CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
• Over the centuries water has
been a source of water supplies
for agricultural, municipal,
hydroelectric,
navigation, recreation and
industrial purposes
 INTRODUCTION
• Water resource management is  Decision making

handling of water to meet  Construction

current water demands and to

ensure future sustainability
• Water resource planning is a
properly allocating and
designing of water demands and
supplies for different economic
activities
• Planning activities are
 Problem identification
 Modeling
INTRODUCTION
• There is a pressing global
problem of increasing
freshwater scarcity

• As per capita water volumes

decrease, water conflicts will
be exacerbated
INTRODUCTION
Global water Availability
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Surface water potential of Ethiopia
• Ethiopia has 12 river basins, 8 of which are River Basins,
1 Lakes Basin and the remaining 3 Dry basins, with no or
insignificant flow out of the drainage system.

• Thus the generated total annual run off has been estimated at
about 122 Billion cubic meter/year

• However, only 3% remains in the country the rest, 97% is lost

in runoff to the lowlands of neighboring countries.
INTRODUCTION
Surface water potential of Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION

• Ethiopia has 11 fresh and 9 saline lakes, 4 crater lakes

and over 12 major swamps or wetlands
• The total surface area of these natural and artificial lakes
in Ethiopia is about 7,500 km2
 INTRODUCTION
Ground water availability
• The preliminary estimated
amount of yearly groundwater
recharge of the country is about
28 Bm3 .
• Recent studies indicated that the
potential is much greater than this
amount.
• Most of the developed
groundwater resources is mainly
used for domestic and industrial
water supply.
 INTRODUCTION
Why Plan, Why Manage?
• Severity of the adverse
consequences of droughts, floods
and excessive pollution these can
lead to:
• Too little water due to growing
urbanization, additional water
requirements
• Too much water could increase
flood frequencies
INTRODUCTION
Why Plan, Why Manage?
• Polluted water due to both
industrial and household
discharges
• Degradation of aquatic and
riparian systems
• Sediment accumulation in the
reservoir due to poor water
quality
 CHAPTER 2

INTEGIRATED WATER RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT (IWRM)
 Concepts and definitions
• IWRM is a systematic process for the sustainable development,
allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the context of
social, economic and environmental objectives.

• IWRM is a “process which promotes the coordinated development

and management of water, land and related resources

• IWRM is based on the understanding that all the different uses of

finite water resources are interdependent
 The need for IWRM
• IWRM is means of achieving
three key strategic objectives
Efficiency to make water
resources go as far as possible
Equity, in the allocation of water
across different social and
economic groups
Environmental sustainability, to
protect the water resources base
and associated ecosystems
The need for IWRM
A. The facts below need IWRM
Global water: 97.2% is salty, 2.8% freshwater.
Currently, more than 2 billion people are affected by water
shortages in over 40 countries.
About 263 river basins are shared by two or more nations
More than 2 million tones per day of human waste are deposited
in water courses
 90% of natural disasters were water related.
 84% of water-related deaths are in children ages 0–14
 The need for IWRM
B) Water governance crisis
• Traditionally, sectorial approaches to water resources management
have dominated.
• The top-down approaches, the legitimacy and effectiveness of
which have increasingly been questioned
• Increased competition for the finite resource is aggravated by
inefficient governance.
• IWRM brings coordination and collaboration among the sectors,
fostering of stakeholder participation, transparency and cost-
effective local management.
 The need for IWRM
C) Securing water for people
• One fifth of the world’s
population is without access to
safe drinking water

• Half of the population is without

access to adequate sanitation.
 The need for IWRM
D) Securing water for food production
 Over the next 25 years food will
be required for another 2-3
billion people.
 Water is increasingly seen as a
key constraint on food
production.
 With an estimated need for an
additional 15-20% of irrigation
water, serious conflicts are likely
to arise between water for
irrigation and for other uses
The need for IWRM
D) Securing water for food production
• IWRM offers the prospect of
•Greater efficiencies,
•Water conservation
•Demand management
•Equitably shared among water users
•Increased recycling and reuse of
wastewater
The need for IWRM
E) Protecting vital ecosystems
• Aquatic ecosystems depend on
water flows, seasonality and
water-table fluctuations and are
threatened by poor water
quality.

• Land and water resources

management must ensure that
vital ecosystems are
maintained
 The need for IWRM
E) Protecting vital ecosystems
• Aquatic ecosystems produce a
range of economic benefits such
as:
• Timber
• Fuel wood
• Medicinal plants
• Provide wildlife habitats
• IWRM can help to safeguard an
“environmental reserve” of
water commensurate with the
value of ecosystems to human
development
The need for IWRM
F) Gender disparities
• Water management is male dominated
• The way that water resources are managed affects women and
men differently
• As custodians of family health and hygiene and providers of
domestic water and food, women are the primary stakeholders
in household water and sanitation
• A crucial element of the IWRM philosophy is that water users,
rich and poor, male and female, are able to influence decisions
that affect their daily lives
 24

Principles of IWRM (Dublin)

• Principle 1: Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable
resource, essential to sustain life, development and the
environment
 25

Principles of IWRM (Dublin)

• Principle 2: Water development and management should be based
on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-
makers at all levels
• Water is a subject in which everyone is a stakeholder.
• Participation is about taking responsibility
 26

Principles of IWRM (Dublin)

• Principle 3: Women play a
central part in the provision,
management and safeguarding of
water
• This pivotal role of women as
providers and users of water and
guardians of the living
environment has seldom been
reflected in institutional
arrangements for the
development and management of
water resources.
 27

Principles of IWRM (Dublin)

• Principle 4: Water has an
economic value in all its
competing uses and should be
recognized as an economic good
• Within this principle, it is vital
to recognized first the basic
right of all human beings to
have access to clean water and
sanitation at an affordable price.
• Water has a value as an
economic good as well as a
social good.
Integration in IWRM
Natural and human system interaction
 The natural system, with its critical importance
for resource availability and quality

 The human system, which fundamentally

determines the resource use, waste production and
pollution of the resource, and which must also set
the development priorities
Integration in IWRM
Natural and human system interaction

• Integration has to occur both within and between these

categories, taking into account variability in time and space

• Historically, water managers have tended to see themselves in a

“neutral role”, managing the natural system to provide supplies
to meet externally determined needs
Integration in IWRM
Integration of land and water management

• An integrated approach to the management of land and water

takes as its departure the hydrological cycle transporting water
between the air, soil, vegetation, surface and groundwater
sources.

• Land use developments and vegetation cover influence the

physical distribution and quality of water and must be
considered in the overall water resource planning
Integration in IWRM
Integration of green water and blue water
• Green water is used for
biomass production and “lost”
in evapotranspiration
• Blue water is the water flowing
in rivers and aquifers.
• Terrestrial ecosystems are
“green water” dependent,
whereas aquatic ecosystems
are “blue water” dependent.
• Both water sources should be
integrated for effective and
efficient water management.
Integration in IWRM
Integration of surface and groundwater
• The drop of water retained at
the surface of a catchment may
appear alternately as surface-
and groundwater on its way
downstream through the
catchment
Integration in IWRM
Integration of water quantity and quality
• Water resources management entails the development of
appropriate quantities of water with an adequate quality.

• The deterioration of water quality reduces the usability of the

resource for downstream users.

• Therefore, institutions capable of integrating the quantity and

quality have to be promoted to influence the way human operate
in generating, and disposing of waste products.
Integration in IWRM
Integration of upstream /downstream water uses
• An integrated approach to water resources management involves
identification of conflicts of interest between upstream and
downstream users
• The consumptive “losses” upstream will reduce river flows.
• The pollution loads discharged upstream will degrade river water
quality.
• Such conflicts of interest must be considered in IWRM with full
acknowledgement of the range of physical and social linkages that
exist in complex systems.