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GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 1F
F
Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler Question Mark
• a scientific calculator.
1

Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
5
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked. 6
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 7
8
Information
• There are 100 marks available on this paper. TOTAL
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.

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0 1 This question is about the cell cycle. box

0 1 . 1 Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle.

Where are chromosomes found?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Vacuole

0 1 . 2 What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristic?

[1 mark]

Figure 1 shows information about the cell cycle.

Figure 1

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0 1 . 3 Which stage of the cell cycle in Figure 1 takes the most time? box
[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Cell growth

Copying of chromosomes

Mitosis

0 1 . 4 During mitosis cells need extra energy.

Which cell structures provide most of this energy?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Chromosomes

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

0 1 . 5 The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total.

The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.

Calculate the time taken for mitosis.

[2 marks]

Time = minutes

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Figure 2 shows some cells in different stages of the cell cycle. box

Figure 2

0 1 . 6 Which cell is not dividing by mitosis?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

A B C D

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0 1 . 7 Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes. box

Cell E divides by mitosis.

How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

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0 1 . 8 Why is mitosis important in living organisms?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

To produce gametes

To produce variation

To release energy

To repair tissues

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0 2 Plants are made up of cells, tissues and organs. box

0 2 . 1 Draw one line from each level of organisation to the correct plant part.
[2 marks]

Level of organisation Plant part

Leaf

Organ Root hair

Spongy mesophyll

Tissue Vacuole

Xylem cell

Figure 3 shows a plant cell drawn to scale.

Figure 3

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0 2 . 2 Where in a plant would the cell in Figure 3 be found? box

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Epidermis

Palisade mesophyll

Phloem

Xylem

0 2 . 3 Calculate the length of the chloroplast labelled in Figure 3.

[2 marks]

Length = micrometres

0 2 . 4 Cells in plant roots do not photosynthesise.

Give one reason why.

[1 mark]

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0 2 . 5 As a plant grows, new root hair cells are formed from unspecialised cells. box

How does an unspecialised cell become a new root hair cell?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Differentiation

Metabolism

Transpiration

Transport

Scientists can clone plants using tissue culture.

Figure 4 shows the process of tissue culture.

Figure 4

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0 2 . 6 Why might scientists want to clone plants? box

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

To create new species of plants.

To introduce variation into plants.

To protect endangered plants from extinction.

To reduce disease resistance in plants.

0 2 . 7 What is the advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

No special equipment is needed.

Plants can be produced quickly.

The flowers are all different colours.

The offspring are all genetically different.

0 2 . 8 The growth medium in Figure 4 helps the plants to grow.

Name one substance in the growth medium.

[1 mark]

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0 3 Figure 5 shows the human digestive system. box

Figure 5

0 3 . 1 Label organs A, B and C.

[3 marks]

0 3 . 2 Complete the sentences.

[3 marks]
Choose the answers from the box.

catalyse denatured digest energise

excreted ingested insoluble soluble

Digestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller

molecules that are .

Enzymes help to break down food because they

chemical reactions.

If the temperature of an enzyme gets too high, the enzyme is

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0 3 . 3 Protease is an enzyme. box

Protease breaks down protein.

What is protein broken down into?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Amino acids

Fatty acids

Glucose

Glycerol

0 3 . 4 Why is protein needed by the body?

[1 mark]

0 3 . 5 Which organ in the human digestive system produces protease?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Gall bladder

Large intestine

Liver

Stomach

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0 3 . 6 Describe how you would test a sample of food to show it contains protein. box

Give the reason for any safety precautions you would take.
[4 marks]

0 3 . 7 Complete the sentence.

[1 mark]
Choose the answer from the box.

fat fibre minerals vitamins

Obesity can be caused by a diet high in .

0 3 . 8 Complete the sentence.

[1 mark]
Choose the answer from the box.

skin cancer type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes

Obesity is a risk factor for .

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0 4 This question is about the circulatory system. box

0 4 . 1 Draw one line from each blood component to its function.

[3 marks]

Blood component Function

Destroys microorganisms

Platelet
Helps the blood to clot

Red blood cell

Transports glucose
around the body

White blood cell

Transports oxygen
around the body

Transports urea

Question 4 continues on the next page

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0 4 . 2 Figure 6 shows cross sections of the three main types of blood vessel found in the box
human body. Each blood vessel is drawn to the scale shown.

Figure 6

Which blood vessel has the smallest diameter?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

A B C

0 4 . 3 Which blood vessel in Figure 6 is an artery?

Give one reason for your answer.

[2 marks]

Blood vessel:

Reason:

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Table 1 gives information about the blood flow in two people. box

Table 1

Blood flow through the

Person coronary arteries in
cm3/minute
A - does not have coronary heart disease 250

B - has coronary heart disease 155

0 4 . 4 Calculate the difference in blood flow between person A and person B.

[1 mark]

Difference = cm3/minute

0 4 . 5 Suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with
coronary heart disease.
[1 mark]

0 4 . 6 Calculate the volume of blood flowing through the coronary arteries of person A
in 1 hour.

Give your answer in dm3.

[2 marks]

Volume of blood in 1 hour = dm3

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Coronary heart disease can be treated by: box

• inserting a stent
• using a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG).

Table 2 gives information about each method.

Table 2

Stent CABG
Procedure The patient is awake during the The patient is not awake during
procedure. the procedure.

A small cut is made in the skin. The chest is cut open.

A wire mesh is inserted into the A section of blood vessel from

coronary artery via a blood the arm or leg is removed. It is
vessel in the arm or leg. used to create a new channel for
blood to bypass the blockage in
the coronary artery.
When procedure When only one blockage is When multiple blockages are
is recommended present present
Time spent in
hospital after 2-3 hours at least 7 days
procedure
Recovery time
7 days 12 weeks
after procedure
Risk of heart
attack during 1% 2%
procedure
Chance of failure
40% 5%
within one year

0 4 . 7 Give two advantages of using a stent instead of CABG.

[2 marks]

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0 4 . 8 Give two advantages of using CABG instead of a stent. box

[2 marks]

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0 5 Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens. box

Figure 7 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem.

Figure 7

0 5 . 1 An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.

After feeding, the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of

dissolved sugars.

Which part of the plant was the aphid feeding from?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Palisade layer

Phloem

Stomata

Xylem

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0 5 . 2 What is the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant? box
[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Filtration

Respiration

Translocation

Transpiration

0 5 . 3 Plants infected with aphids have stunted growth.

Explain one way the removal of dissolved sugars from the stem of the plant causes
stunted growth.
[2 marks]

0 5 . 4 Most aphids do not have wings when they hatch. After several generations, some
aphids hatch which have wings and can fly.

Explain the advantage to the aphid of being able to fly.

[2 marks]

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0 5 . 5 The leaves of some plants release oils onto their surface. box

Suggest how the production of oil on the surface of a leaf may protect the plant
from aphids.
[1 mark]

Figure 8 shows part of a rose plant.

Figure 8

0 5 . 6 Give one adaptation shown in Figure 8 that helps the rose plant defend itself.
[1 mark]

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Figure 9 shows a plan of a garden containing rose plants. box

Figure 9

0 5 . 7 Plant A has the fungal disease rose black spot.

Which plant in Figure 9 is the fungus likely to spread to first?

Give a reason for your answer.

[2 marks]

Plant

Reason

0 5 . 8 Suggest one way the gardener could reduce the spread of rose black spot to the
other plants in the garden.
[1 mark]

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0 6 Earthworms are small animals that live in soil. Earthworms have no specialised gas box
exchange system and absorb oxygen through their skin.

0 6 . 1 What is the name of the process in which oxygen enters the skin cells?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Active transport

Diffusion

Osmosis

Respiration

Table 3 shows information about four skin cells of an earthworm.

Table 3

Percentage of oxygen
Cell
Outside cell Inside cell
A 9 8
B 12 8
C 12 10
D 8 12

0 6 . 2 Which cell has the smallest difference in percentage of oxygen between the outside
and the inside of the cell?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.

A B C D

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0 6 . 3 Which cell will oxygen move into the fastest? box

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

A B C D

0 6 . 4 Earthworms have a large surface area to volume ratio.

Suggest why a large surface area to volume ratio is an advantage to an earthworm.

[1 mark]

0 6 . 5 The earthworm uses enzymes to digest dead plants.

Many plants contain fats or oils.

Which type of enzyme would digest fats?

[1 mark]

Question 6 continues on the next page

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0 6 . 6 Earthworms move through the soil. box

This movement brings air into the soil.

Dead plants decay faster in soil containing earthworms compared with soil containing
no earthworms.

Explain why.
[3 marks]

0 6 . 7 When earthworms reproduce, a sperm cell from one earthworm fuses with an egg cell
from a different earthworm.

Name the process when an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse.
[1 mark]

0 6 . 8 Some types of worm reproduce by a process called fragmentation.

In fragmentation, the worm separates into two or more parts. Each part grows into a
new worm.

What type of reproduction is fragmentation?

[1 mark]

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0 7 Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness. box

0 7 . 1 Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea.

What causes these symptoms?

[1 mark]

0 7 . 2 Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the
spread of the bacteria to other people.
[2 marks]

0 7 . 3 In very serious infections of Salmonella, a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill

the bacteria.

What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria?
[1 mark]

0 7 . 4 A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a
Salmonella infection.

Explain why.
[2 marks]

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0 7 . 5 Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be box
vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans.

Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella
from chickens to humans.
[1 mark]

A restaurant owner employed a scientist to test the effectiveness of two kitchen

cleaning liquids.

The scientist took samples from two work surfaces:

• before the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids
• after the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids.

The samples were then analysed for the number of bacteria they contained.

The results are shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10

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0 7 . 6 Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? box

Give a reason for your answer.

[1 mark]

Cleaning liquid

Reason

Question 7 continues on the next page

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The scientist investigated the effect of cleaning liquid A and cleaning liquid B on box
Salmonella bacteria grown in a laboratory.

Figure 11 shows the way the investigation was set up.

Figure 11

The Petri dish was placed in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours.

After 48 hours, the scientist calculated the area around each paper disc where no
bacteria were growing.

The results are shown in Table 4.

Table 4

Area around disc with no

Filter paper disc
bacteria growing in cm2
Water 0
Cleaning liquid A 11
Cleaning liquid B 13

0 7 . 7 What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no
bacteria were growing?
[1 mark]

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0 7 . 8 Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the box

results are repeatable.

[1 mark]

0 7 . 9 The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner.

Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm3.

Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which
cleaning liquid to use.
[1 mark]

11
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0 8 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body. box

One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.

0 8 . 1 Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.

[1 mark]

Table 5 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages.

Table 5

Age in Mean metabolic rate in kJ/m2/hour

years
Males Females
5 53 53
15 45 42
25 39 35
35 37 35
45 36 35

0 8 . 2 What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 5?

[2 marks]
Tick two boxes.

As age increases, mean metabolic rate of males and

females increases.

Males have a higher metabolic rate than females after

five years of age.

The mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males

up to 25 years of age.

The mean metabolic rate of males and females decreases more

quickly after the age of 35.

There is no relationship between age and mean metabolic rate.

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0 8 . 3 Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between box
5 years and 45 years of age.

Use the equation:

decrease in metabolic rate

percentage decrease= × 100
original metabolic rate

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

[3 marks]

Percentage decrease=

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Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate. box

Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.

Table 6 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.

Table 6

Time in Heart rate in beats per minute

minutes
Person R Person S
0 (at rest) 60 78
1 76 100
2 85 110
3 91 119
4 99 129
5 99 132

0 8 . 4 Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.

Use information from Table 6.

[2 marks]

0 8 . 5 Complete the line graph in Figure 12 for person S.

You should:
• add the scale to the x axis
• label the x axis.
[4 marks]

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Figure 12 box

0 8 . 6 After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute.
When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats
every minute.

Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its
resting rate.
[2 marks]

Time = minutes

Question 8 continues on the next page

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0 8 . 7 A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and box

non-smokers during exercise.

“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate
of non-smokers.”

Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis.

[6 marks]

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END OF QUESTIONS

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