Metric Space and Norm Linear Space Important Questions
Metric Space and Norm Linear Space Important Questions
1. State TRUE or FALSE giving proper justification for each of the following statements.
(a) There exists a metric space having exactly 36 open sets.
(b) It is impossible to define a metric d on R such that only finitely many subsets of R are open
in (R, d).
(c) If A and B are open (closed) subsets of a normed vector space X, then A + B = {a + b :
a ∈ A, b ∈ B} is open (closed) in X.
(d) If A and B are closed subsets of [0, ∞) (with the usual metric), then A + B is closed in
[0, ∞).
(e) It is possible to define a metric d on R such that the sequence (1, 0, 1, 0, ...) converges in
(R, d).
(f) It is possible to define a metric d on R2 such that (( n1 , n+1
n
)) is not a Cauchy sequence in
2
(R , d).
(g) It is possible to define a metric d on R2 such that in (R2 , d), the sequence (( n1 , 0)) converges
but the sequence (( n1 , n1 )) does not converge.
(h) If (xn ) is a sequence in a complete normed vector space X such that kxn+1 − xn k → 0 as
n → ∞, then (xn ) must converge in X.
(i) If (fn ) is a sequence in C[0, 1] such that |fn+1 (x) − fn (x)| ≤ n12 for all n ∈ N and for all
R1
x ∈ [0, 1], then there must exist f ∈ C[0, 1] such that |fn (x) − f (x)| dx → 0 as n → ∞.
0
(j) If (xn ) is a Cauchy sequence in a normed vector space, then lim kxn k must exist.
n→∞
(k) {f ∈ C[0, 1] : kf k1 ≤ 1} is a bounded subset of the normed vector space (C[0, 1], k · k∞ ).
3. Examine whether p k · k is
pa norm on R2 , where for each (x, y) ∈ R2 ,
( |x| + |y|)2 .
(a) k(x, y)k = q
x2 2
(b) k(x, y)k = +y .
p 49
x2 + y 2 if xy ≥ 0,
(c) k(x, y)k =
max{|x|, |y|} if xy < 0.
4. Let kf k = min{kf k∞ , 2kf k1 } for all f ∈ C[0, 1]. Prove that k · k is not a norm on C[0, 1].
7. Let d be a metric on a real vector space X satisfying the following two conditions:
(i) d(x + z, y + z) = d(x, y) for all x, y, z ∈ X,
(ii) d(αx, αy) = |α|d(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X and for all α ∈ R.
Show that there exists a norm k · k on X such that d(x, y) = kx − yk for all x, y ∈ X.
8. Let R∞ be the real vector space of all sequences in R, where addition and scalar multiplication
∞
1
· |xn −yn | for all (xn ), (yn ) ∈ R∞ . Show
P
are defined componentwise. Let d((xn ), (yn )) = 2n 1+|xn −yn |
n=1
that d is a metric on R∞ but that no norm on R∞ induces d.
9. Let (X, k · k) be a nonzero normed vector space. Consider the metrics d1 , d2 and d3 on X:
d1 (x, y) := min{1, kx − yk},
kx − yk
d2 (x, y) := ,
1 + kx − yk
1 + kx − yk if x 6= y,
d3 (x, y) :=
0 if x = y,
for all x, y ∈ X. Prove that none of d1 , d2 and d3 is induced by any norm on X.
10. Let X be a normed vector space containing more than one point, let x, y ∈ X and let ε, δ > 0.
If Bε [x] = Bδ [y], show that x = y and ε = δ. Does the result remain true if X is assumed to
be a metric space? Justify.
11. Examine whether the following sets are open/closed in R2 (with the usual metric).
(a) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : xy > 0}
(b) {(x, x) : x ∈ R}
(c) (0, 1) × {0}
(d) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 < x < y}
(e) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x + y < 1}
(f) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : y ∈ Z}
|x−y|
14. For all x, y ∈ R, let d1 (x, y) = |x − y|, d2 (x, y) = min{1, |x − y|} and d3 (x, y) = 1+|x−y| . If G is
an open set in any one of the three metric spaces (R, di ) (i = 1, 2, 3), then show that G is also
open in the other two metric spaces.
15. Let X be a nonzero normed vector space. Show that {x ∈ X : kxk < 1} is not closed in X and
{x ∈ X : kxk ≤ 1} is not open in X.
16. Let X be a normed vector space and let Y (6= X) be a subspace of X. Show that Y is not open
in X.
17. Let (xn ) and (yn ) be Cauchy sequences in a metric space (X, d). Show that the sequence
(d(xn , yn )) is convergent.
∞
P
18. Let (xn ) be a sequence in a complete metric space (X, d) such that d(xn , xn+1 ) < ∞. Show
n=1
that (xn ) converges in (X, d).
19. Let (xn ) be a sequence in a metric space X such that each of the subsequences (x2n ), (x2n−1 )
and (x3n ) converges in X. Show that (xn ) converges in X.
|x−y|
22. For X(6= ∅) ⊂ R, let d(x, y) = 1+|x−y|
for all x, y ∈ X. Examine the completeness of the metric
space (X, d), where X is
(a) [0, 1] ∩ Q.
(b) [−1, 0] ∪ [1, ∞).
(c) {n2 : n ∈ N}.
23. Examine whether the sequence (fn ) is convergent in (C[0, 1], d∞ ), where for all n ∈ N and for
all t ∈ [0, 1],
nt2
(a) fn (t) = 1+nt .
2 n
(b) fn (t) = 1 + t + t2! + · · · + tn! .
nt if 0 ≤ t ≤ n1 ,
(c) fn (t) = 1
nt
if n1 < t ≤ 1.
if 0 ≤ t ≤ n1 ,
nt
(d) fn (t) = n
n−1
(1 − t) if n1 < t ≤ 1.
24. Let f : Rn → Rn be continuous and let there exist α > 0 such that kf (x) − f (y)k ≥ αkx − yk
for all x, y ∈ Rn . Prove that f is one-one, onto and that f −1 : Rn → Rn is continuous.
25. Let f : Rn → Rn be a contraction and let g(x) = x − f (x) for all x ∈ Rn . Show that
g : Rn → Rn is one-one and onto. Also, show that both g and g −1 : Rn → Rn are continuous.