E o r s Appxox imahóns

u u =P c x y ) be a Do and diPReuni a b u
f ofF o o in-upendent variab Ie ond
+hon he total d5 [ f eruns a b u a u u is

denkd by d u 4 is g v n b1
du

Similorly , 4 uis a f of h r a in dup

Vavables a. y z hen hetotal vah
ot u is du.

dy be takan as
NoR 1 2n ea", d, m ay
achial erors Cor nrermentis ) in a 4 9 rop.

Ou F is approximale e o r is f.

2) 1f z : (A 9)

dy
He da , dy, dz cnodna s a c u a errDYs

n Y, T r ep

dZ

o o da O0 y 00 dz au k n o w cy
Z

p a l r n t a g ee
Example
O find +he puuntage eror in araa of an

eipse whur an error of I /. i s made i

mces uunq its m a j r and minor a xe .
so f A is areaa d 2a & 2b
as Ahe mayUr and minoY
axes af h e pse haing
ea a2+ y2
A TT ab
+aki9 log3
log A = l o g n loga + logb
eins abog
L A. o + L da + db
A
100 d A O od a O db
A b

Oo d a = o o db =

. ( o odA 2
A
Pantage ero in h e a a A = 2.

D The axoa ot iiangle ABC, is Calewated

from h frmuda be.sioA ETrors of
2"1. and S1. r p. a a made in m e aasuunq
c

b, e , A. 1f h e cosreat value oP A is p S
nd he l er0 in h e c a l u a k dJ
V alL

Gven hat A :
besin A
Taking log of both si de
 log og +ogb +I og c + l0g ioA
ftexUnhahng
da =
t db t L C+ CO A dA

00 dA Oo d b O0 d c + Co+A(Oo d A)
--DD
Coren 0o d b (oo dc 2 2 Ood A 3
A

0od A 3 A

100 = +2 43A CotA

A 4s° T4 ien
0 0 dA 3 +3.Tr/Cet = TT
4
3 +3T

( af +he kiohe enugy is Cal eulahd b he

fosmula T - mv / 2 and 'm' ehange fsom
4 to . s and 'v change from 16oo to 1sqo
find a) aPPPXimaley h ehange io T
b) Pereantage e o r n k i o i c encrgy' T

a) T 1 mv2 9,

AsO m + d m - 49.S dm - o.s

V+d v 1Sa0 e S q0 -I600 - 1o
T :1mv2
+akin9 93
log T log + 0 g m + 2 log v
 ternhabng.
dT m t2 dv

T T dm +2d v
V

m +2dv
mv2
V )
4 a ) CI600) 2 O 5 +2(-10)
4a 16o0

A Ppoxi male change in T -|44o00

IOD dT 10o dm
T V

e n r nT UOX o.S + 2 1UD x (- 10)

600
0 0 264- 25

emor T 229 6

41n cal cul ahog the volume of a nght

Cir c al cone, erors oF 2'. and 7. au made
in measuin9 he heig h and radiuD of
base r o p . od h e esor n Ca cu akd vo lume.
Volume ot a - n 9 h c i r cud a | coneis
V T2hb

ohana radi uo et bao e, b hia.

+akin9 log
lov o L o g T +2 !0qr tlog h
 Efeuns abng
dv +D +2. L dr +
2. 1OD d r + I dh
V h
C en I oD Ah 2 D dr
Y

'. D dv 2 C) +2
V

e o r in volume of a i g t cirua
Cn

n d h e Possible 7. e o r in com puuin9 he

porall e esistonct r o f w o r s i « h o ni y r , 4 r2
from he fer m l a Dh 42

u boh error by 2'!. ea eh

Crven L+ L .- 4 dr, 0d -2

dH euns ahng

2
dr
IUDdr 100 dr (10o d

(2)+L(2)

10 d = 2 i l errar in 2 .
 1n eshm aling he cos + of pile of bncks
6 a

measusd ao G'x 5o'x 4 h tape is

sretehed I . beyon h t a n d ard unah
1F the cnunt i s 2 brsck o 1 + and bricks
CoE lD P looo, S n d e CPpDxi m a t

emror io the cost

e6 b , hb, h be the n ngh, breadth
and h i aAt of Hh pile
V be Hhe o l u m e .

V b x h.
+ating log
logV log L+ 109 b + l0g h

+ d
+ h
b
Hos h e tape ic shrtehed 1 . baymd
Hhe . ungh.
(ooh = odL-,100dlb - i
h
OD v IU db
h
+ +1 3
V

dv 3 V 3 2bh
O.
dv 3x6 x E o x4

£or in nuab
z bnks = 3Sx 12 -432 bic
Cos f 432 bricks = 432x I 00 43.20

Rence enr in cost of bick -43.20 R.

Fiod [ (a. 82) 2 +2 (2 1)3]
Sot Conside z = (2 +23 1"
TakiO3 4 y 2
da = 3.8 2 - 4--0:8, 2 . 1 -2 = O 1

a 2 + 2y3 2 d

C+231 62 dy1

dz
-4lr 2(4) (-O 18)
L T 6 + 16]
6 ( ) o.1)

L25] 8 (-o + (24) (o-)

- I 4 4 + 2. 4]

dz - O-O1 2

but Z = (I66+6)" =2
T qd vaue at given expren m = z +dz
2+ O O12 =2.012