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Patterns

The document discusses different types of number patterns, including arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, the Fibonacci sequence, and the golden ratio. It provides examples of each type of sequence and discusses properties of the Fibonacci sequence and appearances of the golden ratio in nature and the human body. Key ratios in the human face and body conform to the golden ratio, including proportions of fingers, teeth, and other facial features.

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12 views

Patterns

The document discusses different types of number patterns, including arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, the Fibonacci sequence, and the golden ratio. It provides examples of each type of sequence and discusses properties of the Fibonacci sequence and appearances of the golden ratio in nature and the human body. Key ratios in the human face and body conform to the golden ratio, including proportions of fingers, teeth, and other facial features.

Uploaded by

ladyv939
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Patterns

Patterns are repeated design or recurring sequence. Patterns are everywhere


and are encountered in our day-to-day lives –from fabric designs, the floor tiling, the
weather, to your everyday schedule. Math as the study of patterns permits us to
observe and discover regularities in our surroundings and study the relationship and
connections of things around us. By recognizing patterns, we can generalize and give
predictions to behaviors and future phenomena.

A. Number Patterns
Number pattern is a pattern or sequence in a series of numbers. This pattern
generally establishes a common relationship between all numbers. Each number in the
sequence is called a term; the 1st number in the sequence is the 1st term, the 2nd
number in the sequence is the 2nd term, and so on.

1. Arithmetic Sequence is a sequence where every term after the first is obtained
by adding a constant called the common difference. The numbers are arranged in
either ascending or descending order.
Examples:
a. 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, … Solution:
This pattern is in ascending order in which the next term is found by adding 3 to
the preceding term.

b. 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, ...
Solution:
The next term is found by adding -2 to the previous term.

2. Geometric Sequence, also known as geometric progression, is a sequence of


numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a
fixed non-zero number called the common ratio.
Examples:
a. 1.3, 9, 27, 81, ...
Solution:
The next term is found by multiplying 3 to the previous term.

b. 2, -4, 8, -16, 32, ...


Solution:
Each term after the first is found by multiplying -2 to the previous term.

3. There are other number patterns. Patterns can be made by combining more
than one basic operations mathematics.
Examples:
a. 20, 25, 23, 28, 26, 31, .... b. 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19, ...

Pattern: Pattern:
1st term: 20 1st term: 4
2nd term: 20 + 5 = 25 2nd term: 4 + 1 = 5
3rd term: 25 – 2 = 23 3rd term: 5 + 2 = 7
4th term: 23 + 5 = 28 4th term: 7 + 3 = 10
5th term: 28 – 2 = 26 5th term: 10 + 4 = 14
… …

SMA
4. Fibonacci Sequence

The Fibonacci Sequence is a special type of sequence named after the Italian
Mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, also known by his nickname Fibonacci. He is said to
have discovered this sequence as he looked at how a hypothesized group of rabbits
bred and reproduced based on idealized assumptions. The problem involved having a
single pair of rabbits, a male and a female, and then finding out how many pair of
rabbits will be born in a year, with the assumption that a new pair of rabbits is born
each month and this new pair, in turn, gives birth to additional pair of rabbits beginning
at two months after they were born. He noted that the series of numbers generated by
this problem could be extended by adding up the two numbers before it.

Image Credit: Dynamic programming and Mortal Fibonacci Rabbits – duphan (wordpress.com)

It is a series of numbers where the succeeding terms can be generated by


adding up the two numbers that came before the term. Starting with 0 and 1, the
sequence goes 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 and so forth.

Interesting Properties of Fibonacci Sequence:

1. The sequence is very visible in nature like the spiral arrangement of sunflower seeds,
the number of petals in a flower, the shape of a snail’s shell and many more
contains Fibonacci numbers.

2. The ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers approach the Golden Ratio (phi). The
golden ratio is approximately equal to 1.618.

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B. Golden Ratio
The golden ratio otherwise known as the Divine Proportion or Phi (1. 618...), is a
mathematical ratio with special properties and aesthetic significance. An enormous
number of things in the universe are engineered around the ratio, ranging from the
human body to the ark of the covenant to snail shells to the orbits of the planets. The
divine ratio and golden rectangles appear throughout the ancient architecture and
art. The golden ratio is believed to be the most aesthetically pleasing and harmonious
means of design.

The Golden Ratio in Human Anatomy

Statistical analysis indicates that “the people


involuntarily give preference to proportions that
approximate to the Golden Section (Golden ratio)”.
There are also several golden ratios in the human
face.
For example, the total width of the two front
teeth in the upper jaw over their height gives a
golden ratio. The width of the first tooth from the
center to the second tooth also yields a golden
ratio. These are the ideal proportions that a dentist
may consider.

Some other golden ratios in the human face are:


• Length of face / width of face
• Distance between the lips and where the eyebrows
meet / length of nose,
• Length of face / distance between tip of jaw and
where the eyebrows meet,
• Length of mouth / width of nose,
• Width of nose / distance between nostrils, • Distance
between pupils / distance between eyebrows.

The Human Hand

Our fingers have three sections. The proportion


of the first two to the full length of the finger gives the
golden ratio (with the exception of the thumbs). You
can also see that the proportion of the middle finger to
the little finger is also a golden ratio.

Many of the human body parts even its organs have shown measurements
having the golden ratio. This ratio might help us to have an insight in designing lengths
of medical equipment and tools to have a better fit to the human body

SMA

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