Fire Adequacy

© 2020 IJRAR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1 www.ijrar.
org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
STUDY OF FIRE RISK ADEQUACY

1
Karthick M, 2Ravi M
1 (PG Student, Department of Mechatronics, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, KSR Kalvi Nagar, Tiruchengode-637215, Tamil
Nadu, India.
2 (Professor, Department of Mechatronics, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, KSR Kalvi Nagar, Tiruchengode-637215, Tamil
Nadu, India.
Abstract: Fire is the major hazard which may occur in the storage area of many industries that will increase in accidents and some of the
losses due to fires are Loss of human life, Loss to the life of structure of material, Loss to property. The fire loads and fire densities were
analyzed at Inflammable Store at Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited to find the higher priority rate which is stored as material in the industry.
There are various methodologies used to reduce the fire severity in the industry. The increasing use of engineering solutions needs to
identify, characterize and quantify design fires for buildings depend on the weight and arrangement of combustible materials. This paper
includes the total fire load calculations in storage building and the locations, so that fire loads can be calculated on gases, paints, lubricants,
fuels, chemicals, consumables which creates hazards to the environment so that combustible materials can removed and modify
accordingly and engineered solutions can be given to reduce the fire risk. The Fire safety assessment had been done and required remedial
action have been given according to the severity of fire. IS 2190 standard have been used for selection, installation, maintenance of fire
extinguisher based on number, type and class according to the floor area of the storage building
Key words: Fire Load Density, Combustible Materials, Fire safety assessment, IS 2190.
I. INTRODUCTION
The weight of combustible material per square foot of floor space is called as fire load.
The fire loading of a building or compartment is a way of establishing the potential severity of a hypothetical future fire. It is the heat
output per unit floor area, often in kJ/m, calculated from the calorific value of the materials present. Fire loading is used for evaluating
industrial safety risks.
An empty room with cement floor and ceiling and no flammable materials would have approximately zero fire loading any fire entering
such a room from elsewhere will find nothing to feed on. However, nearly anything that makes a room useful (such as furniture, electrical
appliances, or computer equipment), or attractive (such as wood paneling, acoustic tile, carpeting, curtains, or wall decorations), will
increase the fire loading. Some usages inherently carry high fire loading as a side effect (an art gallery and studio, for example, is likely
to contain large amounts of canvas, paints, solvents, and wooden framing). Buildings under construction or renovation tend to carry high
fire loads in the form of construction materials, solvents, and fuel for generators.
Fire load is basic data to the performance-based fire protection design regarding the overall development stage of fire as well as the
intensity and duration of the fire. Knowledge of the statistical distribution of the fire load is essential for designing a library against fire.
The fire load is calculated by the weight of the material to the multiple calorific values is divided by the total area of the library [24].
Identify the types of fire, and also find the combustible materials present in the library like paper, wood, etc. The weight of the material
is calculated by both the inventory and direct weighing method [14]. The calorific value of the material is identified under the reference
of fire loads in office buildings in the journal of structural engineering [22]. By the calorific value, if there is any triggering of fire like
electrical short circuit etc. The paper can easily get fire within a short period. If there is a fire in one book, due to the heat of the fire in
that book, every other book will catch fire and wasted. This can be avoided controlling the fire, or blanket the fire by using any type of
fire extinguisher. Abdul Haqeem Alchyanic surveyed the fire load for 25 rooms and two different office rooms in the faculty of
engineering, University Putra Malaysia. From the survey, they find the layouts which have a greater area will have the highest fire load
energy density [1]. Eduardo E.C. Rodrigues [2] deals with the importance of fire safety methods and regulations to avoid death at
industries due to the lack of failure of fire alarm in the industries. Pontip Stephen Nimlyat[3] deals about the fire safety measures in the
high rise building of Nigeria. And found that fire detection system is not functioning properly due to the lack of regular tests and poor
maintenance. Manish Nigram and N. Sures analysis the fire load calculation on hospital buildings[5] and also in Daria Daulet Bagh and
IJRAR2001958 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 694
© 2020 IJRAR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Sri Ranganatha Swamy temple[9] they surveyed the buildings and calculate the fire load for every room and every floor of the buildings.
Also, calculate the fire load for every movable and non-movable material. David Rohole[6] deals with the presence of smoke alarms to
prevent injury and fatal rates from the fire. It also compares the fatal rates between working and without working on smoke alarms in the
industry. Nam Kyun Kim[7] experimentally deals with the fire extinguishing and penetration performance in the wood cribs and wood
floor. From this, they find the penetrating range of extinguisher to reduce the fire.
Ola Willstrand [8] deals with the fire scenarios in the sleeping and toilet compartment of the buses. Also surveyed were the
smoke detector to place in the buses. M.J.spear [10] calculate the fire load in the car parking buildings. It also deals with the space
specification of the respective vehicle to stop in the parking area. Negar Elhanic Khorasni[11] surveyed the fire load calculation in the
office buildings and Mrs. Lilly grace Murali [12] surveyed the fire that occurred at AMRI hospital Kolkata, Krishna school building
Kumbakonam and Caralton tower office building Bangalore Karnataka state. These case study deals about poor maintenance and not
following the rules properly. Jack wook kwon [13] deals with the fire safety protective measures in the proscenium theatres as per the
NFPA 80 standards. Wei Gao [17] conduct a fire load survey for hotel buildings in different cities in China. They classified the hotels
into 3 ratings, low, middle and high ratings. From this fire load survey high rating hotel having a high fire load. Carmen C.S Fong [18]
conduct a fire load density survey in 4 shopping malls in Hong Kong. They classified four malls into A, B, C and D. Mall A, B and C
were provided a fire fighting system and mall D provided only portable extinguisher. The fire load of these above four malls, mall C has
a very high fire load density. Antonio M. Claret [19] and w. K. Chow[20] surveyed the fire load density of historic buildings and 35 years
old residential buildings respectively. In residential buildings, they stored more flammable liquids like kerosene and liquefied petroleum
gas(LPG) in the living rooms. So it will get fire easily. E. Zalok [21], conduct the survey result of fire load in the Canadian cities of
Ottawa and Gatineau of commercial premises like restaurants, travel agencies, pharmacies, shoes, food, alcohol and computer supplies.
In these premises, the combustible materials are cloth, computer, food areas, grocery stores, pharmacies, restaurants, and travel agencies.
The fire load of commercial premises buildings ranges from 17656 to 69843 megajoules(MJ) and also controls to spread the fire to the
next compartment or next buildings. D. Cross[25] conduct a fire load density for office rooms and residential buildings. They also survey
for both interior and movable combustible materials in the buildings. This paper will help us to know it fire occurs and what are all the
measures taken to prevent the materials and buildings from fire. The objective of this present work deals with the methods of calculating
the fire load.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW

The maximum and standard deviation of fire load decrease as the room floor area increases. Fire survey of fire loads and live loads
in office load density, or the weight of combustible. contents per unit floor area, can be divided into two categories: movable contents fire
load and interior finish fire load. In residential buildings the mean fire load and standard deviation of fire load decrease with increase in
number of rooms occupied by one family. The fire load density and composition of combustible contents varies according to the type of
room. The kitchen, dining room and living room have a higher composition of wood compared to bedrooms due to the popularity of
hardwood flooring in living and dining rooms, and the presence of heavy wooden cabinets in kitchens. The average fire load densities in
various rooms were estimated to be (95th percentile values in brackets): Kitchens—807 (940) MJ/m2; dining rooms—393 (576) MJ/m2;
living rooms—412 (610) MJ/m2; basement living rooms—288 (450) MJ/m2; primary bedrooms—534 (753) MJ/m2; secondary
bedrooms—594 (846) MJ/m2. Although kitchens have the highest fire load densities the actual fire load (heat content) is lower than
bedrooms, which have the highest fire load due to the presence of contents with a high calorific value such as mattresses and carpeting.
The usage of wooden pallets, polythene cover and other carton box material can be reduced to reduce fire load density. The substantial
barrier must be kept between the bin location like irons so that fire cannot spread over to top of the rack and fire can be quenched easily.
The fire load is calculated by the combination of both inventory and direct method.
III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This method is used to find the amount of combustible material stored in the storage area in order to calculate the fire load density
to reduce the severity of fire during fire accident
 Study about the area classification
 Detailed data about stock and area survey on workplace
 Fire Load Density Calculation
 Fire Risk assessment
 Findings, Suggestions
 Recommendations
 Final Implementation
3.2 Fire Load Calculation Procedure

 Step 1
Determine the weight of combustible materials in the compartment for which you wish to calculate fire load. This
value is represented by "W" and is measured in kilograms.
 Step 2
Determine the value of these materials in calories. This value is represented by "C" and is measured in
kilocalories/kilogram.
 Step 3
Determine the area of the compartment. This value is represented by "A" and is measured in square meters.
 Step 4
Multiply M by C and divide the total by A to determine the fire load. The equation looks like this: Fire Load Density
= (W x C) / A.
3.3 Classification of Building Based on Occupancy

All buildings should be classified, according to the use or the character of occupancy in one of the following groups:
GROUP A Residential
GROUP B Educational
GROUP C Institutional
GROUP D Assembly
GROUP E Business
GROUP F Mercantile
GROUP G Industrial
GROUP H Storage
GROUP J Hazardous
Table 3.1 Classification of different types of building
As per national building code for India (NBC part-4), the fire load density with respect to different types of buildings
Building Type Fire Load Density
(expressed as wood equivalent kg/m2)
(i) Residential (A-1 and A-2) 25

(ii) Residential (A-3 to A-5) 25
(iii) Institutional and Educational (B and C) 25
(iv) Assembly (D) 25-50
(v) Business (E) 25-50

(vi) Mercantile (F) Up to 50
(vii) Industrial (G) Up to 50
(viii) Storage and Hazardous (H and J) Up to 500
Table 3.2 Typical Values of Fire Load Density
The fire has recognized on 3 main classes of occupancies on the basis of the fire load.
This also conforms to the relevant I.S. specifications and may be stated as:
 Occupancies of Low Fire Load
Ordinary buildings for residential purposes, hotels, offices, schools, etc., or occupancies having a fire load not exceeding
2,75,000 kcal/sq.mtr of net floor area of any compartment, nor exceeding an average of550,000 kcal/sq.mtr on a limited isolated area.
(for reference, the maximum for this type in F.P.S. system is 1,00,000 B.T
The fire resistance required by buildings of this category to withstand the complete burn-out of their contents without collapse
is 1 hour as has been found after tests. Extensive investigations carried out in Switzerland and Germany have shown that the fire load in
offices varies from 10 kg to 30 kg/sq.mtr wood equivalent to 43,356 to 130,068 kcal/sq.mtr whereas this type of occupancy has a one-
hour rating with maximum fire loading up to 270,978 kcal/sq.mtr equivalent to 60 kg/sq.mtr.
 Occupancies of Moderate Low Fire Load

Retail shops, bazaars, stalls, factories, etc. hence the fire load exceeds, 2,75,000 kcal/sq.mtr, and up to 550,000 kcal/sq.mtr. This
is equivalent to the fire load of 2,75,000 kcal/sq.mtr, not exceeding an average of 1,100,000 kcal/sq.mtr on limited isolated area as per
relevant I.S. specifications. Occupancies of this type should have a fire resistance of two hours.
 Occupancies of High Low Fire Load

Godowns, warehouses, etc. this category as per I.S. specifications exceed the fire load by 550,000 kcal/sq.mtr, but does not
exceed an average of 1,100,000 kcal/sq.mtr of floor area. A fire resistance of 4 hours for these types of occupancies is considered
sufficient.
3.4 Fire Risk Assessment

The principles contained in the fire safety order is to use a risk assessment approach, which is goal based and flexible. These
generates the risks in the workplace, therefore, to safeguard the safety of employees to be followed
 Identify fire hazards and people at risk and to remove or reduce the risk of those hazards causing harm to as low as is reasonably
practicable; and
 to determine what fire safety measures and management policies are necessary to ensure the safety of people in the building
should fire occur; by
– Reducing the probability of a fire starting.
– Ensuring that all occupants are alerted and can leave the premises safely its the event of a fire.
– Limiting the effects should a fire occur.
Providing the premises have been built and maintained in accordance with building regulations and is of normal risk or lower, this
should be a simple matter without significant expenditure. However, if the premises are not in accordance with the building regulations,
further guidance and action will be necessary, depending on the complexity, size, occupancy and consequential risks. From this further
risk can be identified easily.
IV. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS

4.1.1 CCR Ground Floor
Name of The Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer Chair

S. No Materials
Physical Lab 12 10 5 3 1 5
1
Chemical Lab 5 10 4 3 1 5
2
QA Lab 4 6 3 2 1 6
3
Rest and Pantry 2 0 0 0 0 0
4 Room
Ground Floor 2 0 0 0 0 2
5 Pathway
No. of Quantity 25 26 12 8 3 18
Approximate 2 26 25 10.7 3 0.3

Weight Per Items w
(kg)
Total Weight w (kg) 50 26 300 85.6 9 5.4
Total Calorific 4419 5791 1572.8 7375 7375 9556

Value (kCal/kg)
Area(m2) 42 6 120 50 15 45
Fire Load 5260.71 25094.33 3932 12626 4425 1146.72
4.1.2 CCR First Floor
S. No Name of the Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer Chair

Materials
1 Chief Manager 2 2 3 1 0 3
(Safety)
2 AGM 2 2 2 1 1 4
Mechanical
3 Civil Room 2 3 4 1 1 2
4 Drawing Office 5 15 6 1 3 2
5 Mechanical 10 5 5 4 1 12
Room
6 Conference Hall 2 0 0 1 0 55
7 Rest and Pantry 2 0 0 0 0 0

Room
8 First Floor 2 0 0 0 0 0
Pathway
No. of Quantity 27 27 20 9 6 78
Approximate 2 27 25 10.7 3 0.3

Weight Per Items
w (kg)
Total Weight w 54 27 500 96.3 18 23.4
(kg)
Total Calorific 4419 5791 1572.8 7375 7375 9556
Value C
(kCal/kg)
Area(m2) 28 7 112 50 10 50
Fire Load 8522.357 22336.71 7021.429 14204.25 13275 4472.208
4.1.3 CCR Second Floor
S. No Name of the Materials Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer Chair
1 Asst.Vice President 3 3 2 2 1 6
2 Conference Hall 6 0 0 1 0 20
3 AVP Engineer 2 3 3 1 1 3
4 E&I Room 12 5 8 6 2 12
5 Process HOD Room 4 3 5 2 1 5
6 CCR Room 3 1 2 10 2 8
7 Rest and Pantry Room 2 0 0 0 0 0
8 Second Floor Pathway 1 0 0 0 0 0
No. Of Quantity 33 15 20 22 7 54
Approximate Weight Per 2 15 25 10.7 3 0.3

Items w (kg)
Total Weight w (kg) 66 15 500 235.4 21 16.2
Total Calorific Value C 4419 5791 1572.8 7375 7375 9556

(kCal/kg)
Area(m2) 36 5 96 72 16 57
Fire Load 8101.5 17373 8191.667 24112.15 9679.688 2715.916
4.1.4 Stores Materials
Name of The Materials Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer S Type Chair
Stores Office Room 8 10 7 3 2 8
Stores Inside 16 30 1000 0 0 3
Stores Outside 0 0 2000 0 0 0
No. Of Quantity 24 40 3007 3 2 11

Approximate Weight Per Items 2 40 25 10.7 3 0.3
w (kg)
Total Weight w (kg) 48 40 75175 32.1 6 3.3
Total Calorific Value C 4419 5791 1573 7375 7375 9556
(kCal/kg)
Area(m2) 40 15 280 15 2 20
Fire Load 5302.8 15442.67 422269 15782.5 22125 1576.74
4.1.5 Workshop
Name of the Materials Wood Steel S Type Chair
Workshop Office Room 4 7 3
Workshop Inside 0 1500 0
Workshop Outside 0 2500 0
No. Of Quantity 4 4007 3

Approximate Weight Per Items w (kg) 6 25 0.3
Total Weight w (kg) 24 100175 0.9
Total Calorific Value C (kCal/kg) 4419 1572.8 9556
Area(m2) 25 420 8
Fire Load 4242.24 375131.5 1075.05
4.1.6 Oil and Lubricants
S. No Name of the Capacity No. Approximate Total Calorific Area Fire Load
2
Materials (Litres) Of Weight Per Weight Valve (m )
Quantity Items (kg) (kCal/kg)
W (Kg)
1 Diesel Silo 170000 1 170000 170000 10992 56.548 33045200.54
2 Diesel Bunk 20000 1 20000 20000 10992 220 999272.7
3 Lubricants Oil 7500 1 7500 7500 10700 320 250781.25
4 Greece 1300 1 1300 1300 10432 180 75342.22
5 Cotton Waste 750 1 750 750 3808 120 23800
6 Thinner 210 1 210 210 10800 250 9072
7 Oxygen 59 15 59 885 12500 200 55312.5
Cylinders
8 Acetylene 59 15 59 885 11876 200 52551.3
Cylinders
9 Rubber 1500 1 1500 1500 5479 110 74713.
4.1.7 Plant Entrance
Name of The Materials Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer S Type Chair
Civil Site Office 3 10 4 0 0 5
Training Room 8 0 1 1 0 25
Stimulation Room 2 0 3 3 1 6
Time Office 6 20 8 2 2 9
Despatch Section 2 8 2 2 1 10
No. Of Quantity 21 38 18 8 4 55
Approximate Weight Per Items w (kg) 2 38 25 10.7 3 0.3
Total Weight w (kg) 42 38 450 85.6 12 16.5
Total Calorific Value C (kCal/kg) 4419 5791 1573 7375 7375 9556
Area(m2) 40 12 96 50 10 60
Fire Load 4639.95 18338.17 7372.5 12626 8850 2627.9
4.1.8 Canteen and Painting Section

S. No Name of the Materials Wood Steel Chair Paints Plastics
1 Canteen 1 10 3 0 0
2 Painting Section 5 1000 2 75 20
No. Of Quantity 6 1010 5 75 20

Approximate Weight Per 2 25 10.7 3 30
Items w (kg)
Total Weight w(kg) 12 25250 53.5 225 30
Total Calorific Value C 4419 1572.8 7375 7375 9556
(kCal/kg)
Area(m2) 25 110 8 95 45
Fire Load 2121.12 361029.1 49320.3 17467.10 6370.66
4.1.9 Transport Department
Name of the Materials Lubricants Oil Greece
Capacity (Litres) 700 20
No. of Quantity 1 1
Approximate Weight Per Items w (kg) 700 20
Total Weight w(kg) 700 20
Calorific Valve (kCal/kg) 10700 10432
Area (m2) 45 8
Fire Load 166444.4444 26080
4.1.10 Coal Mill

Name of The Materials Pet coke Imported Coal Alternate Fuel Storage
Capacity 90000 90000 2000
No. of Quantity 1 1 1
Approximate Weight Per Items w(kg) 90000 90000 2000
Total weight(kg) 90000 90000 2000
Calorific Valve (kCal/kg) 7449 6188 9093
2
Area (m ) 980 980 240
Fire Load 684091.83 568285.71 75775
4.1.11 Electrical Department
Name of Capacity No. of Approximate Weight Total Calorific Area Fire Load
2
Material Quantity Per Items w (kg) Weight Valve (m )
(kg) (kCal/kg)
Overall 20000 1 20000 20000 5479 3200 34243.75
Weight of
Cable
Mineral Oil 57500 1 57500 57500 8561 130.45 3773533.92
Quantity
4.2 Fire Safety at Oil and Lubricants

The main objective of fire safety is to protect life first and property next from the ravages of fire. Objectives of fire safety design are
safety of fire, protection of property, and continuity of operation. Fire safety planning is required for sites as well as buildings, industries.
Fire safety of building in wider perspective is deemed to cover the following aspects.
 Fire prevention.
 Firefighting and extinguishing methods.
 Fire salvages operation.
 Fire safety aspects types.
 Passive fire prevention.
Some of the passive fire safety aspects are to be taken care of
 Internal hazard
– The fire resistance of building structure.
– Fire integration of building.
– Compartmentation.
– Fire and smoke venting for smoke extraction.

 Personal hazard the internal means of evacuation.
 Exposure hazard.
– Isolation from neighbouring structures.
– Access for outside emergency services

In this paper, mainly concentrated on fire extinguisher method which is active method.
Some of the active fire security methods can be in general divided in following heads
 Portable fire extinguishers.
 Fixed first- aid firefighting equipment like hose reels.
 Fire hydrant installations like wet risers and yard hydrants.
 Manual/automatic fire detection & alarm systems.
 Mobile firefighting and fire bridges.
Fire walls not only have a rating, they are also designed to sub-divide buildings such that if collapse occurs on one side, this
will not affect the other side. They can also be used to eliminate the need for sprinklers, as a trade-off.
Fire resistance glass using multi-layer intumescent technology or wire mesh embedded with the glass may be used in the
fabrication of fire- resistance rated windows in walls or fire doors.
4.3 Fire Extinguisher (IS 2190)
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It
is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route,
smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-
held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
Main extinguisher used in store are
 Carbon di oxide extinguisher type

 Dry chemical powder extinguisher type
V. Conclusion
Total Value
40000000
35000000
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
Total Value
Figure 5.1
From the above diagram, we can conclude Fire
that fireload
loadPriority
density is higher for OIL AND LUBRICANTS which is stored in the
inflammable store so accurate remedial action must be followed in order to reduce the source of fire and explosion. According to the activity
the remedial action has to followed as referred in the fire safety assessment
From this paper I conclude that high priority must be given based on the overall fire load density. This have been taken from store which
contain various flammable gases, flammable liquid, paints, chemicals, lubricants etc. which is used in various part of industrials activity.
From IS 2190 standard have been used for selection, installation, maintenance of fire extinguisher based on number, type and class according
to the floor area of the storage building.
Passive Measure:
The overall fire load across the plant is not more than 43389436.31 kCal/m2 and the Passive Firefighting measures are adequately bare the
fire load.
Active Measure:
 The active fire protection is adequately installed as per IS2190 guideline and TAC Guidelines.
 The hydrant system is adequate enough to work for 4.2 hrs which equals to handle Occupancies of High fire load.
References
[1] Abdul Haqeem Akhyani , Mohd Zahirassri Mohd Tohir. ( 2019) Tenability Analysis of Office Rooms Using Probabilistic Fire Load
Energy Density Data. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences56(2), 257-266.
[2] Rodrigues, E. E., Rodrigues, J. P., & da Silva Filho, L. C. (2017). Comparative study of building fire safety regulations in different
Brazilian states. Journal of Building Engineering, 10, 102-108.
[3] Goel, P., Datta, A., & Mannan, M. S. (2017). Industrial alarm systems: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Loss Prevention in
the Process Industries, 50, 23-36.
[4] Nimlyat, P. S., Audu, A. U., Ola-Adisa, E. O., & Gwatau, D. (2017). An evaluation of fire safety measures in high-rise buildings in
Nigeria. Sustainable cities and society, 35, 774-785.
[5] Manish Nigam , Awadhesh Kumar Singh , Abhishek Dixit. (2016). Fire Load Calculation on Hospital Buildings in India. International
Journal of Engineering Development and Research,4(2), 751-755.
[6] Rohde, D., Corcoran, J., Sydes, M., & Higginson, A. (2016). The association between smoke alarm presence and injury and death
rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fire safety journal, 81, 58-63.
[7] Kim, N. K., & Rie, D. H. (2016). A study on the fire extinguishing characteristics of deep-seated fires using the scale model
experiment. Fire Safety Journal, 80, 38-45.
[8] Willstrand, O., Brandt, J., & Svensson, R. (2016). Detection of fires in the toilet compartment and driver sleeping compartment of
buses and coaches—Installation considerations based on full scale tests. Case Studies in Fire Safety, 5, 1-10.
[9] Suresh, N. (2015). Fire Loads in Heritage Buildings. In pursuit of Excellence, 17.
[10] Spearpoint, M. J., Tohir, M. Z. M., Abu, A. K., & Xie, P. (2015). Fire load energy densities for risk-based design of car parking
buildings. Case Studies in Fire Safety, 3, 44-50.
[11] Khorasani, N. E., Garlock, M., & Gardoni, P. (2014). Fire load: Survey data, recent standards, and probabilistic models for office
buildings. Engineering Structures, 58, 152-165.
[12] Murali, L. G., & Vijayalakshmi, M. M. (2014). Fire accidents in buildings–Case studies. International Journal of Engineering Trends
and Technology, 11(4), 178-184.
[13] Kwon, J. (2014). Assessment of fire protection systems in proscenium theaters. Case Studies in Fire Safety, 2, 9-15.
[14] Zalok, E., & Eduful, J. (2013). Assessment of fuel load survey methodologies and its impact on fire load data. Fire safety journal, 62,
299-310.
[15] Gao, W., Sun, J., Zhang, Y., & Rong, J. (2013). Fire load in students’ dormitory buildings. Fire Engineer, 38(1), 17-22.
[16] Shrivastava, P. R., & Sawant, P. H. (2013). Estimation of Fire Loads for an Educational Building-A Case Study. International Journal
of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 2(5), 388-391.
[17] Wei Gao , Jinhua Sun , Ying Zhang and Jianzhong Rong, (2012). Analysis on the Distribution Regulatory of Fire Load in Hotel
Buildings. Fire Science and Technology 31, 33-48.
[18] Fong, C. C., & Chow, W. K. (2011). Fire load density survey in four shopping malls in Hong Kong. International Journal on
Engineering Performance-Based Fire Codes, 10(1), 12-16.
[19] Claret, A. M., & Andrade, A. T. (2007). Fire load survey of historic buildings: A case study. Journal of fire protection
engineering, 17(2), 103-112.
[20] Chow, W. K., Ngan, S. Y., & Lui, G. C. H. (2007). Movable fire load survey for old residential highrise buildings in Hong Kong. WIT
Transactions on The Built Environment, 94.
[21] Zalok, E., Hadjisophocleous, G. V., & Mehaffey, J. R. (2009). Fire loads in commercial premises. Fire and Materials: An
International Journal, 33(2), 63-78.
[22] Kumar, S., & Rao, C. K. (1997). Fire loads in office buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering, 123(3), 365-368.
[23] Hadjisophocleous, G. V., & Benichou, N. (1999). Performance criteria used in fire safety design. Automation in construction, 8(4),
489-501.
[24] Kumar, S., & Rao, C. K. (1995). Fire load in residential buildings. Building and Environment, 30(2), 299-305.
[25] Gross, D. (2007). Measurements of fire loads and calculations of fire severity. Wood and Fiber Science, 9(1), 72-85.
[26] https://www.carpettilesolutions.com/carpet-tile-waste.html
[27] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Calorific-values-of-plastics-compared-with-conventional-fuels_tbl1_293156565
[28] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-heating-value-of-individual-components-for-electronic-plastic-waste-
resins_tbl2_242594992
[29] http://www.kominkowe.info/en/wartosc-opalowa/
[30] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Calorific-value-of-the-solid-waste-component_tbl3_268389639
[31] https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html
[32] http://www.neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-61-29-(27)B-3435.pdf
[33] https://www.cableizer.com/blog/post/heat-combustion/

Fire Adequacy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fire Adequacy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fire Adequacy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

© 2020 IJRAR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

STUDY OF FIRE RISK ADEQUACY

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.2 Fire Load Calculation Procedure

3.3 Classification of Building Based on Occupancy

Table 3.1 Classification of different types of building

(i) Residential (A-1 and A-2) 25

(iv) Assembly (D) 25-50

(v) Business (E) 25-50

Table 3.2 Typical Values of Fire Load Density

 Occupancies of Moderate Low Fire Load

 Occupancies of High Low Fire Load

3.4 Fire Risk Assessment

– Limiting the effects should a fire occur.

IV. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS

Name of The Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer Chair

Approximate 2 26 25 10.7 3 0.3

Total Weight w (kg) 50 26 300 85.6 9 5.4

Total Calorific 4419 5791 1572.8 7375 7375 9556

Fire Load 5260.71 25094.33 3932 12626 4425 1146.72

4.1.2 CCR First Floor

S. No Name of the Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer Chair

7 Rest and Pantry 2 0 0 0 0 0

Approximate 2 27 25 10.7 3 0.3

Fire Load 8522.357 22336.71 7021.429 14204.25 13275 4472.208

4.1.3 CCR Second Floor

S. No Name of the Materials Wood Paper Steel Computer Printer Chair

5 Process HOD Room 4 3 5 2 1 5

7 Rest and Pantry Room 2 0 0 0 0 0

8 Second Floor Pathway 1 0 0 0 0 0

Approximate Weight Per 2 15 25 10.7 3 0.3

Total Calorific Value C 4419 5791 1572.8 7375 7375 9556

Fire Load 8101.5 17373 8191.667 24112.15 9679.688 2715.916

4.1.4 Stores Materials

No. Of Quantity 24 40 3007 3 2 11

No. Of Quantity 4 4007 3

4.1.6 Oil and Lubricants

4.1.7 Plant Entrance

4.1.8 Canteen and Painting Section

No. Of Quantity 6 1010 5 75 20

4.1.9 Transport Department

Name of the Materials Lubricants Oil Greece

Capacity (Litres) 700 20

Approximate Weight Per Items w (kg) 700 20

Total Weight w(kg) 700 20

Calorific Valve (kCal/kg) 10700 10432

Fire Load 166444.4444 26080

4.1.10 Coal Mill

4.1.11 Electrical Department

4.2 Fire Safety at Oil and Lubricants

Some of the passive fire safety aspects are to be taken care of

– The fire resistance of building structure.

– Fire integration of building.

– Fire and smoke venting for smoke extraction.

– Isolation from neighbouring structures.

– Access for outside emergency services

 Portable fire extinguishers.

 Fixed first- aid firefighting equipment like hose reels.

 Fire hydrant installations like wet risers and yard hydrants.