequency (p)

0 0.80
10 0.55
20 0.40
30 0.31
40 0.29

(a) Use the data above to construct an appropriate graph in the grid below. 4

Question 23 continues on page 16

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Question 23 (continued)

(b) Describe the trend shown in your constructed graph. 2

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(c) The data was based on a simulation where a small population of the species migrated to 2
an island.

Justify whether this is an example of gene flow or genetic drift.

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Question 24 (6 marks)

A person was diagnosed with a visual disorder called astigmatism. Astigmatism distorts 6
vision because the cornea or lens shape is different to the normal shape. The effect of this
disorder is shown in the diagram below.

Normal Eye Astigmatism

Explain how astigmatism would cause impaired vision and evaluate the effectiveness of
ONE technology used to treat this visual disorder.

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Question 25 (5 marks)

Below is a portion of a poster educating Cambodian children about dengue fever.

(a) Describe why images might be used in a dengue fever poster to educate children in 2
rural Cambodia.

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(b) Other than using posters, explain ONE other prevention method local health care 3
workers could use to prevent the spread of an infectious disease in indigenous
communities.

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Turn to page 20 for Question 26

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BLANK PAGE

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Question 26 (6 marks)

In response to the growing use of e-cigarette or 'vape' products amongst teenagers, some
countries have employed public health strategies to reduce the incidence of non-infectious
disease.

Source 1 below, including the graph and additional information, was published in an online
Associated Press News article. The survey quoted was conducted by the Centres for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on U.S.
high school students.

Source 1

Question 26 continues on page 21

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Question 26 (continued)

(b) Assess the validity of Source 1 for determining the potential effect of e-cigarettes 2
and vape products on Australian teenagers.

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Question 26 continues on page 22

HELP ME OMFG HELPPPPPPPPPP (PRETEND I SCREAMED THIS IN UBLIC ITS RLY

FUNNY

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Question 26 (continued)

In 2022 the NSW Government launched the Do You Know What You 're Vaping campaign, aimed
at informing young people, parents, carers and schools about the misconceptions about the safety
of vape products.

Infographic 1 and Infographic 2 from the NSW Government campaign are below.

Infographic 1

DO YOU KNOW

WHAT YOU’RE
VAPING?
Vapes can have the same harmful chemicals like in cleaning
products, weed killer, bug spray and nail polish remover.
They just don’t put it on the pack.
Get the facts at health.nsw.gov.au/vaping
March 2022 © NSW Health. SHPN (CPH) 220191.

Infographic 2

Question 26 continues on page 23

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Question 26 (continued)

(b) Using all of the information provided in Question 26, evaluate the potential 4
effectiveness of the Do You Know What You're Vaping campaign in reducing
non-infectious diseases.

Refer to Source 1 and both infographics in your response.

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Ethan is so cool for this fr

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Question 27 (5 marks)

In a live-attenuated vaccine the pathogen remains active so it can produce a strong immune
response but is weakened so it cannot cause the disease itself.

The diagram below shows the process of creating a live-attenuated vaccine for the disease
mpox (previously called monkeypox).

(a) Add TWO labels to the diagram above to identify the missing parts. 2

(b) With reference to the diagram above, explain how a vaccine prepared in this way would 3
produce immunity to the disease mpox.

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Question 28 (6 marks)

Silicosis is a long-term, non-infectious lung disease. Silicosis is caused by prolonged exposure 6

and inhalation of silica dust, a fine dust that is released during construction and other stone-related
work.

The incidence of silicosis has been steadily increasing in people who are exposed to silica dust.

The common symptoms of silicosis and at-risk occupations are illustrated in the infographic
below.

Design a method for an epidemiological study of the incidence of silicosis in Australian

construction workers and explain TWO benefits that can be achieved by conducting the study.

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Question 29 (15 marks)

Australian scientists have recently discovered an extremely rare genetic mutation in children of
western Polynesian descent. These children are at risk of developing severe and even deadly
reactions to viral infections and vaccines containing live virus.

The mutation is to the IFNARl gene which codes for the1FNAR1 protein, a type of
interferon. Interferons enhance an individual's innate immune responses and also hinder vira1
replication within cells. Individuals who inherit two faulty copies of this gene are IFNARl
deficient.

(a) Explain how inheriting two copies of this IFNARl mutation could increase the severity 5
of a viral infection, with reference to innate and adaptive immune response.

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Question 29 continues on page 27 thank u efannn

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Question 29 (continued)

(b) Explain how a mutation, such as the IFNAR1 mutation, can initially enter a population 5
and how two individuals who do not have IFNAR1 deficiency themselves could
produce a child with this condition. Include a Punnet square in your answer.

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Question 29 continues on page 28

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Question 29 (continued)

(b) Professor Tangye from the Garvan Institute was one of the lead scientists who 5
discovered the IFNAR1 mutation and he highlighted the need to build genetic
databases on minority indigenous populations.

He stated, ‘Understanding isolated populations, like Indigenous Australians,

is important for better diagnosis and treatment and health care’.

Justify the need for greater understanding of unique genetic mutations, such as the
IFNARI mutation, in preventing and treating infectious disease in at-risk indigenous
populations.

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Turn to page 30 for Question 30

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BLANK PAGE

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Question 30 (7 marks)

The thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger) is a carnivorous marsupial which became extinct in 1936. 7

Efforts to use somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to clone the thylacine using cells from
museum specimens have failed because SCNT is only successful using DNA from living
organisms.

A new de-extinction effort is now underway, with scientists hoping to use the gene editing
technology CRISPR to edit the genome of the fat-tailed dunnart to make it more like the
thylacine genome. The fat-tailed dunnart is the closest living relative to the thylacine.
Gene editing usually involves either deactivating certain genes or replacing base sequence
in a gene with alternative, desired sequence.

The steps involved in the thylacine de-extinction is summarised in the diagram below.

Using the diagram above, assess the importance of biological knowledge, including the
structure and function of DNA, reproduction and genetic technologies in developing the
process for thylacine de-extinction.

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Question 30 continues on page 31 reminder this is Ethan’s lol

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Question 30 (continued)

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Question 31 (6 marks)

A study of 800 teenagers was conducted, and scientists measured chemical signs of aging in
their blood-based DNA.

The teenagers filled out questionnaires about their lifestyle-related habits at 11-12 years of
age, and later at ages 14 and 17.5 years. The test subjects were arranged into 5 groups based on
their identified habits.

Blood samples were taken again when they were 21-25 years old to study their DNA.
The results are shown below.

Lifestyle Habits vs Biological Aging in Adolescence

4
Advance Aging (years)

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C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

Lifestyle Groupings

KEY: Lifestyle habit groupings

C1 - healthy
C2 - healthy + less physical activity
C3 - higher body fat
C4 - higher body fat, daily smoker
C5 - unhealthy lifestyle, daily smoker, regular alcohol use

(a) Explain why self-reported lifestyle habits may not be a valid method of data collection. 2

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Question 31 (continued)

(b) Analyse the results shown in the graph and support the conclusions that could be drawn 4
from the data.

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Question 32 (8 marks)

During the Middle Ages, many Europeans carried genetic mutations that protected them from 8
the bubonic plague. Today, many Europeans still carry the genetic mutations. The bubonic
plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

Researchers found that carrying a variant of the ERAP2 gene made people 40% likelier to
survive the plague. This is because the ERAP2 gene makes a protein that snips off pieces of the
bacterial pathogen. When an immune cell engulfs a pathogen, those foreign pieces are presented
on its surface triggering an immune response.

However, this variant of the ERAP2 gene also increases the risk of Crohn's disease,
a disorder in which the immune cells attack friendly bacteria in the gut, causing
damaging inflammation and pain.

Using knowledge and understanding of protein synthesis and the immune response,
discuss how the ERAP2 gene functions in bubonic plague and Crohn's disease.

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Question 32 (continued)

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End of Examination

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