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Lecture 5.3 - Heat Engine

An Otto cycle heat engine operates with an ideal gas through four processes: two adiabatic and two isochoric. The efficiency is calculated as 1 minus the ratio of the heat rejected over the heat absorbed. For an ideal gas, the efficiency depends only on the pressure and volume ratios of the two isochoric processes.

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50 views12 pages

Lecture 5.3 - Heat Engine

An Otto cycle heat engine operates with an ideal gas through four processes: two adiabatic and two isochoric. The efficiency is calculated as 1 minus the ratio of the heat rejected over the heat absorbed. For an ideal gas, the efficiency depends only on the pressure and volume ratios of the two isochoric processes.

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mr.wizard180779
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5.3.

HEAT ENGINES, HEAT


PUMPS, REFRIGERATORS
Heat engine
• A heat engine is a device that takes
in energy by heat and, operating in a
cyclic process, expels a fraction of
that energy by means of work.
• A heat engine carries some working
substance through a cyclic process
during which
• (1) the working substance absorbs
energy by heat from a high-temperature
energy reservoir,
• (2) work is done by the engine,
• (3) energy is expelled by heat to a lower-
temperature reservoir.
The Efficiency of a Heat Engine
Work_ done _ by _ the _ engine W'
The Efficiency of an Engine e  
Heat _ received _ from _ hot _ reservoir Q h
Engine operates in a cycle process, the change in internal energy is 0:

U  Q h  Qc  W  0
W '   W  Q h  Qc  Q h  Qc
Work done by the '
engine:

W' Q h  Q'c Q'c


e   1
Qh Qh Qh
Example
• An engine transfers 2.00 x 103 J of energy from a hot
reservoir during a cycle and transfers 1.50 x 103 J as
exhaust to a cold reservoir.
(A)Find the efficiency of the engine.
(B)How much work does this engine do in one cycle?

Q'c 1.5  103


e  1  1  25%
Qh 2  10 3

W'  Q h  Qc
'
 (2  10 )  (1.5  10 )  0.5  10 J
3 3 3
The Carnot Engine
• The engine operates in a cyclic process consisting of 2
isothermal processes and 2 adiabatic processes.
VB
AB : isothermal : Q AB  nRTh ln( )0 System
VA received
BC : adiabatic : Q BC  0 heat
VD System
CD : isothermal : QCD  nRTc ln( )0
VC released
Heat
DA : adiabatic : Q DA  0
VB
Q h  Q AB  nRTh ln( )
VA
VC
Q'c  QCD  nRTc ln( )
VD
VC
Tc ln( )
Q'c VD
e  1  1
Qh V
Th ln( B )
VA
The Carnot Engine (cont.)
VC
Tc ln( )
Q'c VD
e  1  1
Qh V
Th ln( B )
VA
BC : adiabatic : TV  1  const Th VB 1  Tc VC 1
DA : adiabatic : TV  1  const Th VA 1  Tc VD 1
VB VC

VA VD

Tc
e  1
Th
Carnot
Cycle Process A B is an isothermal
expansion at temperature Th.
The gas is placed in thermal
contact with an energy reservoir at
temperature Th. During the
expansion, the gas absorbs
energy |Qh| from the reservoir
through the base of the cylinder
In process D -A , (Active
and does work WAB in raising the
Fig. 22.9d), the base of the
piston.
cylinder is replaced by a
nonconducting wall and the
gas is compressed
adiabatically.
The temperature of the gas
increases to Th, and the
work done by the piston
on the gas is WDA.

In process B C (Active Fig. 22.9b), the


base of the cylinder is replaced by a
thermally nonconducting wall and the gas
In process C S D (Active Fig. 22.9c), the
expands adiabatically; that is, no energy
gas is placed in thermal contact
enters or leaves the system by heat. During
with an energy reservoir at temperature Tc
the expansion, the temperature of the gas
and is compressed isothermally
decreases from Th to Tc and the gas does
at temperature Tc.
work WBC
During this time, the gas expels energy
in raising the piston.
|Qc| to the reservoir and the work done by
the piston on the gas is WCD.
Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
In a refrigerator or a heat
pump, the engine takes in
energy |Qc| from a cold
reservoir and expels energy
|Qh| to a hot reservoir (Active
Fig. 22.4), which can be
accomplished only if work is
done on the engine.
Refrigerator
The effectiveness of a heat pump /refrigerators is described in terms of a
number called the coefficient of performance

heat _ received _ from _ cold _ reservoir Q c


COP(cooling mod e)  
Work _ done _ on _ the _ refrigerat or W
U  Q h  Qc  W  0
W   Q h  Q c  Q 'h  Q c

Qc
COP(cooling mod e) 
Q 'h  Q c
Tc
Carnot _ cycle : COP(cooling mod e) 
Th  Tc
Heat Pump
heat _ delivered _ to _ hot _ reservoir Q'h
COP(heating mod e)  
Work _ done _ on _ the _ heatpump W
U  Q h  Qc  W  0
W   Q h  Q c  Q 'h  Q c
Q 'h
COP(heating mod e) 
Q 'h  Q c
Th
Carnot _ cycle : COP(heating mod e) 
Th  Tc
SUMMARY
W' Q h  Q'c Q'c
Heat engine efficiency e   1
Qh Qh Qh

Qc Qc
Re frigerator COP(cooling mod e)  
W Q 'h  Q c

Q 'h Q 'h
Heat pump COP(heating mod e)  
W Q 'h  Q c
W  Q 'h  Q c
Example 22.5 Efficiency of the Otto Cycle
Find the thermal efficiency of an engine operating in an idealized Otto cycle. Treat
the working substance as an ideal gas.

AB : adiabatic : Q AB  0
BC : isovolumet ric : Q BC  nC V (TC  TB )  0
CD : adiabatic : QCD  0
DA : isovolumet ric : Q DA  nC V (TA  TD )  0
Q h  Q BC  nC V (TC  TB )
Q'c  Q DA  nC V (TD  TA )
Q' T  TA
e  1 c  1 D
Qh TC  TB
AB : adiabatic : TV  1  const
TA V1 1  TBV2 1
CD : adiabatic : TV  1  const
TD V1 1  TC V2 1
V1 1 TB TC TC  TB
 1
  
V2 TA TD TD  TA
 1
Q'c  V2 
e  1  1   
Qh  V1 

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