Logic and Programming Fundamentals 1

INTRODUCTION
Brief History of Java

James Gosling et al. of Sun Microsystems created the Oak programming

language in honor of the tree found in Gosling’s window. Since there is already a
programming language named Oak, he later changed it to Java.

Java was created as a platform independent language which could be embedded

in various consumer electronic products like toasters and refrigerators. Star 7, a
personal hand-held remote control, was one of the first projects developed using
Java.

With the popularity of the World Wide Web and the Internet, the creators of Java
realized that the programming language could be used to design transactional
web applications.

The Java Technology

Java is a combination of independent but inter-related technologies working as

one in order to achieve a specific purpose. The technologies embedded in Java
are the following:

1. Programming Language
 Java can generate all kinds of application that can be created using
conventional programming languages.

2. Development Environment
 Java provides the developer tools such as a compiler, an
interpreter, a document generator, and a class file packaging tool to
name a few.

3. Application Environment
 Java applications are general-purpose programs running on a
machine where the Java runtime environment (JRE) is installed.

4. Deployment Environment
 JRE supplies a Software Development Kit (SDK) that contains a
complete set of class files for all types Java technology packages.
 Most commercial web browsers supply a Java technology
interpreter and runtime environment.

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Features of Java

Enumerated are some features of Java Technology.

1. Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

 An imaginary machine that is utilized to emulate software on a real
machine providing hardware platform specifications which enables
the Java software to be platform-independent since compilation is
done for a generic machine, the JVM.

2. Garbage Collection
 The garbage collection thread is responsible for deallocating
memory previously allocated by the programmer. In earlier
programming languages, freeing memory that was used is the
responsibility of the programmer.

3. Code Security
 JRE runs the code compiled for a JVM and performs class loading,
code verification, and code execution.
o The Class Loader is responsible for loading all classes
needed for the Java Program
o The byte code verifier tests the format of the code fragments
and checks the code fragments for illegal code that can
violate access rights to objects.
o Lastly, code is executed.

Tools Used in Java Programming

Table 1. Summary of Phases of a Java Program

Activity Tool to use

Writing the Program NetBeans, JCreator or any Text Editor
Compiling the Program Java Compiler
Executing the Program Java Interpreter

Phases of a Java Program

First phase in creating a Java program is writing the program in a text editor and
store it with an extension filename of .java.

After creating and saving the Java program, compile the program by using the
Java compiler resulting in Java bytecodes with extension filename .class.

The .class file is then interpreted by the Java interpreter that converts the
bytecodes into a machine language of the computer being used.

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Figure 1. Phases of a Java Program

Editor Java
Compiler
File.java

Happens only
once

Java
Interpreter File.class
Happens every
time

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UNIT 1

The Basics of a Java Program

1. MY FIRST JAVA PROGRAM

Typically, when learning a new programming language, the first program

created is how to display on the computer screen the text “Hello World!”

We can write the codes in Java using any text editor by typing the following
lines:
/* My first Java Program */

public class Hello{

public static void main(String[] args){

//prints the string hello world on the screen

System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
}

The program shown in the example above is called a program source code.
The source code is made of letters, numbers, and other symbols available in
the ASCII format. Or in a more technical term, it is an aggregate of
characters.

After writing the source code, the next step to do is to COMPILE and RUN it
in order to see whether we have achieved our objective. If there are errors
reported by the compiler (also known as syntax errors), then there is a need
to debug (fix) the source code before it is recompiled and tested again.

The output of the program above should show on the screen:

Hello World!
_

1.1. Setting the Paths

Paths for the Java compiler and Java classes must be set first before
compiling and executing a Java program from the command line.

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To set the paths in a MS Windows environment, the following steps are

done:

Step 1: Open the command prompt by clicking Programs  Run

Step 2: Type cmd on the Run window and click Ok. The command
prompt window should appear.

Figure 2. Command Line Interface

Step 3: Set the path for the Java Development Kit (JDK) to be able to
use the functions needed to compile and execute Java
programs by typing set path=%path%;c:\Program
Files\jdk1.6.0\bin on the command line.

Step 4: A class path is where all generated classes of a Java program is

placed whenever a Java program is compiled. To set the class
path type set classpath=%path%;classpath1;
classpath2;…, where classpath is your working folder.

Figure 3. Setting Java Path and Class Path

Note: The Java and class paths for Ubuntu Linux is already set and no
further modification to the paths is necessary.

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1.2. Using a Text Editor

A Java source code can be encoded in any text editor (notepad for MS
Windows and gEdit for Ubuntu Linux among others). Below are simple
steps on how to encode source code in a text editor.

Step 1: Open MS Windows Notepad, or gEdit for Ubuntu Linux

Step 2: Type the Java source code on the text editor.

Figure 4. MS Windows Notepad

Step 3: Save the file as Hello.java (note: the class name should be
the same as the file name when saving Java source code).

Figure 5. Save As Hello.java

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1.3. Compiling and Executing a Java Source Code

After encoding the source code and saving it to its proper filename, it is
now ready for compilation (generation of the bytecodes) and execution
(running the program to view the output).

To compile and execute a Java program, follow these steps:

Step 1: Go to the Command prompt.

Step 2: Type javac Hello.java to compile

Step 3: Execute the program by typing java Hello

Figure 6. Compiling and Executing the Java program

1.4. Errors

Errors in programming may be encountered along the way. There are

two (2) types of errors encountered during programming, syntax errors
and run-time errors.

1.4.1. Syntax Errors

Syntax errors are errors in form. These are encountered if a

programmer inadvertently committed an error in typing the source
code.

Syntax errors are checked and reported by the compiler.

Common mistakes include capitalization, wrong spelling, the use
of incorrect special characters, and omission of correct
punctuation.

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/* My first Java Program */

Capital letter P on keyword public
Public class Hello{
public static void main(String[] args){
//prints the string hello world on the screen
System.out.println(“Hello World!”)
}
}

Omission of semicolon (;) at the end of the statement

1.4.2. Run-Time Errors

Run–time errors are errors in meaning (semantic). These are

sometimes referred to as logical errors.

Run-time errors are not detected and reported by the compiler

making it difficult to debug. A program might be syntactically
correct, but semantically wrong. Even if the programmer followed
the syntax correctly, the program may display wrong answers if
the logical processes and structures of the program is not
carefully thought through.

2. THE JAVA PROGRAM STRUCTURE

Consider the Hello.java program:

/* My first Java Program */

public class Hello

{
public static void main(String[] args){
//prints the string hello world on the screen
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
}

/* My first Java Program */ The first line of code indicates a Java

comment or remark. A comment is used to document a part of the code.
It is not part of the program itself and is only used for documentation
purposes to make the program more readable.

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A comment is indicated by delimiters “/*” and “*/” for multi-line

comments. Anything written in between these delimiters are considered
comments. A double forward slash, //, is also used if only one (1) line is to
be commented.

/* My first Java Program */

or

/* My
First
Java
Program */

or

// My first Java Program

public class Hello indicates the name of the class which is Hello.
All codes should be written inside the class declaration. A class
declaration is done by using the keyword class preceded by an access
modifier that indicates the accessibility of the class to other classes. On
this example, the access modifier public was used indicating that the
class is accessible to other classes from other packages.

{ an open curly brace indicates the start of a block. On the Hello.java

example, the open curly brace is placed after the class declaration but it
can also be placed immediately after the class declaration as follows:
public class Hello {

public static void main(String[] args){, can also be written

as, public static void main (String args[]){, indicates the
name of a method, particularly, the main method. The main method is
where a Java program starts.

//prints the string Hello World! on the screen, is also a

Java comment.

System.out.println(“Hello World!”);displays the text enclosed

in double quotes on the screen and the cursor is shown in the next line.

} The first close curly brace indicates the end of the main method.

} The last close curly brace indicates the end of the Hello class.

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2.1. Java Statements and Blocks

A statement or an instruction is one or more lines of code terminated by

a semicolon.

A block is one or more statements bounded by an open and close curly

braces that groups the statements as one unit.

public static void main(String[] args){

System.out.println(“Hello”);
Statements Block
System.out.println(“World!”);
}

2.2. Java Identifiers

Identifiers are tokens. These are usually user-defined names that

represent labels of variables, methods, and classes to name a few.
Identifiers in Java are case-sensitive, which means that it should be
used the way it was written (capital letters are not the same with small
letters).

Example: age is not the same as Age

Identifiers cannot be any of the reserved words or key words used in

Java.

2.2.1. Java Conventions in Declaring Identifiers

When declaring identifiers, some rules or conventions must be

observed in order to avoid syntax and run-time errors. Such
conventions are the following:

1. Names are made up of letters and numbers.

2. The first character in a name should always start with a letter.

3. Java is case sensitive. Meaning ‘A’ is not the same as ‘a’.

4. The underscore symbol _ and dollar sign $ are considered to

be letters in Java, but are not recommended to be used as the
first character in a name; rather it is used as a connector
instead.

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2.2.2. Java Coding Convention

1. For names of classes, capitalize the first letter of the class

name.

2. For method and variable names, the first letter of the word
should start with a small letter.

Example: ThisIsAnExampleOfClassName
thisIsAnExampleOfMethodName
thisIsAnExampleOfVariableName

3. For multi-word identifiers, capitalize the first letter of each word

except the first word.

Example: charArray
fileNumber

Examples of Valid Identifiers:

a
A
age
num1
xyz
final_grade
employee33
id_Number
firstName
sum
aReA5b3h1

Examples of Invalid Identifiers:

6 Must start with a letter

1st_Name Must start with a letter
u&me & symbol is not a letter or number
percent% % symbol is not a letter of number
last name Space is not a letter or number

2.2.3. Java Keywords

Keywords are predefined identifiers reserved by Java for specific

purposes. Further, Java keywords cannot be used as identifiers.

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Table 2. List of Java Keywords

Java Keywords
abstract continue for new switch
assert default goto package synchronized
boolean do if private this
break double implements protected throw
byte else import public throws
case enum instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp volatile
const float native super while

2.3. Java Literals and Constants

Literals and constants are tokens whose values do not change. In Java,
there are 5 kinds of literals.

2.3.1. Integer Literals

Integer literals can be represented in decimal (base 10),

hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base) number systems. Certain
notations should be followed when using integer literals in a
program.

For decimal numbers, there is no special notation, the number is

written as it is. For hexadecimal numbers, it should be preceded
by 0x, while octal numbers are preceded by 0.

Example:
12 (decimal)
0xC (hexadecimal)
014 (octal)

2.3.2. Floating Point Literals

Represent decimals with fractional parts that can be expressed in

standard or scientific notations.

Example:
3.1416
54.567
5.8234e2
10.2000e4

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2.3.3. Boolean Literals

Boolean literals have only two (2) values. It is either “True” or

“False”.

2.3.4. Character Literals

Characters represent a single Unicode character. It is a 16-bit

character set which allows the inclusion of symbols and special
characters from other languages. Character should be enclosed
in single quote delimiters.

Example:
‘a’ Letter a
‘Z’ Letter Z
‘\n’ New line character
‘\b’ Carriage return character

2.3.5. String Literals

Represents multiple characters and are enclosed by double

quotes.

Example:
“Hello World”
“Java Programming”

2.4. Primitive Data Types

In Java, data is stored by setting aside space for it in memory by giving it

a name. The space allotted for the data depends on the kind of data
being stored. Data types determine the range of values the variable can
have and set of operations that are defined for values of this type.

A data type specifies:

 The kind of values that can be assumed by a variable of that type

 The range of values that can be assumed by a variable of that type
 The amount of memory (in bytes) needed by a variable to store a
value of that type

2.4.1. Logical – Boolean

A boolean data type stores only one of two values, either “true”
or “false”.

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Example:
boolean state = true;
boolean value;

The first example above declares a variable named state having

a boolean data type assigned a default value of true. On the
second example, the name of the variable is value of type
boolean without any default value.

2.4.2. Textual – char

The char data type represents a single Unicode character. When

assigning literals to a char data type, the values must be enclosed
in single quotes.

Example:
char letter = ‘A’;
char choice;

2.4.3. Integral – byte, short, int, and long

Integral data type uses three forms – decimal, octal or

hexadecimal. The default type is int, but it can also be defined
as byte, long or short. The difference lies on the length of
values that can be stored on the variable ( refer to Table 3).

Example:
byte no = 10;
int number = 500;
short x;
long z;

Table 3. Integral types and ranges

Integer Name
Length or Range Value
Type
8 bits Byte -27 to 27-1 -127 to 126
16 bits Short -215 to 215-1 -32,768 to 32,767
-2,147,483,648 to
32 bits Int -231 to 231-1
2,147,483,647
-9,223,372,036,854,775,808
64 bits Long -263 to 263-1
to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

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2.4.4. Floating Point – float and double

Uses double as default data type which includes either a

decimal point or one of the following:

E or e //(add exponential value)

F or f //(float)
D or d //(double)

Example:

float pi = 3.14.16f;
double decimal = 123456.73e10D;

Table 4. Floating point types and ranges

Integer Name or
Range Value
Length Type
32 bits Float -231 to 231-1 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38
64 bits Double -263 to 263-1 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308

2.5. String Class

A string contain series or multiple characters whose literal is enclosed in

double quotes (“ “). In Java, the class String is not a primitive data
type, instead, it is referred to as a reference type. It is used to declare a
variable which can hold multiple characters.

Example:

String subject = “ICS2”;

String college = “CITCS”;
String name;

2.6. Program Variables

Variables are entities where data can be stored into it. Values stored in
the variable can be changed anytime. It is an abstraction of the computer
memory cell or collection of cells

A variable can be characterized as a sextuple (six parts) of attributes:

1. Name - more specifically a symbolic name and often referred to as

identifiers.

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2. Address – the memory address with which it is associated (portion in

the RAM)

3. Value – the contents of the memory cell or cells associated with it.

4. Data Type - determines the range of values the variable can have
and set of operations that are defined for values of this type.

5. Lifetime – the time during which the variable is bound to a specific

memory location.

6. Scope – the scope of such a variable is from its declaration to the

end reserved word of its procedure.

Naming convention used in variables is the same as what was

discussed in section 2.2

2.6.1. Declaring and Initializing Variables

Syntax for declaring a variable:

<data type> <name> [=initial value];

 Values enclosed in < > are required values

 Values enclosed in [ ] are optional values

As a general coding guidelines:

1. It is always good to initialize variables as they are

declared.

2. Use descriptive names and not just some random letters

you choose.

3. Declare one variable per line.

Sample Program that declares and initializes variables:

public class VariableSamples{

public static void main (String[] args){
/*declaration of a variable with
boolean as data type and ask as
name*/
Boolean ask;

/*declaration of a variable with char

as data type and letter as name*/
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char letter;
letter = ‘A’; // assign A to letter

/*declaration of variable with double

data type and grade as name
initialized to 90.0*/
double grade = 90.0;

/*declaration of variable with String

type and collegeName as name
initialized to CITCS*/
String college = “CITCS”;
}

2.6.2. Outputting Variable Data

To produce output on the screen, we can use the following

commands:
System.out.print();
System.out.println();

Sample program:

public class OutputVariables{

public static void main(String[] args){
int number = 100;
char letter;
letter = ‘A’;

System.out.println(number);
System.out.println(“The letter is = ” + letter);
}
}

When compiled and executed, the program will produce the

following output on the screen:

100
The letter is = A

2.6.3. System.out.println( ) and System.out.print( )

The difference between System.out.println() and

System.out.print() lies on how the output will be printed on
screen.

The first command appends a newline at the end of the data,

while the latter does not.

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Consider the statements:

System.out.println(“Hello”);
System.out.println(“World”);

The output on the screen would be:

Hello
World_

Now, take a look at the following statements:

System.out.print(“Hello “);
System.out.print(“World”);

The output generated would be:

Hello World_

2.6.4. Primitive and Reference Variables

Primitive variables are variables with primitive data types which

stores data in the actual memory location of where the variable is
found.

Reference variables are variables that store the address of the

variable and points to another memory location where the data is
found.

Figure 7. Representation of Primitive and Reference variables in memory

Variable Declaration Memory Address Data

int number = 100; 1001 100

. . . . . .

double pi = 3.1416; 1347 3.1416

. . . . . .

char letter = ‘A’; 1567 A

. . . . . .

String text = ”Hello World” 1871 Address (2000)

. . . . . .

2000 “Hello World”

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3. Operators

Operators are symbols representing operations that can be performed on

constants and variables.

3.1. Assignment Operator

The operator used in assignment operation is the equal symbol (=). This
is use to store or assign a value from the right-hand side (RHS) of an
expression to the left-hand side (LHS).

Example:

LHS = RHS

This is interpreted as the value on the RHS is stored or assigned to the

LHS, or it can also be interpreted as the LHS gets the value of the RHS.

It is good programming practice that once you use the assignment

operator, it is best to read it as “GETS THE VALUE OF” and not “EQUAL
TO”. “Equal to” is not an assignment operator, but a relational operator.

The assignment operation is also called an assignment statement; thus

should be terminated by a semicolon.

The syntax or proper way of writing assignment operation is:

<variable name> = <expression>;

Example:
age = 5; /* age GETS THE VALUE OF 5 */
x = x + 1; /* x GETS THE VELUE OF x + 1 */

Example of a complete program using assignment operation:

public class AssignmentStatement{
public static void main(String[] args){
char ch;
int i;
double d;
String s;
ch = ‘A’;
i = 6;
d = 3.14159212345876;
s = “Hello”;
}
}

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Note that it is also possible to assign a value of a variable to another

variable of compatible data type.

Example:

X = 5;
Y = X; Z = Y;

3.1.1. Storing Values with Different Types

The Java programming language is a strongly typed language,

which means that every variable and every expression has a type
that is known at compile time. Types limit the values that a
variable can hold or that an expression can produce, limit the
operations supported on those values, and determine the
meaning of the operations. Strong typing helps detect errors at
compile time.

Even though Java is a strongly typed language, there are still

automatic conversions that can take place among different data
types. Such conversions are: from int to double/float and
vice versa; char to int and vice versa; char to double/float
and vice versa.

Example:
int i = 65;
double d = 14.50987;
char c = ‘B’;

Based on the following statements, assuming that the statement i

= d was written after the declarations, it would not produce a
syntax error, rather, it would simply convert the double value into
an integer value stripping it from any decimal place. i now would
have a value of 14.

Table 5. Value interpretation based on example above

Assignment
Interpretation
Statements
i = d i Gets the Value 14
d = i d Gets the Value 65.0
i = c i Gets the Value 66 (66 is the Unicode integer
equivalent of letter B)
d = c d Gets the Value 66.0 (66.0 is the Unicode
double equivalent of letter B)
c = i Syntax Error (Possible Loss of Precision)
c = d Syntax Error (Possible Loss of Precision)

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3.2. Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic operators are the also known as mathematical operators. The

basic arithmetic operations available in Java are:

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulo (yields the remainder)

The +, -, *, / can be used for operands of type int, float, and double
data types. The % operator can be used only with integer operands. All
of these operators are called binary operators because they require two
operands.

Example: Arithmetic operation on integer data type:

// Assignment and Arithmetic operations

public class AssignArithOperators{

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a, b, c, d, e;
a = 3 + 5;
b = 45 - 23;
c = 6 * 3;
d = 32 / 4;
e = 33 % 5;

System.out.println(“a = ” + a);
System.out.println(“b = ” + b);
System.out.println(“c = ” + c);
System.out.println(“d = ” + d);
System.out.println(“e = ” + e);
}
}

The / operator when used with operand whose data types are of integer
values will result to integer division which truncates or discards any
fractional part. If the fractional part is needed, then at least one of the
operand should be float or double data type.

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3.2.1. Precedence and Associativity Rule

When evaluating multiple arithmetic operation, the *, /, and %

operators are evaluated first before + and -. The usual evaluation
order for operators of the same precedence is from left to right.

Table 7. Arithmetic Operators and their Precedence

Operator Associativity
*,/, % Left to Right
+, - Left to Right

To override precedence, use a pair of parentheses to enclose

expression that needs to be prioritized first. For multiple
parenthesized expression, innermost parenthesized expressions
are to be evaluated first.

Example:

X = 3 + 6 * 2 – 5 + 10 / 2 * 8 /2 – 3
X = 3 + 12 – 5 + 10 / 2 * 8 /2 – 3
X = 3 + 12 – 5 + 5 * 8 /2 – 3
X = 3 + 12 – 5 + 40/2 – 3
X = 3 + 12 – 5 +20 – 3
X = 15 – 5 +20 – 3
X = 10 + 20 – 3
X = 30 – 3
X = 27

Example:

X = (3 + 6) * (2 – (5 + (10 / 2)) * 8) /2-3

X = (3 + 6) * (2 – (5 + 5) * 8) /2 – 3
X = (3 + 6) * (2 – 10 * 8) /2 – 3
X = (3 + 6) * (2 – 80) /2 – 3
X = 9 * (2 – 80) /2 – 3
X = 9 * -78 /2 – 3
X = -702 / 2 – 3
X = -351 – 3
X = -354

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3.3. Increment and Decrement Operators

Aside from basic arithmetic operators, Java also includes a unary

increment (++) and unary decrement (--) operators that can be written
before or after a variable.

Example:

count = count + 1; //increment value of count by 1

count++; //increment value of count by 1
count = count – 1; //decrement value of count by 1
count--; //decrement value of count by 1

Table 8. Increment and Decrement usage and description

Usage Description
var++ Increments var by1; evaluates to the
value of var prior to incrementing
++var Increments var by 1; evaluates to the
value of var after it was incremented
var-- Decrements var by1; evaluates to the
value of var prior to decrementing
--var decrements var by 1; evaluates to the
value of var after it was decremented

When the increment or decrement operator is placed before an operand,

it causes the variable to be incremented or decremented first and the
new value will be used in the expression.

Example:

int i = 10;
int j = 3;
int k = 0;

k = ++j + i; //expression is k = 4 + 10

When the increment or decrement operator is placed after an operand,

the old value will be used in the expression.

Example:

int i = 10;
int j = 3;
int k = 0;

k = j++ + i; //expression is k = 3 + 10

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3.4. Relational Operators

Relational operations are used to check association of the LHS of the

expression to the RHS. The result of the operation will yield whether the
condition being tested is either TRUE or FALSE. The basic relational
operators available in Java are as follows:

== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to

Relational operators can be performed on all the basic data types

available in Java. It is very important to remember that relational
operations should always be enclosed in a pair of parenthesis.

As discussed earlier, the result of a relational operation will yield to either

true or false only.

It is important to remember that the test for equality uses two equal
signs. Forgetting one of the equal sign is a very common logical (not
syntactical) error which can be very difficult to find (debug) in a fairly
large program.

Example:

x = 8
y = 13

a = (x == y)  result is False

b = (x != y)  result is True

c = (x > y)  result is False

d = (x < y)  result is True

e = (x >= y)  result is False

f = (x <= y)  result is True

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Example: Relational Operators

// Relational Operations

public class RelationalOperators{

public static void main(String[] args)
{
boolean a, b, c, d, e, f;
int x, y;

x = 8;
y = 13;
a = (x == y);
b = (x != y);
c = (x > y);
d = (x < y);
e = (x >= y);
f = (x <= y);

System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
System.out.println(c);
System.out.println(d);
System.out.println(e);
System.out.println(f);
}
}

3.5. Logical Operators

The logical operators are used to test multiple conditions and are
normally used in conjunction with relational operators. Logical operators
available in Java are the following:

! Logical NOT
&& Logical AND
& boolean Logical AND
|| Logical OR
| boolean Logical Inclusive OR
^ boolean Logical Exclusive OR

The general statement for a logical operation is:

<expr1> <Logical Operator> <expr1>

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 26

3.5.1. && (logical AND) and & (boolean logical AND)

The general idea behind the AND operation is that all expressions
evaluated should be true in order to conclude that the statement
is true; otherwise, the statement will be false.

Table 9. Truth table for the AND operator

expr1 expr2 Result

TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE
FALSE FALSE FALSE

The basic difference between && and & operators is that &&
supports short-circuit evaluations (partial evaluation). If && will
evaluate expr1 as false; the operator will not anymore evaluate
expr2 because the result will be false regardless of the value
of expr2. In contrast, the & operator evaluates both expressions
before returning the result.

Example:

/*Sample source code for logical AND and

boolean logical AND */

public class ANDOperator{

public static void main(String[] args){
int i = 0;
int j = 10;
boolean result;

//&& operator
result = (i>10) && (j>9);
System.out.println(i);
System.out.println(j);
System.out.println(result);

//& operator
result = (i>10) & (j>9);
System.out.println(i);
System.out.println(j);
System.out.println(result);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 27

The output of the given program would be:

0
10
false
0
10
false

3.5.2. || (logical OR) and | (boolean logical inclusive OR)

The general idea behind the OR operation is that at least one (1)
expression evaluated should be true in order to conclude that
the statement is true; otherwise, the statement will be false.

Table 10. Truth table for the OR operator

expr1 expr2 Result

TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE

The basic difference between || and | operators is that ||

supports short-circuit evaluations (partial evaluation). If || will
evaluate expr1 as true; the operator will not anymore evaluate
expr2 because the result will be true regardless of the value of
expr2. In contrast, the | operator evaluates both expressions
before returning the result.

Example:

/*Sample source code for logical OR and

boolean logical inclusive OR */

public class OROperator{

public static void main(String[] args){
int i = 0;
int j = 10;
boolean result;

//|| operator
result = (i<10) || (j<9);
System.out.println(i);
System.out.println(j);
System.out.println(result);

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 28

//| operator
result = (i<10) | (j<9);
System.out.println(i);
System.out.println(j);
System.out.println(result);
}
}

The output of the given program would be:

0
10
true
0
10
True

3.5.3. ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)

The general idea behind the exclusive OR operation is that the

statement is true if and only if one (1) operand is true while the
other is false.

Table 11. Truth table for the exclusive OR operator

expr1 expr2 Result

TRUE TRUE FALSE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE

Example:

/*Sample source code for boolean logical

exclusive OR */

public class ExclusiveOROperator{

public static void main(String[] args){

boolean val1 = true;

boolean val2 = true;
System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);

val1 = false;
System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);

val2 = false;
System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 29

val1 = true;
System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);
}
}

The output of the given program would be:

false
true
false
true

3.5.4. ! (logical NOT)

The logical NOT is a unary operator; it is used only on one

operand. Logical NOT operator is used to negate or get the
opposite of a certain result in a relational operation.

Table 12. Truth table for logical NOT operator

expr Result
TRUE FALSE
FALSE TRUE

Example:

//Sample source code for logical NOT

public class NOTOperator{

public static void main(String[] args){

boolean val1 = true;

boolean val2 = false;
System.out.println(!val1);
System.out.println(!val2);
}
}

The output of the given program would be:

false
true

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 30

3.6. Conditional Operator (?:)

The conditional operator ?: is a ternary operator since it takes in three

(3) arguments that together form a conditional expression.

The general statement for a logical operation is:

expr1 ? expr2 : expr3

Where expr1 is a boolean expression whose result must be either true

or false.

The general idea in using the operator is that when expr1 is true,
value of expr2 is returned, otherwise, expr3 is returned.

Example:

//Sample source code for Conditional Operator ?:

public class ConditionalOperator{

public static void main(String[] args){

String status;
int grade = 80;

//get status of student

Status = (grade >= 60)?”Pass”:”Fail”

//print value of status

System.out.println(status);
}
}

The output of the given program would be:

Pass

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 31

3.7. Operator Precedence

The precedence of operators defines the compiler’s order of evaluation

of operators so as to come up with an unambiguous result.

Table 13. Operator Precedence

Java Operators Precedence from Highest to Lowest

. [ ] ( )
++ -- ! ~
* / %
+ -
<< >> <<< >>>
< > <= >=
== !=
& |
^
&&
||
?:
=

4. Getting Input from the Keyboard

Java programming language makes use of the BufferedReader class

found in java.io package to obtain user input from the keyboard.

Steps in getting input from keyboard:

1. Add the statement import java.io.* on top of the code.

2. Add the statement BufferedReader dataIn = new

BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); in the
main() block.

3. Declare a temporary String variable to hold the input value then invoke
the readLine() method to get the input from the keyboard. The
readLine() method must be type inside a try-catch block.

try{
String input = dataIn.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error in getting input”);
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 32

Example:

//Sample source code for getting input from keyboard

import java.io.*;

public class GetUserInput{

public static void main(String[] args){

String text;

BufferedReader dataIn=new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.println(“Enter Your Name: “);

try{
text=dataIn.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

System.out.println(“Hello “ + text + “!”);

}
}

To better understand the sample code written, let us explain the statements
per line.

The statement import java.io.* indicate that we want to use all the
classes found inside java.io package like BufferedReader,
InputStreamReader, and IOException in the program. Packages
contain classes that have related purposes.

The statements,

public class GetUserInput{

public static void main(String[] args){

means we are declaring a class named GetUserInput and also declaring

the main() method.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 33

The next statement,

BufferedReader dataIn = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

is used to declare a variable named dataIn with the class type

BufferedReader.

The next statement, String text; , is used to declare an identifier name

text of type String.

The statement System.out.println(“Enter Your Name: “); will

output the String on the screen asking for the user’s name.

The try-catch block,

try{
text=dataIn.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

assures that the possible exceptions that could occur in the statement
text=dataIn.readLine(); will be catched. Note that when using the
readLine() method, it should be inside a try-catch block

The statement, text=data.readLine(); gets input from the user and will
return a String value to be stored to the text variable.

The user input, whose value is stored on variable text, will be displayed in
place of the text on the statement System.out.println(“Hello “ +
text + “!”);.

4.1. Inputting Other Data Types

The use of BufferedReader and InputStreamReader, together with

the method readLine(), will obtain user input from keyboard and store
it on a variable whose type is of String only.

When user wants to input values other than that of a String type, the
user input must be parsed (converted) first to be used for its intended
purpose.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 34

4.1.1. Converting Input to Integer

Immediately after the try-catch block, include the statement

Integer.parseInt() and assign it to an integer variable.

Example:

try{
string=dataIn.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
int number=Integer.parseInt(string);

4.1.2. Converting Input to Double

Immediately after the try-catch block, include the statement

Double.parseDouble() and assign it to an integer variable.

Example:

try{
string=dataIn.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
double number=Double.parseDouble(string);

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 35

Prelim Laboratory Activity 1 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

Title: My First Java Program

Learning Objective:

At the end of this activity, the student should be able to:

1. Use the text editor in writing Java source codes.

2. Set the paths and classpaths prior to compilation of the Java
source code.
3. Develop their first program in Java program and saved it as
PrelimActivity1.java.
4. Compile and execute PrelimActivity1.java program.
5. Debug and revise PrelimActivity1.java program.
6. Save and re-compile revised PrelimActivity1.java program.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.

DURATION: Two Meetings

HANDS ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Create a folder under drive C: and name it myJavaProgs.
3. Upon successful log-in, go to the command prompt and set the path and
classpath.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 36

3.1. After setting the path (when using Ubuntu Linux, there is no need
for set path command), type echo %path%.
What would be written on the command prompt window?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3.2. After setting the classpath, type echo %classpath%.
What would be written on the command prompt window?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

4. Change your active directory to your file directory by typing cd

myJavaProgs
5. Do not close the command prompt window.
6. Open a text editor (notepad for MS Windows; gEdit for Ubuntu Linux) to
be used in typing your source code.
7. Write your first Java program by copying the source code written below.

/*Programmed by: <Write your name here>

Title: PrelimActivity1.java
Date: <Write date here>*/
public class PrelimActivity1{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(“My First Java Program!”);
}
}

8. Save your program as PrelimActivity1.java

9. Activate your command prompt window,
9.1. Compile your program by typing javac PrelimActivity1.java
9.2. Execute the program by typing java PrelimActivity1

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 37

What would be the output written on the screen?

10. Modify your program by deleting the statement in the main( ) method block
replacing it with these statements:

System.out.println(“My”);
System.out.println(“First”);
System.out.println(“Java”);
System.out.println(“Program”);
System.out.println(“!”);

System.out.print(“My”);
System.out.print(“First”);
System.out.print(“Java”);
System.out.print(“Program”);
System.out.print(“!”);

11. Save the program then compile and execute

What would be the output written on the screen?

What is the reason why the output is displayed in such manner?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

12. Modify the program by deleting the statements by copying the code written
below exactly as it is:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 38

/*Programmed by: <Write your name here>

Title: My Fist Java Program
Date: <Write date here>/*
Public class PrelimActivity1{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(“This”)
System.out.println(“code”)
System.out.println(“is”)
System.out.println(“erroneous!”)
System.out.print(“Debug it and make it”);
System.out.println(“error free”);
}
}

13. Save and Compile the program.

13.1. What error would be displayed after compilation?

13.2. Correct the error; Save and Compile the program again.
What would be displayed on the screen?

13.3. What type of errors were encountered?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 39

13.4. Continue debugging the program until such time that there is no
more error after compilation.
Copy the corrected code here:

13.5. Execute the program.

What would be the output of the corrected program?

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 40

Prelim Laboratory Activity 2 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

Title: Identifiers and Variables

Learning Objective:

At the end of this activity, the student should be able to:

1. Identify basic primitive data types used in Java programming.

2. Declare and initialize variables in Java.
3. Create a complete Java program that simulates each primitive data
types.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Laboratory Activity 1 in order
for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this module.

DURATION: Two Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open the command prompt and set the path and classpath.
3. Change your working directory to where you store your files.
4. Write your next Java program:
4.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 41

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Title: DataTypes.Java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

public class DataTypes{

public static void main (String[] args){
char c = ‘C’;
int i = 97;
double d = 0.00;
byte b = 0;
System.out.println(“c = “ + c);
System.out.println(“i = “ + i);
System.out.println(“d = “ + d);
System.out.println(“b = “ + b);
}
}

5. Save your program. Compile and Execute.

What would be displayed as an output?

6. Modify the main() block and insert these statements before the
System.out.println() statements.

i = c;
d = c;

7. Save, Compile, and Execute the program.

7.1. What would be displayed as an output?

7.2. Explain why the output is displayed as it is?

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

8. Modify the main( ) block by deleting what you inserted in number 6 and
inserting this statement in its place.
b=i;

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 42

9. Save and Compile the program.

Did it generate any error?____________
What is the description on the error?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. Modify the program again and instead of b = i, change it to i = b.
11. Save and Compile the program.
Note that the program should not anymore reflect an error.
What is the reason why it generated an error when the statement read b = i
and no error was generated when the statement read i = b?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
12. Modify the main() block and insert the statements below before the
System.out.println() statements.

String s = ‘S’;

13. Save and Compile the program.

13.1. What error did it produce?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13.2. How would you re-write the statement so that the String declaration
would not generate any error?
______________________________________________________________

14. Modify the program so that it would display the following as the output.

Student Information
Lastname: <Your Lastname>
Firstname: <Your Firstname>
Middle Initial: <Your Middle Initial>
Age: <Your Age>
Course: <Your Course>
Year: <Your Year>

Note that the data regarding Lastname, Firstname, Middle Initial, Age,
Course and Year should be placed in a variable declared with the proper
data type.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 43

Copy the code on the box provided.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 44

Prelim Laboratory Activity 3 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Arithmetic Operators

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Identify basic operations available in Java language in terms of

assignment and arithmetic operations.
2. Perform the basic arithmetic operations as implemented in a Java
program.
3. Determine the precedence or order of evaluation of these operators.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates these basic operations.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Laboratory Activity 1 and
Prelim Laboratory Activity 2 in order for you to successfully finish the
learning objectives of this module.

DURATION: Two Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open the command prompt and set the path and classpath.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 45

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: ArithmeticOperators.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

public class ArithmeticOperators{

public static void main(String[] args){

int op1 = 15;

int op2 = 4;
System.out.println(“Sum = “ + (op1+op2));
System.out.println(“Difference = “ + (op1-op2));
System.out.println(“Product = “ + (op1*op2));
System.out.println(“Quotient = “ + (op1/op2));
System.out.println(“Remainder = “ + (op1%op2));
}
}

3.2. Save the program as ArithmeticOperators.java then Compile and

Execute
4. Revise the program in order for you to store the result of each arithmetic
operation in individual variables to be used inside the
System.out.println() statement.
Write your revised code on the box provided:

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 46

4.1. Compile and Execute the program.

What would be displayed as output?

4.2. Notice that the result of the division operation it is not displaying the
actual quotient of the two (2) operands. Modify the program in order
for it to output the correct quotient of the two (2) operands.

Write the statements you modified on the box.

4.3. Modify the program again and this time use only one (1) variable to
store the results of each of the arithmetic operations to be used
inside the System.out.println() statement.
Write your code on the box provided:

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 47

5. Given the following code segment, simulate the order of how the operation is
performed based on the precedence of the operators.

double op1 = 5;
double op2 = 7;
double op3 = 3;
double op4 = 20;
double op5 = 16;
double op6 = 2;

double result = 0;

result = op1 + op2 * op3 % op4 – op5 / op6;

5.1. Identify the order of how the operands will be evaluated.

1st Operation Preformed: _______________________________________
2nd Operation Performed: ______________________________________
3rd Operation Performed: ______________________________________
4th Operation Performed: ______________________________________
5th Operation Performed: _______________________________________

5.2. Based on the given arithmetic expression, modify the statement by

grouping the operands using parentheses to represent the order on how
the expression will be evaluated
___________________________________________________________

6. Basing it on the code fragment written above, what value would be stored in
the variable result if the expression is grouped as follows:

result = ((op1 + op2) * op3) % (op4 – op5 / op6);

result = ________________________________________

result = op1 + (op2 * (op3 % (op4 – op5))) / op6;

result = ________________________________________

result = (((op1 + op2 * op3) % op4)- op5) / op6;

result = ________________________________________

result = (op1 + op2) * ((op3 % (op4-op5)) / op6);

result = ________________________________________

result = (op1 + (op2 * (op3 % (op4 – (op5 /op6)))));

result = ________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 48

7. Modify the program to make it display the area of a triangle computed as

Area = ½ Base * Height, where Base = 10 and Height = 15. Aside from
the area of a triangle, the program should also compute and display the
computed area of a circle using the formula Area = Pi*R2, where Pi =
3.1416 and R = 5.

Write your code on the box provided.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 49

Prelim Laboratory Activity 4 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Relational Operators

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Identify basic relational operations available in Java language.

2. Perform the basic relational operations as implemented in a Java
program.
3. Determine the precedence or order of evaluation of these operators.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates these basic operations.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Laboratory Activity 1 to
Prelim Laboratory Activity 3 in order for you to successfully finish the
learning objectives of this module.

DURATION: One to two Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 50

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: RelationalOperators.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

public class RelationalOperators{

public static void main(String[] args){

boolean a, b, c, d, e, f;
int x, y;

x = 8;
y = 13;

a = (x == y);
b = (x != y);
c = (x > y);
d = (x < y);
e = (x >= y);
f = (x <= y);

System.out.println(“a = ” + a);
System.out.println(“b = ” + b);
System.out.println(“c = ” + c);
System.out.println(“d = ” + d);
System.out.println(“e = ” + e);
System.out.println(“f = ” + f);

}
}
3.2. Save your program as RelationalOperators.java then compile
your program until no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Execute your program.
3.4. Write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 51

3.5. Assuming that the values for x and y were changed, interpret the
value that would be generated whether it is TRUE or FALSE

x = 27;
y = 15;

a = (x == y);  True or False? __________

b = (x != y);  True or False? __________
c = (x > y);  True or False? __________
d = (x < y);  True or False? __________
e = (x >= y);  True or False? __________
f = (x <= y);  True or False? __________
4. Simulate the following code segment in Java and answer the following
questions based on the relational operators being performed. Write as
your answer whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE. Each number is
independent of the other.
True / False
1. (‘A’ < ‘B’) _____________
2. (713 == 317) _____________
3. (3+2+1 >= 1+2+3) _____________
4. (3.0 <= 6.0/2.0) _____________
5. (2+3*4 != 2*3+10) _____________
6. (‘Z’ == 90) _____________
7. (‘Y’ == ‘y’) _____________
8. (10%2 > 5%3) _____________
5. Modify the main() block of the program by changing the statements with
the one written below.

x = 17;
y = 20;

a = ((x - y) > (y - x));

b = ((++x) == (x+1));
c = ((y%x) <= (y-x));
d = ((x%y) > (y%x));
e = ((x * 2) != (2 * x));
f = ((x-1) > (--x));
System.out.println("a= " + a);
System.out.println("b= " + b);
System.out.println("c= " + c);
System.out.println("d= " + d);
System.out.println("e= " + e);
System.out.println("f= " + f);

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 52

5.1. Save, Compile and Execute and write the output on the box provided
below.

5.2. List all relational operators that were used in the program and
describe the function of each briefly.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

5.3. Given the following expression,

statement = (((a + b) * c) >= ((d – e) % (a + b

* c))) == ((++d) < (--e))

identify ALL operators used in the expression and determine the

precedence on how these operators are going to performed.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 53

Prelim Laboratory Activity 5 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Logical Operators

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Identify basic logical operations available in Java language.

2. Perform basic logical operations as implemented in a Java program.
3. Determine the precedence or order of evaluation of these operators.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates these basic operations.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Laboratory Activity 1 to
Prelim Laboratory Activity 4 in order for you to successfully finish the
learning objectives of this module.

DURATION: One to two Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 54

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: LogicalOperators.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

public class LogicalOperators{

public static void main(String[] args){

System.out.println(“The logical NOT”);

System.out.println(“!True = ” + !true);
System.out.println(“!False = ” + !false);

System.out.println(“The logical AND”);

System.out.println(“True && True = ” + (true && true));
System.out.println(“True && False = ” + (true && false));
System.out.println(“False && True = ” + (false && true));
System.out.println(“False && False = ” + (false && false));

System.out.println(“The logical inclusive OR”);

System.out.println(“True || True = ” + (true || true));
System.out.println(“True || False = ” + (true || false));
System.out.println(“False || True = ” + (false || true));
System.out.println(“False || False = ” + (false || false));

System.out.println(“The logical exclusive OR”);

System.out.println(“True ^ True = ” + (true ^ true));
System.out.println(“True ^ False = ” + (true ^ false));
System.out.println(“False ^ True = ” + (false ^ true));
System.out.println(“False ^ False = ” + (false ^ false));

}
}

3.2. Save the program as LogicalOperators.java then compile your

program until no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Execute your program.
3.4. Write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 55

4. What do you think is the function of a NOT operator? Give actual

application where NOT operator can be implemented.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5. What do you think is the function of an AND operator? Give actual
application where AND operator can be implemented.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6. What do you think is the function of an inclusive OR operator? Give actual
application where OR operator can be implemented.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
7. What do you think is the function of an exclusive OR operator? Give actual
application where exclusive OR operator can be implemented.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 56

8. Modify the program and replace all && with & and all || with |. Save,
Compile and Execute the program. Write the output on the box provided.

8.1. Is the output the same as the original one? _____________________

Why?___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
9. Given the expression,

x = 5;
y = 10;
z = 10%5;

(((++x) * z) != (z * x))) ^ (y > (x + z))

determine whether the result would be TRUE or FALSE by showing the

step-by-step evaluation of the expression based on the precedence of the
operators used.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 57

10. Modify the program by deleting the statements written under the main()
block and replacing it with the statements below.

int x, y;
String eval;

x = 10;
y = x%x;

System.out.println(y + “>” + x);

eval = (y > x)?”True”:”Not True”;
System.out.println(eval);

10.1. Save, Compile and Execute the program. Write the output here:

10.2. Explain why the program produced such output.

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 58

Prelim Laboratory Activity 6 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Input / Output

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Differentiate input and output commands used in Java language.

2. Accept keyboard entries.
3. Display data on the screen.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates these basic operations.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Laboratory Activity 1 to
Prelim Laboratory Activity 5 in order for you to successfully finish the
learning objectives of this module.

DURATION: One to two Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 59

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: InputOutput.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;

public class InputOutput{

public static void main(String[] args){
String name=””;

BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(

new InputStreamReader(System.in));
try{
System.out.print(“What’s your name: “);
name = input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

System.out.println(“Hello “ + name);
}
}

3.2. Save the program as InputOutput.java then compile your program

until no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Execute your program.
3.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

4. Create a new program and save it as TriangleArea.java that will compute

for the area of a right triangle where base and height will be inputted by
the user.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 60

4.1. Sample output :

Input base value = __  Let’s input 5 then <ENTER>

Input height value = __  Let’s input 5 then <ENTER>
The Area of the right triangle is 12.50  Output

4.2. Write your complete source code here:

4.3. Save and Compile your program until such time that there is no more
error.
4.4. Execute the program and write the output on the box provided below.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 61

5. Create another program by copying the code below in your text editor.

public class BeforeAfter{

public static void main(String[] args){
int x=0, y=0, z=0;
String name;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
try{
System.out.print(“Input value for x: “);
name = input.readLine();
x = Integer.parseInt(name);
System.out.print(“Input value for y: “);
name = input.readLine();
y = Integer.parseInt(name);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}
z = x;
x = y;
y = z;
System.out.println(“x= “ + x);
System.out.println(“y= “ + y);
}
}
5.1. Save the program as BeforeAfter.java then compile your program
until no errors and warnings are reported.
5.2. Execute your program.
5.3. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

5.4. What do you think is the main objective of the program?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 62

6. Write a complete Java program that will ask the user to input two (2)
numbers and perform the five (5) basic arithmetic operations on these
numbers. Save your program as PerformArtithmetic.Java

Sample screen output:

Enter first number: <assuming the input is 5>

Enter second number: <assuming the input is 3>

Sum = 8
Difference = 2
Product = 15
Quotient = 1.0
Remainder = 2
Write your code here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 63

UNIT 2

Control Structures
1. Control Flows

Basically, control structures specify the sequence of execution of a group of

statements. Some statement may need to be executed in sequential fashion,
some may have to be repeated several times while others may or may not be
executed depending on some condition.

1.1. Different types of control structures in JAVA

There are three available control structures in Java. These are as

follows:
1. Sequential Control Structure
2. Decision Control Structures
3. Repetition Control Structures

2. Sequential Control Structures

A sequential control structure is organized such that statements are executed

one after the other in the order of their appearance in the source code.

Example: Assuming that variables a, b, c, were declared as integer data types

a = 1; // First Statement
b = 2; // Second Statement
c = a + b; // Third Statement

In the above example, the order by which execution occurs will be from the
first statement, followed by the second statement, and finally the third
statement.

3. Decision Control Structures

A decision control structure is organized in such a way that there should be a

condition to be evaluated first. The behavior of the program will depend on
the truthfulness of a condition being tested. The result of the evaluation will
yield to either true or false condition. The result of the condition will then
dictate the course of action to be taken.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 64

3.1 if Statement

The syntax of an if-Statement:

if(boolean expression)
statement;

or

if(boolean expression){
statement1;
statement2;
. . .
statementN;
}

Note that for multiple statements under an if-statement, it requires a pair

of curly braces. But for a single statement, the curly brace becomes
optional.

Statements under an if-statement will only be executed if and only if the

condition being tested results to a true condition.

Example: Write a program that will accept an integer value and

determine whether this is a POSITIVE number.

// if statement sample program

import java.io.*;

public class PositiveNumber{

public static void main(String[] args){
int num;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}
Example:
numRewrite the program to include test for NEGATIVE numbers:
= Integer.parseInt(in);
if(num>=0)
System.out.println(“Number is POSITIVE”);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 65

The sample program will evaluate in an integer input if it is POSITIVE.

The boolean condition being tested must yield to a TRUE value in order
for the statement under the if statement to be executed.
// if statement sample program
import java.io.*;

public class PositiveNumber{

public static void main(String[] args){
int num;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}
num = Integer.parseInt(in);
if(num>=0)
System.out.println(“Number is POSITIVE”);
if(num<0)
System.out.println(“Number is NEGATIVE”);
}
}

The modified program above uses two (2) if() blocks, one to evaluate
whether an input number is greater than or equal to zero hence a positive
number, and one to evaluate whether an input number is lesser than zero
which is a negative number. The program is not the best implementation
of an if() statement because if you will trace it, both conditions are
tested. Meaning, the program will test for the second condition still, even
though the first condition has already been met. But first let us try to trace
and simulate the program.

Simulation:

Input a number = 5
n = 5 is POSITIVE
_

Analysis:

When the user inputs 5, the value is then stored in the variable in prior to
conversion to an integer value to be stored in the variable num. The
program performs the first conditional statement if(num>=0). Since it

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 66

results to TRUE, the System.out.println() under it will be executed

next. It doesn’t stop there (that’s the problem)! The program will evaluate
the second conditional statement if(num<0) even though it will always
result to FALSE. The extra test results to inefficiency of the program.

Example: Write a program that will accept a number representing the day
of the week. Thereafter, the program will display the equivalent day.

// Day program using if-statement only

import java.io.*;
public class DaysOfWeek{
public static void main(String[] args){
int day;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number from 1-7: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}
day = Integer.parseInt(in);

if(day == 1){
System.out.println(“That day is a Monday!”);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);}
if(day == 2){
System.out.println(“That day is a Tuesday!”);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);}
if(day == 3){
System.out.println(“That day is a Wednesday!”);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);}
if(day == 4){
System.out.println(“That day is a Thursday!”);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);}
if(day == 5){
System.out.println(“That day is a Friday!”);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);}
if(day == 6){
System.out.println(“That day is a Saturday!”);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);}
if(day == 7){
System.out.println(“That day is a Sunday!”);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);}
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 67

Analysis:

The day program is just one possible solution, and it is not really a good
solution like the number program! If you’ll notice, the statement
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”) is common to all if-
statement and it is repeated seven times! This common instruction can
actually be factored out. A better solution is given below (but not yet the
best!).

/* Modified Day program using if-statement only */

import java.io.*;
public class DaysOfWeek{
public static void main(String[] args){
int day;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number from 1-7: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}
day = Integer.parseInt(in);

if(day == 1)
System.out.println(“That day is a Monday!”);
if(day == 2)
System.out.println(“That day is a Tuesday!”);
if(day == 3)
System.out.println(“That day is a Wednesday!”);
if(day == 4)
System.out.println(“That day is a Thursday!”);
if(day == 5)
System.out.println(“That day is a Friday!”);
if(day == 6){
System.out.println(“That day is a Saturday!”);
if(day == 7){
System.out.println(“That day is a Sunday!”);

System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);

}
}

Note that this program is better than the previous one. One of the
desirable qualities that an aspiring programmer should have is the ability
to factor out common instructions to reduce the perceived length and
complexity of a program.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 68

However, please note that this is still not the best solution to the problem.
Why? Assume that day is equivalent to a value of 1. If that is the case,
then the first if condition will be evaluated as true and the program will
output “That day is a Monday!”. So far there’s no problem, however,
please note that after executing the System.out.println(), the
program will still execute the remaining six if statement. Logic tells us that
we need not do them. As much as possible, we don’t want the program to
execute unnecessary instructions since it will be a waste of computation
time. There must be a much better solution to the problem.

Example:

In temperate countries like Japan, there are four seasons. April to June is
spring, July to September is summer, October to December is autumn and
January to March is winter. We wish to write a program that allows the
user to input month in its numeric equivalent (i.e., January is 1, February
is to 2 and so on…). The output of the program is the season associated
with that month.
// Season program using if-statement
import java.io.*;
public class Season{
public static void main(String[] args){
int month;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number from 1-12: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}
month = Integer.parseInt(in);
if(month == 1)
System.out.println(“It’s winter.”);
if(month == 2)
System.out.println(“It’s winter.”);
if(month == 3)
System.out.println(“It’s winter.”);
if(month == 4)
System.out.println(“It’s spring.”);
if(month == 5)
System.out.println(“It’s spring.”);
if(month == 6)
System.out.println(“It’s spring.”);
if(month == 7)
System.out.println(“It’s summer.”);
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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 69

if(month == 8)
System.out.println(“It’s summer.”);
if(month == 9)
System.out.println(“It’s summer.”);
if(month == 10)
System.out.println(“It’s autumn.”);
if(month == 11)
System.out.println(“It’s autumn.”);
if(month == 12)
System.out.println(“It’s autumn.”);
}
}

Note: The program above will give the required result, however, it is not
really the best possible solution to the problem.

A better solution to the Season program is shown below using two

different approaches:

1. Using Logical OR

// Season program using if-statement and logical OR

import java.io.*;
public class Season{
public static void main(String[] args){
int month;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number from 1-12: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

month = Integer.parseInt(in);

if(month == 1 || month == 2 || month == 3)

System.out.println(“It’s winter.”);
if(month == 4 || month == 5 || month ==6)
System.out.println(“It’s spring.”);
if(month == 7 || month == 8 || month == 9)
System.out.println(“It’s summer.”);
if(month == 10 || month == 11 || month == 12)
System.out.println(“It’s autumn.”);
2.} Using Logical AND
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 70

// Season program using if-statement and logical AND

import java.io.*;
public class Season{
public static void main(String[] args){
int month;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number from 1-12: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

month = Integer.parseInt(in);

if(month >= 1 && month <= 3)

System.out.println(“It’s winter.”);
if(month >= 4 && month <=6)
System.out.println(“It’s spring.”);
if(month >= 7 && month <= 9)
System.out.println(“It’s summer.”);
if(month >= 10 && month <= 12)
System.out.println(“It’s autumn.”);

}
}

3.2. if-else Statement

A better approach in multiple choices type of problem solving is the if-

else statement. Recall that example programs implementing if-statement
is not the best solution since it tests for all conditions even though the
result has already been achieved. if-else works in such a way that if one
condition is evaluated to be TRUE, then it executes statements
belonging to that condition and disregards the rest of the conditions not
yet evaluated. This in short is the principle of what we call short circuit
evaluation. Once a condition is met, no need to check the rest.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 71

Syntax of an if-else statement is as follows:

if(<condition>)
{
statement1;
statement2;
. . .
statementN;
}
else
{
statement1;
statement2;
. . .
statementN;
}

The <condition> is first tested. If the <condition> results a TRUE value

then the statement/s under the if block will be executed and the
statements under the else block will no longer be tested and executed.
Otherwise, if the <condition> results to a FALSE the statement under
the if block will not be executed but statements under the else block will
be the one to be executed.
// Number program using if-else
import java.io.*;
public class NumberProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
int num;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input a Number: “);
try{
in=input.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

num = Integer.parseInt(in);

if(num>=0)
System.out.println(“Number is POSITIVE”);
else
System.out.println(“Number is NEGATIVE”);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 72

Exercises: Using If-Else statement, write a program for the following

1. Accept an integer value and thereafter display whether the number is

ODD or EVEN number.
2. Ask the user to input either 1 or 0. If the input value is 1 then the
program should display TRUE, otherwise displays FALSE.
3. Ask the user to input an integer value representing the day in the
week. Just like in the previous program problem, assume that 1
represents Monday, 2 is Tuesday and so on. The program should
display whether the input day belongs to a WEEKEND or a
WEEKDAY.
4. Ask the user to input a letter. If the user entered a lower-case letter,
display the words LOWER CASE, otherwise displays the word UPPER
CASE.
5. Ask the user to input the last digit in his car plate and thereafter the
program will display what day is prohibited for him to use his car. This
is also known as the number coding scheme.
6. You’ve been hired as a programmer by SFT (Send Fail Telecom) – a
mobile telecommunications company. You are to write a program that
will ask the user to input the number of text messages involved by SFT
cellphone subscriber. The text messaging charge is then computed
based on the number of test messages. The charge is zero for the first
200 messages. Text messages beyond that would be charged by 0.5
peso per message. The program should output the charge incurred.

3.3. Nested if statements

Since if and if-else are statement by themselves, it can actually be used

as statement(s) inside and if or if-else. The term used to refer to such a
construction is nested if statement.

Example:

You were hired as a programmer by TNP (Telepono ng Pilipino) a phone

company. TNP employs a metering scheme in computing the telephone
bill. The metering scheme is as follows: Calls make on a weekday
between 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM are charged at 2.50 pesos per minute.
Charges made at other times during a weekday are charged a
discounted rate of 2.00 per minute. Calls made anytime on a weekend
are charged a weekend rate of 1.50 pesos per minute. Your job is to
write a program that will ask the user to enter the following information:
(a) an integer representing the day the call was made, let 1 represent
Monday, 2 represent Tuesday and so on, (b) an integer representing the
time (in 24 hours format) the call started (c) and integer representing the
length of time or duration of the call in minutes (assume that all calls are
rounded to the next minute, i.e. a call lasting 2 minutes and 35 seconds

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 73

is billed as a 3 minute call). The rate applied depends on the day the call
was made and on the time the call was started (not when it ended).
Based on the information entered, the program should print the bill
corresponding to the call.
// TNP program using nested if/if-else
import java.io.*;
public class TNPProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
double charge, rate;
int day=0, sTime=0, duration=0;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));

try{
/* input the day, start time and duration
of the call */
System.out.print(“Day:“);
in=input.readLine();
day = Integer.parseInt(in);
System.out.print(“Start Time:“);
in=input.readLine();
sTime = Integer.parseInt(in);
System.out.print(“Duration of Call:“);
in=input.readLine();
duration = Integer.parseInt(in);

}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

// Sample of nested if statement.

if(day >= 1 && day <= 5){ //check for weekday

if(sTime >= 0600 && sTime <=1800)

rate = 2.5; //regular rate
else
rate = 2.0; // discounted rate
}

else // assume it’s a weekend

rate = 1.5; // weekend rate
charge = rate * duration;
System.out.println(“The call charge is: “ +
charge);
}
}
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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 74

Example:
Write a program that will determine the income of an employee. An
employee is either a part-time employee or a full-time employee. A part-
time employee’s gross income is computed as the product or his/her
hourly rate and the number of hours worked. The gross income of a full-
time employee is computed as regular pay plus overtime pay. The
overtime pay is computed as overtime rate multiplied by the number of
overtime hours. The overtime pay should be computed if and only if the
overtime hours rendered is not zero.
// Salary Program using nested if/if-else */
import java.io.*;
public class SalaryProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
int eType=0;
double gIncome=0, hRate=0, hWorked=0;
double rPay=0, otHours=0, otRate=0, otPay=0;
int day=0, sTime=0, duration=0;
String in;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));

try{
// input employee type
System.out.print(“Employee is [1]Part-time
[2] Full-time“);
in=input.readLine();
eType = Integer.parseInt(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

if(eType == 1){ // part-time

try{
// input hourly rate and hours worked
System.out.print(“Input hourly rate: ”);
in=input.readLine();
hRate = Double.parseDouble(in);
System.out.print(“Input number of hours
worked: “);
in=input.readLine();
hWorked = Double.parseDouble(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}
gIncome = hRate * hWorked;
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 75

else{ // employee_type == 2
try{
/* input regular pay and overtime hours
and overtime rate */
System.out.print(“Input regular pay: ”);
in=input.readLine();
rPay = Double.parseDouble(in);
System.out.print(“Input number of
overtime hours: “);
in=input.readLine();
otHours = Double.parseDouble(in);
System.out.print(“Input overtime rate”);
in=input.readLine();
otRate = Double.parseDouble(in);

}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

if(otHours > 0.0)

otPay = otRate * otHours;
else
otPay = 0.0;

gincome = rPay + otPay;

}

System.out.println(“Gross income= ” + gIncome);

}
}

3.4. Cascading if-else statement

There are many situations wherein we will need to cascade if-else

statements. Improved versions of the program example given in the
simple if statement are rewritten below using cascaded if-else.
Cascaded if-else are also nested if-else.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 76

//Program Days of the Week

import java.io.*;
public class DayOfWeek{
public static void main(String[] args){
int day = 0;
String in = “ “;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input number from 1 - 7: ”);
try{
in=input.readLine();
day = Integer.parseInt(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

if(day == 1)
System.out.println(“That day is a Monday!”);
else if(day == 2)
System.out.println(“That day is a Tuesday!”);
else if(day == 3)
System.out.println(“That day is a Wednesday!”);
else if(day == 4)
System.out.println(“That day is a Thursday!”);
else if(day == 5)
System.out.println(“That day is a Friday!”);
else if(day == 6)
System.out.println(“That day is a Saturday!”);
else if(day == 7)
System.out.println(“That day is a Sunday!”);

System.out.println(“Have a nice day.\n”);

}
}

NOTE: What will happen if the user entered 1 as the value of day? The
program will print “That day is a Monday!” and following it below is
the text “Have a nice day.”. It will not test the other condition unlike in
the simple if solution presented before. Thus, there are no unnecessary
computations.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 77

Example: Season Program

// Season program using Logical AND
import java.io.*;
public class SeasonProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
String in = “ “;
int month = 0;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input month: ”);
try{
in = input.ReadLine();
month = Integer.parseInt(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
if(month >= 1 && month <= 3)
System.out.println(“It’s winter.”);
else if(month >= 4 && month <= 6)
System.out.println(“It’s spring.”);
else if(month >= 7 && month <= 9)
System.out.println(“It’s summer.”);
else if(month >= 10 && month <= 12)
System.out.println(“It’s autumn.”);
}
}

Another implementation of the Season Program, assuming that input

values are from 1 to 12 only is presented below:

import java.io.*;
public class SeasonProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
String in = “ “;
int month = 0;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input month: ”);
try{
in = input.ReadLine();
month = Integer.parseInt(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

if(month <= 3)
System.out.println(“It’s winter.”);

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 78

else if(month <= 6)

System.out.println(“It’s spring.”);
else if(month <= 9)
System.out.println(“It’s summer.”);
else
System.out.println(“It’s autumn.”);
}
}

3.5. The switch Statement

The switch statement is a good alternative to cascading if-else

statement. The syntax for the switch-case statement is as follow:

Syntax:

switch(<expression>)
{
case <value1>: <statement1.1>;
<statement1.2>;
<statement1.N>;
[break];

case <value2>: <statement2.1>;

<statement2.2>;
<statement2.N>;
[break];

case <valueN>: <statementN.1>;

<statementN.2>;
<statementN.N>;
[break];

[default : <statement> ];
}

Note:

 The expression must always be enclosed within a pair of

parenthesis.
 The expression must evaluate to a whole number (i.e., an integer);
the use of single precision and double precision floating point values
will result into an error.
 The <expression> is tested if it is equivalent to any of <value1>,
<value2> and so on. If it is equivalent to <value1> for example,
then <statement1.1> until <statement1.N> will be executed.
The same applies to other cases.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 79

 The break statement is optional. If it is present, it will cause the

program to “break” or “jump” out of the switch statement, and to
execute the next statement following switch statement. If the break is
not present, it will cause the program to execute the statement in the
following case, i.e., <statement2.1> above, causing a waterfall
effect. The same applies to the other cases.
 If the <expression> is not equivalent to any of the values, then it
will execute the <statement> in the default case if it is present.

Example: Day Program

//Program Days of the Week using switch statement

import java.io.*;
public class DayOfWeek{
public static void main(String[] args){
int day = 0;
String in = “ “;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input number from 1 - 7: ”);
try{
in=input.readLine();
day = Integer.parseInt(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error”);
}

switch(day)
{
case 1: System.out.println(“That day is a Monday!”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“That day is a Tuesday!”);
break;
case 3: System.out.println(“That day is a Wednesday!”);
break;
case 4: System.out.println(“That day is a Thursday!”);
break;
case 5: System.out.println(“That day is a Friday!”);
break;
case 6: System.out.println(“That day is a Saturday!”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“That day is a Sunday!”);
break
default: System.out.println(“Invalid input try again”);
}
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 80

Example: Season Program

//Season Program using switch statement

import java.io.*;
public class SeasonProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
String in = “ “;
int month = 0;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input month: ”);
try{
in = input.ReadLine();
month = Integer.parseInt(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

switch(month){
case 1: System.out.println(“It is winter.”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“It is winter.”);
break;
case 3: System.out.println(“It is winter.”);
break;
case 4: System.out.println(“It is spring.”);
break;
case 5: System.out.println(“It is spring.”);
break;
case 6: System.out.println(“It is spring.”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“It is summer.”);
break;
case 8: System.out.println(“It is summer.”);
break;
case 9: System.out.println(“It is summer.”);
break;
case 10: System.out.println(“It is autumn.”);
break;
case 11: System.out.println(“It is autumn.”);
break;
case 12: System.out.println(“It is autumn.”);
break;
}
}
}

NOTE: This program will run but it is not the best implementation.
It is possible to have several cases respond to the same statement. A
better way of implementing the previous program is shown below:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 81

//Modified Season Program using switch statement

import java.io.*;
public class SeasonProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
String in = “ “;
int month = 0;
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(“Input month: ”);
try{
in = input.ReadLine();
month = Integer.parseInt(in);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

switch(month){
case 1:
case 2:
case 3: System.out.println(“It is winter.”);
break;

case 4:
case 5:
case 6: System.out.println(“It is spring.”);
break;

case 7:
case 8:
case 9: System.out.println(“It is summer.”);
break;

case 10:
case 11:
case 12: System.out.println(“It is autumn.”);
break;

default: System.out.println(“Invalid Input!”);

}
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 82

4. Iterative (Looping) Control Structures

One of a computer’s most important attributes is the ability to perform

repeatedly certain actions quickly, and loops are at the very heart of that. A
loop is a repetition of a certain code segment/s in the program while the
condition being evaluated remains to be true.

Loops usually have the following components:

1. Initialization of a variable or of several variables

2. Condition (that would evaluate to either true or false); the condition check
is usually made on the current value of the variable initialized in (1) above.
3. Body of the loop which maybe a single statement or a group of statements
4. A change of state which is usually a statement inside the body of the loop
that changes the contents of the variable(s)

Example: Printing the word “HELLO” fifty times.

Initialization: counter = 1
Condition: While counter <= 50
Body of the loop: Print “HELLO”
Change of state: counter = counter + 1

There are three available loop control structures in Java. These are:
1. while Loop
2. for Loop
3. do-while Loop

4.1. while Loop

The syntax of for the while loop is as follows:

<initialization>
while(<condition>)
{
<statement1>;
. . .
<statementN>;
<change of state>;
}

The body of the loop or statements under the while-loop will be

repeatedly executed while the condition is TRUE. Otherwise, the loop will
terminate and the next statement after the end of the while loop will be
executed next.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 83

Example: Considering the example given above, we have to write a

program that will print the word “HELLO” fifty times.

//Printing HELLO 50 times

public class PrintHello{

public static void main(String[] args){
int counter;
counter = 1; // Initialization
while(counter <= 50){ // Condition

System.out.println(“HELLO”); // Body
counter = counter + 1; // Change of State
}
}
}

The program above can be modified easily to print the word “HELLO” any
number of times. It is simply a matter of changing the value inside the
condition.

Exercises: Evaluating the above program answer the following questions:

1. What will happen if we remove the initialization counter = 1 in the

program? This means that the value of counter is undefined or
garbage.
2. What will happen if we remove the curly brackets enclosing the body of
the loop?
3. What will happen if the programmer committed a typographical error,
such that instead of pressing the less than symbol, the greater than
symbol was pressed, i.e. the condition becomes counter >= 50?
4. What will happen if the programmer forgot changing the value of
counter, i.e., counter = counter + 1 was omitted.
5. Write a new program using a while loop where it will print the numbers
10 down to 1 in vertical way.

Note that the change of state need not always be an increment or

decrement by 1. It can be of any value (also known as the step value) that
is appropriate in the problem. Consider the next example:

Example: Program that will compute the sum of all numbers that are
divisible by 5 from 0 to 100.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 84

// by 5’s program using while loop

public class ByFive{

public static void main(String[] args){
int num, sum;
sum = 0;
num = 0;

while(num <= 100){

sum = sum + num;
num = num + 5;
}
System.out.println(“sum = ” + sum);
}
}

Note that the change of state in the above program is an increment of 5.

Once the value of num reaches 105, the body of the loop will terminate
and the statement below it will be executed next, which is
System.out.println(“sum = “ sum);.

Variable used for the change of state are not limited to integers only and
need not always be incremental. Consider the following example:
// Step down using while loop
public class StepDown{
public static void main(String[] args){
double n = 10;
while(n >= 1){
System.out.println(n);
n = n – 0.5;
}
}
}

Try simulating the output of the step down program written above.

4.2. for Loop

The syntax for a for-loop is as follows:

for([initialization]; [condition]; [change of state]){

<statement1>;
. . .
<statementN>;
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 85

The for-loop is actually a “more compact” form of the while loop. The
loop is executed as follows:
1. Perform the initialization
2. Check the condition
3. If the condition results to a TRUE value, the statement/s inside the for-
loop (body) will be executed. Else proceed to #6
4. Change of state
5. Goes back to #2.
6. Exit the loop and the statement after the end of the for-loop will be
executed.

Example: Print the word “HELLO” fifty times using for-loop:

//HELLO 50 times using for-loop example

public class PrintHello{

public static void main(String[] args){
int counter;

for(counter = 1; counter <= 50; counter++){

System.out.println(“HELLO”); // Body
}
}
}

Note that the initialization, condition, and the change of state are only
found in one line. The body of the for-loop like the while-loop is enclosed
in a pair of curly braces. If there is only one statement representing the
body of the loop, then the pair of curly brackets can be optional.

counter++ is also the same as counter = counter + 1

Example: Print all EVEN numbers from 100 down to 0

// Even from 100 down to 0 using for-loop

public class EvenNumbers{

public static void main(String[] args){
int i;

for(i = 100; i >= 0; i = i - 2)

System.out.println(i);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 86

Example: A program that display the Fibonacci series.

// Fibonacci series using for-loops
import java.io.*;
public class FibonacciNumbers{
public static void main(String[] args){
int prev = 0, next = 1, ans = 0;
int i, num = 0;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.print(“Input a number: “);

try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
num = Integer.parseInt(input);
System.out.println(“Fibonacci series is: ” + num);

for(i = num; i >=0; i--){

System.out.print(ans);
prev = next;
next = ans;
ans = prev + next;
}
}
}

Sample Output: The Fibonacci of 10

Input a number: 10
The Fibonacci series of 10 is:
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 _

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 87

4.3. do-while Loop

The syntax for a Do-While-loop is as follows:

<initialization>;

do{
<statement1>;
. . .
<statementN>;
<change of state>;
}while(<condition>);

The Do-While is executed as follows:

1. Performs the initialization.
2. Performs the body of the loop
3. Change of state
4. Checks the condition. If the condition results to a TRUE value, the
statement/s inside the do-while Loop (body) will be executed until
condition will be FALSE.
5. If condition is FALSE, exit the loop and the statement after the end of
the do-while Loop will be executed.

Example: Print the word “HELLO” fifty times using do-while-Loop:

//HELLO x 50 using do-while-loop example

public class PrintHello{

public static void main(String[] args){
int counter;
counter = 1; // Initialization
do{
System.out.println(“HELLO”); // Body
counter = counter + 1; // Change of State
}while(counter <= 50); // Condition
}
}

Note that in a do-while Loop, the body is executed at least once

before the condition is checked. Unlike in the while and for loops, the
condition is first checked before the body of the loop can be executed.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 88

Example: Print all EVEN numbers from 100 down to 0

// Even from 100 down to 0 using do-while-loop

public class EvenNumbers{

public static void main(String[] args){
int i;
i = 100;
do{
System.out.println(i);
i = i – 2;
}while(i >= 0);
}
}

4.4. Other implementation of loops

Loops are not confined on processing numeric data, the program will
depend on the problem that is being solved. Let us consider the
problem below.
// Interactive program using loops
import java.io.*;
public class InteractiveProgram{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a, b = 0, sum;
char again;
String input = “ “;
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
do{
sum = 0;
for(a = 0; a < 10; a++){
System.out.println(“Input number “ + a + “ of 9: ”);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
b = Integer.parseInt(input);
sum = sum + b;
}
System.out.println(“The sum = ” + sum);
System.out.println(“Do you want to try again? (Y/N)”);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){}
again = input.charAt(0);
}while(again == ‘Y’ || again == ‘y’);
System.out.println(“Have a nice day!”);
}
}
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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 89

4.5. Counters

A counter is a variable that is used to keep track of the count (frequency)

of a certain group of items. Usually,
 Its data is integer
 It is initialized to a value of 0
 Incremented by 1 inside a loop

Example: Write a program that will ask the user to input 10 integers. The
program should output how many of the data are positive. Assume that zero is a
positive integer.

// Counter program
import java.io.*;
public class CounterProgram
public static void main(String[] args){
int i=0, num, ctr_positive;
String input = “ “;
ctr_positive = 0;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){

System.out.println(“Input number “ + i + “ of 9:”, i);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error !”);
}
num = Integer.parseInt(input);
if(num >= 0){
ctr_positive = ctr_positive + 1;
}
}
System.out.println(“Positive integers= ” + ctr_positive);
}
}

Exercise:
1. Modify the previous program such that it will also count and print the
number of negative integers that were inputted by the user.
2. Create a new program that will ask the user to input n integer values
then print the number of ODD and EVEN numbers.
3. Create a program the will display all numbers that are divisible by 5
and count how many of them are there in the range of a signed integer
data type.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 90

4.6. Accumulators

An accumulator is a variable that is used to keep track of the

accumulated value of a certain group of items. An accumulator
 May have a data type of int, float or double
 It is usually initialized to a value of 0
 Changes by assuming the sum of the current value of the
accumulator and the value of another variable

Example: Write a program that will ask the user to input n integers. The program
should output the sum of all the input data.

// Accumulator Sample
import java.io.*;
public class AccumulatorSample{
public static void main(String[] args){
int n, i, num, sum;
String input = “ “;
sum = 0;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println(“How many numbers to process? ”);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
n = Integer.parseInt(input);
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
System.out.println(“Input number ” + i + “ of ” + n);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
num = Integer.parseInt(input);
sum = sum + num;
}
System.out.println(“Sum of all input data is = ” + sum);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 91

Exercises:

1. Modify the previous program such that it will compute and output the
sum of positive numbers and the sum of negative numbers.

2. Create a new program that will ask the user to input how many
students are there in a class. Thereafter, the user will be asked to input
the final grade for each student. The program should determine the
average of all the grades of the student in that class. How many of
them passed, and how many of them failed.

Assume that the passing grades are from 75 to 99, and failing grades
are from 70 to 74.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 92

Midterm Laboratory Activity 1 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: if-else Statement

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Perform conditional statement using if and if-else.

2. Differentiate the function of an if and if-else statements.
3. Debug programs using nested if and cascading if-else statements.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates these basic operations.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Activity 1 to Prelim Activity 6
in order for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this
module.

DURATION: One to two Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program.
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 93

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: PosNeg.java */
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class PosNeg{
public static void main(String[] args){
int number;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.println(“Input a Number: “ );

try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out,println(“Error!”);
}

number = Integer.parseInt(input);

if(number < 0)
{
System.out.println(“The number “ + number + “ is
NEGATIVE”);
}
if(number >= 0)
{
System.out.println(“The number “ + number + “ is
POSITIVE”);
}
}
}

3.2. Save your program as PosNeg.java then compile your program

until no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Run your program.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 94

3.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

4. Create a new program and save it as TwoNum.java. Your program

should allow the user to input two integer numbers. Thereafter, the
program should determine if these two integer numbers are
EQUIVALENT, or if the first number is GREATER THAN the second
number, or if the first number is LESSER THAN the second number.

4.1. Write your complete program here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 95

4.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
4.3. Run your program.
4.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

5. Rewrite your PosNeg.java source code using only one if statement and
an else statement. Save it as PosNeg2.java

5.1. Write your complete source code here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 96

5.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
5.3. Run your program.
5.4. Write what will be displayed on the screen after a complete
simulation of your program.

6. Rewrite your TwoNum.java source code and save it as TwoNum2.java

but this time using cascading if-else statements.

6.1. Write your complete source code here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 97

6.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
6.3. Run your program.
6.4. Write what will be displayed on the screen after a complete
simulation of your program.

7. Create a new program save it as AGE.C.

7.1. Complete the source code below:

int age;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.print(“Input age : ”);

try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

age = Integer.parseInt(input);

if(age < 0 || age >= 100)

System.out.print(“Invalid age”);
if(age < 5)
System.out.println(“BABY”);
if(age < 12)
System.out.println(“CHILD”);
if(age < 20)
System.out.println(“TEENAGER”);
if(age < 50)
System.out.println(“ADULT”);
if(age < 100)
System.out.println(“SENIOR CITIZEN”);

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 98

7.2. Save your program as Age.java then compile your program until
no errors and warnings are reported.
7.3. Run your program.
7.4. Write what will be displayed on the screen for the following input.
Input age : 101

Input age : 95

Input age : 50

Input age : 45

Input age : 13

Input age : 10

Input age : 3

Input age : -2

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 99

7.5. Based from the results of your simulation, write down what you
have observed.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

8. Now try revising the Age.java program by using cascading if-else

statement instead of the nested if-statements.

8.1. Write your revised cascading if-else statement here:

8.2. Simulate using the same test inputs. Write what will be displayed
on the screen:
Input age : 101

Input age : 95

Input age : 50

Input age : 45

Input age : 13

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 100

Input age : 10

Input age : 3

Input age : -2

8.3. Based from the results of your simulation, write down what you
have observed.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
8.4. Is there any difference between a nested if and cascading if-else
statements? If so, differentiate it.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

9. Create a new program and save it as Bingo.java

9.1. You were hired by PAGCOR as part of the programming team in-
charge of automating its BINGO game. Your task is to write a
program that will accept an integer number whose value is from 1
to 75. Thereafter, your program should determine and print the
letter that corresponds to that number. That is, numbers 1 to 15
corresponds to the letter ‘B’, 16 to 30 corresponds to the letter ‘I’,
31 to 45 corresponds to the letter ‘N’, 46 to 60 corresponds to the
letter ‘G’ and 61 to 75 corresponds to the letter ‘O’.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 101

9.2. Write your complete source code here

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 102

9.3. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
9.4. Run your program.
9.5. Write what will be displayed on the screen during your simulation or
test run.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 103

Midterm Laboratory Activity 2 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: switch Statement

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Perform conditional statement using switch-case statements.

2. Debug programs using switch-case statements.
3. Transform programs using switch-case to cascading if-else statements
and vice-versa.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates these basic operations.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Activity 1 to Midterm Activity
1 in order for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this
module.

DURATION: One to two Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 104

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: Days.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class Days{
public static void main(String[] args){
int day;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.print(“Input a number from 1 to 7: ”);

try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

day = Integer.parseInt(input);

switch(day){
case 1 : System.out.println(“The day is a Monday!”);
break;
case 2: System.out.println(“The day is a Tuesday!”);
break;
case 3: System.out.println(“The day is a Wednesday!”);
break;
case 4: System.out.println(“That day is a Thursday!”);
break;
case 5: System.out.println(“The day is a Friday!”);
break;
case 6: System.out.println(“The day is a Saturday!”);
break;
case 7: System.out.println(“The day is a Sunday!”);
break;
}
System.out.println(“Have a nice day.”);
}
}

3.2. Save your program as Days.java then compile your program until
no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Run your program.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 105

3.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

4. Now let us experiment by altering your code. Answer the following

questions:

4.1. Insert the following codes after the break in case 7

default: System.out.println(“Invalid input!!!”);

4.2. Save, compile, then run your Days.java program and input a
value for day that is not from 1 to 7. What will be displayed on the
screen?

4.3. Now remove the break statement in case 2. Then compile and run
your program. Input a value for day equal to 2. Write what will be
displayed on the screen.

What is the effect of removing the break statement?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 106

4.4. Reinsert the break statement in case 2. Now try moving the
following codes:

default: System.out.println(“Invalid input!!!”);

break;

after the break statement in case 3.

4.5. Compile, run your program. Try inputting a value that is not from 1
to 7.

Did your program behave normally? _______

Does it really matter where you place the default? ______

4.6. Try rearranging the case values in a randomize manner. Compile

and run your program.

Did your program behave normally? _______

Is there any effect on the program behavior? ________

5. Create a new program and save it as Quarter.java. Your program

should be able to accept an integer value from 1 to 12 representing the
months of the year. (1 is for January, 2 is for February, 3 is for March, and
so on). Your program should display what quarter does the input month
belong to.

Example: If input is from 1 to 3 output should be: 1st Quarter

If input is from 4 to 6 output should be: 2nd Quarter
If input is from 7 to 9 output should be: 3rd Quarter
If input is from 10 to 12 output should be: 4th Quarter

5.1. Implement the program using switch-case statement.

5.2. Now do the same program but use cascading if-else statement.
5.3 From both programs, what do you think is better in terms writability
(the ease of writing the codes) and in terms of readability (the ease
of understanding the codes)?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 107

Write your complete Quarter.java program implementing switch-case here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 108

Write your complete Quarter.java program implementing if-else here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 109

Midterm Laboratory Activity 3 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Loops

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Identify available loop control structures in Java.

2. Differentiate the different loop control structures in Java.
3. Implement these different loop control structures for a given problem.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates these basic operations.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Activity 1 to Midterm Activity
2 in order for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this
module.

DURATION: Two to Three Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 110

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: Sum1.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class Sum1{
public static void main(String[] args){
int start = 0, end = 0, sum;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

try{
System.out.print(“Input starting number: “);
input = in.readLine();
start = Integer.parseInt(input);

System.out.print(“Input ending number: “);

input = in.readLine();
end = Integer.parseInt(input);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

if(start >= end){

System.out.print(“Starting number should be lesser “);
System.out.println(“than the ending number. “);
System.out.println(“Try again.”);
System.exit(0);
}

if(start%2 == 0)
{
start = start + 1;
}

sum = 0;
while(start <= end)
{
sum = sum + start;
start = start + 2;
}
System.out.println(“Sum = ” + sum);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 111

3.2. Save the program as Sum1.java then compile your program until
no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Run your program.
3.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

4. Now let’s try another implementation. Copy the source code below and
save it as Sum2.java
/* Programmed by: <write your name here>
Program title: Sum2.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class Sum2{
public static void main(String[] args){
int start = 0, end = 0, sum;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));
try{
System.out.print(“Input starting number: “);
input = in.readLine();
start = Integer.parseInt(input);

System.out.print(“Input ending number: “);

input = in.readLine();
end = Integer.parseInt(input);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

if(start >= end){

System.out.print(“Starting number should be lesser “);
System.out.println(“than the ending number. “);
System.out.println(“Try again.”);
System.exit(0);
}
if(start%2 == 0){
start = start + 1;
}
sum = 0;
for(start = start; start <= end; start = start + 2){
sum = sum + start;
}
System.out.println(“Sum = ” + sum);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 112

4.1. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen. Try using
the same input values in your Sum1.java

5. Let us try another implementation. Copy the source code and save it as
Sum3.C
/* Programmed by: <write your name here>
Program title: Sum3.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class Sum3{
public static void main(String[] args){
int start = 0, end = 0, sum;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));
try{
System.out.print(“Input starting number: “);
input = in.readLine();
start = Integer.parseInt(input);
System.out.print(“Input ending number: “);
input = in.readLine();
end = Integer.parseInt(input);
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
if(start >= end){
System.out.print(“Starting number should be lesser “);
System.out.println(“than the ending number. “);
System.out.println(“Try again.”);
System.exit(0);
}
if(start%2 == 0){
start = start + 1;
}
sum = 0;
do{
sum = sum + start;
start = start + 2;
}while(start <= end);

System.out.println(“Sum = ” + sum);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 113

5.1. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen. Try using
the same input values in your Sum1.java and Sum2.java

6. After your simulation for the three programs, what do you think is the main
objective of these programs?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

7. Identify what are the different loop control structures in Java.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

8. What are the usual similar components of these loop-constructs?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
9. What do you think is different among these identified loop constructs?
Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 114

10. Create a complete Java program that shall allow the user to accept three
integer values representing the START, END, and STEP respectively. The
START should always be lesser than the END value, and the STEP is
always greater than zero. The program shall print vertically the values
starting from the START to the last value which can be equal to or lesser
than the END incremented by the STEP value.

Example Output 1: if START = 1, END = 10, STEP = 2

Input START value = 1
Input END value = 10
Input STEP value = 2

1
3
5
7
9

Do you want to try again (Y/N)? Y

Example Output 2: if START = -10, END = 20, STEP = 5

Input START value = -10

Input END value = 20
Input STEP value = 5

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20

Do you want to try again (Y/N)? N

10.1. Your program should automatically detect any errors in the initial
input.
10.2. Your program should have an additional feature that asks the user
whether the user wants TO TRY AGAIN. The Program will not
terminate until the user inputs any character other than ‘Y’ or ‘y’.
10.3. Implement the program using all looping constructs identified
earlier.

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 115

10.4. Write your complete programs in the space provided for.

// Using while Loop

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 116

// Using for Loop

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 117

// Using do-while Loop

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 118

Midterm Laboratory Activity 4 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Counters and Accumulators

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the purpose of using counters and accumulators.

2. Differentiate counters from accumulators.
3. Create a complete Java program that simulates the purpose of counters
and accumulators.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Activity 1 to Midterm Activity
3 in order for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this
module.

DURATION: Two to Three Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 119

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: Count.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class Count{
public static void main(String[] args){
int i, n, ctr;
String input = “ “;
ctr = 0;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

for(i = 1; i<=10; i++){

System.out.print(“Input integer number: ”);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

n = Integer.parseInt(input);

if(n >=0){
ctr = ctr + 1;
}
}
System.out.println(“The total value for counter is ” + ctr);
}
}

3.2. Save your program as Count.java then compile your program

until no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Run your program.
3.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 120

3.5. What do you think is being counted in the program?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

4. Revise your Count.java program and save it as Count2.java.

Thereafter, the user will be asked to input 10 integer numbers and display
how many of these 10 numbers are even and how many are odd. Use
only one variable for your counter.

4.1. Write your complete Java program here:

4.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 121

4.3. Run your program.

4.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

4.5. What do you think is the purpose of counters?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 122

5. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below to your
text editor.
5.1. Create a new program and save it as Accum.java
/* Programmed by: <write your name here>
Program title: Accum.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

public class Accum{

public static void main(String[] args){
int i, n, sum = 0;
String input = “ “;
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));

for(i = 0; i<10; i++){

System.out.print(“Input integer number: ”);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}

n = Integer.parseInt(input);
sum = sum + n;
}
System.out.println(“The sum of the integers is ” + sum);
}
}

5.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
5.3. Run your program.
5.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 123

5.5. What do you think is being accumulated in your program?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

6. Revise your Accum.java program and save it as Accum2.java.

Thereafter, the user will be asked to input 10 integer numbers and display
the sum of all even numbers and the sum of all odd numbers.

6.1. Write your complete Java program here:

6.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 124

6.3. Run your program.

6.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

6.5. What do you think is the purpose of accumulators?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________

7. Differentiate now counters from accumulators.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 125

UNIT 3

Arrays and Introduction to Methods

1. Java Arrays

An array stores multiple data items of the same type, in a contiguous block of
memory, divided into a number of slots. Furthermore, array is a capability of
programming languages wherein one variable can store a list of data and
manipulate these data more efficiently.

In simple words:
 An array is a group of elements with the same data type (homogeneous).
 An array is characterized by its name, dimension, size, and element data
type.
 An array has a dimension:
o If dimension is 1, we say that the array is a one-dimensional; Also
known as a list.
o If dimension is 2, we say that the array is a two-dimensional; Also
known as a table.
o Array having more than one dimension is also known as multi-
dimensional array.

In our course, we will just discuss one and two dimensional arrays. But in the
Java language, you can have more than two dimensions for an array.

1.1. Declaring a One-Dimensional Array

The syntax for a one-dimensional array:

<data_type> <array_name>[];
or
<data_type>[] <array_name>;

After declaring, you must create the array and specify its length using a
constructor. The process of using a constructor to create an array is
called instantiation.

Sample Declaration:

//declaration
int number[];
//instantiation
number = new int[10];

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 126

It can also be written as:

//declare and instantiate

int number[] = new int[10];

The declaration tells the Java Compiler that the identifier number will be
used as the name of the array containing integers and creates or
instantiate a new array containing 10 elements.

Examples:
char name[] = new char[35];
int grades[] = new int[50];
float area[] = new float[5];
double data[] = new double[10];

Note: array elements not explicitly initialized will have garbage values.

To reference an element in a one-dimensional array:

<array_name>[<index>]

Key Points when referencing elements in an array in Java:

 The range of values that you can use as array index is from 0 to
<size-1>
 The first element is always at index 0
 The last element is always at index <size -1>
 Index cannot be negative
 Index cannot be a float or double (real) number, only integer values

Example: A list of 10 scores in a quiz:

int scores[] = new int[10];

 The range of index values is from 0 to 9
 The first element is at scores[0]
 The last element is at scores[9]

scores[0] = 7
scores[1] = 3
scores[2] = 8
scores[3] = 4
scores[4] = 6
scores[5] = 3
scores[6] = 6
scores[7] = 9
scores[8] = 7
scores[9] = 5

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 127

Graphical representation of scores array having 10 as its size:

index  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
scores: 7 3 8 4 6 3 6 9 7 5

values

You can also initialize values of an array during declaration. Examples

are:

/*creates an array of boolean variable with identifier

values initialized to True and False */

boolean values[] = {true, false};

/*creates an array of 4 double values (100, 90, 80,

75) with identifier name grades*/

double[] grades = {100, 90, 80, 75};

//creates an array of Strings with identifier days

String days[] = {“Mon”, ”Tues”, ”Wed”, ”Thurs”, ”Fri”,

“Sat”, ”Sun”};

Example: Create a program that will declare a one-dimensional array with

a size of 10. Initialize the array and let the user input 10 quiz scores as
given above, thereafter compute the average of these 10 scores. Assume
that the perfect score per quiz is 10 points.

Workbook
 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 128

// 10 quiz scores using 1-D array

import java.io.*;
public class TenQuizScores{
public static void main(String[] args){
int scores[] = new int[10];
int i, sum = 0, num = 0;
double ave = 0;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

// Initialize list to zero

for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){
scores[i] = 0;
}
// Input 10 scores
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){
System.out.print(“Input score “ + i + “ = ”);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
num = Integer.parseInt(input);
scores[i] = num;
}
// Print inputted scores
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){
System.out.println(“score “ + i + “ = ”+ scores[i]);
}
// Compute sum of all 10 scores
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){
sum = sum + scores[i];
}
// Compute the average
ave = (double)sum / 10; // type casts (double)sum

System.out.println(“Sum of all scores is = “ + sum

+ “ over 100”);
System.out.println(“The average is = ” + ave);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 129

Note: ave = (double)sum/10. If we remove the cast (double) before

the variable sum, the result will be an integer division, since sum is an
integer and 10 is also an integer. The fraction part will be dropped. In
order to retain the fraction part for the ave variable, we need to preface
the variable with a new type in parenthesis. This is called type casting in
Java.

1.2. Declaring Two-Dimensional Array

The syntax in declaring a two-dimensional array is as follows:

<data_type> <array_name>[<rowsize>][<colsize>];
Or
<data_type>[<rowsize>][<colsize>] <array_name>;

The instantiation of a two-dimensional array is the same as one-

dimensional array except that the size would contain two value, size for
the row and size for the column.

Sample Declaration:

//declaration
int number[][];
//instantiation
number = new int[5][10];

It can also be written as:

//declare and instantiate

int number[][] = new int[5][10];

Example:

int table[][] = new int[3][4];

Graphical representation of table[][] of int[3][4]:

Col 0 Col 1 Col 2 Col 3

Row 0 [0][0] [0][1] [0][2] [0][3]

Row 1 [1][0] [1][1] [1][2] [1][3]

Row 2 [2][0] [2][1] [2][2] [2][3]

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 130

Graphical representation of table[][] of int[3][4] using row major

implementation:
[0][0]
[0][1]
Row 0
[0][2]

[0][3]

[1][0]

[1][1]
Row 1
[1][2]

[1][3]

[2][0]

[2][1] Row 2
[2][2]

[2][3]

To reference an element in a two-dimensional array:

<array_name>[<row_index>][<column_index>]

Key Points when referencing elements in a two-dimensional array in

Java:
 The range of row index is from 0 to <rowsize> - 1
 The range of the column index is from 0 to <columnsize> - 1
 The first element is always at index <array_name>[0][0]
 The last element is at index <array_name>[rowsize-1][colsize-1]
 Index cannot be negative
 Index cannot be a float or double (real) number, only integer values
 Normally, a double loop is used as control structure for processing
two-dimensional array.
 Normally, the processing is done row-by-row, and column-by-column
within the same row.

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Example: A table 3 x 4 of integer data :

int table[][] = new int[3][4];

table[0][0] = 2;
table[0][1] = 4;
table[0][2] = 5;
table[0][3] = 7;
table[1][0] = 1;
table[1][1] = 6;
table[1][2] = 9;
table[1][3] = 3;
table[2][0] = 4;
table[2][1] = 6;
table[2][2] = 2;
table[2][3] = 8;

Graphical representation of table[][] of int[3][4]:

Col 0 Col 1 Col 2 Col 3

Row 0 2 4 5 7

Row 1 1 6 9 3

Row 2 4 6 2 8

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 132

//Table 3 x 4 program
public class Table3x4{
public static void main(String[] args){
int table[][] = new int[3][4];
int i, j;
table[0][0] = 2;
table[0][1] = 4;
table[0][2] = 5;
table[0][3] = 7;
table[1][0] = 1;
table[1][1] = 6;
table[1][2] = 9;
table[1][3] = 3;
table[2][0] = 4;
table[2][1] = 6;
table[2][2] = 2;
table[2][3] = 8;
// print table in matrix format
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 4; j++){
System.out.print(“ “ + table[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
} Exercise:

Using the same table, create a program that will initialize the table to zero
and ask the user to input values. Thereafter, the program will print the
inputted values in matrix form. The program should also display the sum
of all the values inputted.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 133

//Table 3 x 4 modified program

import java.io.*;
public class Table3x4Modified{
public static void main(String[] args){
int table[][] = new int[3][4];
int i, j, sum = 0, num;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));
// Initialize table to zero
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 4; j++){
table[i][j] = 0;
}
}
// Input values
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
System.out.print("Input table [" + i + "]["+
j + "] = ");
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){
System.out.println(“Error!”);
}
num = Integer.parseInt(input);
table[i][j] = num;
}
}
// computing the sum
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 4; j++){
sum = sum + table[i][j]);
}
}
// print table in matrix format
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 4; j++){
System.out.print(“ “ + table[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println(“Sum = ” + sum);
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 134

Exercises:

Write a program that will create a 2-dimensional array with a row size = 10
and a column size = 10 also. Or simply a 10 x 10 table, thereafter the
program should:

1. Initialize the array to zero.

2. Ask the user to input integer values.
3. Display the table in matrix form.
4. Display the sum of all elements.
5. Display the average of all elements.
6. Display the number of negative elements in the table.
7. Print only the elements on the main diagonals of the table.
8. Modify the program and display the sum of the elements on a specified
row.
9. Modify the program and display the sum of the elements on a specified
column.
10. Assume three matrices of the same size, say matrix A, B and C. Write
a program that will add the two matrices A and B and store the sum to
C. Matrix addition is done component-wise, i.e., C[i][j] =
A[i][j] + B[i][j] where i,j are the row and column index
respectively.

1.3 Array Lengths

In order to get the number of elements in an array, the length field of

an array can be used. The length field returns the size of the array
and is written as follows:

arrayName.length

Sample Program: Using length field

public class ArrayLength{

public static void main(String[] args){
int[] scores = new int[50];
int i;

for(i = 0; i < scores.length; i++)

System.out.print(scores);
}
}

Note: It is better to use the length field as a condition statement of a

loop to allow the loop to adjust automatically to different - sized arrays.

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2. Java Methods

To know more of what a method is, let us first consider the following scenario.
Let us assume that you were a programmer and you were asked to write a
program that will be used to handle Automated Teller Machine transactions.
Such transactions includes: (1) balance inquiry, (2) deposit and (3) withdraw.
Aside from these, the user should be presented a menu showing there
transaction as possible options. For a non-trivial program like these, it is
advise to write the codes under one method which the main()method.
It is better to subdivide the programs into smaller portions – which we call
methods. Each method should be able to solve part of the bigger problem. In
the scenario above, one method will handle the generation of the menu,
another method will be in-charge of handling the balance inquiry, another
method will be used for deposit transaction, and a method that will handle
withdrawal transactions. Notice that each method does a specified job of
other methods.
In a more concrete term, a method is basically a program by itself – it has
inputs, output, and will perform some kind of processing steps.

In computer programming, methods are also called subprograms. An aspiring

computer programmer should be able to determine based from the problem
statements, what methods are needed and how to relate these methods in
order to solve the problem.

Characteristics of Methods

 It can return one or no values

 It may accept as many parameters it needs or no parameter at all
o Parameters are also called function arguments
 After the method has finished execution, it goes back to the method
that called it

2.1 Declaring Static Methods

Static methods are methods that can be invoked without instantiating

a class. These methods belong to the class as a whole and not to a
certain instance of a class. Static method is defined by the keyword
static and can only be invoked inside another static method.
To declare methods, we follow the syntax:

<access_modifier> static <return_type>

<method name>([parameters]){
method body
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 136

Where,
 access_modifier can either be public, private, protected (if
no access is present, the default modifier is in effect).
 static is a keyword used to indicate that the method is a
static method
 return_type can be the different data types.
 method_name is any name given by the programmer to
identify the method.
 parameters are arguments that is passed from one-method
to another (optional if no arguments are to be passed).

Sample Method Declarations:

public static int withParameter(int n1, int n2){

//body of the method
}

public static void withOutParameters(){

//body of method
}

2.2 Calling Static Methods

To call a static method, the syntax to follow is,

ClassName.staticMethodName(params);
Or
staticMethodName(params);

Sample Program: Program that print the text “Hello World!” where “Hello”
is to be printed by one method and “World!” is to be printed by another
method.
//Declaring and Calling Methods
public class UsingMethods{
public static void printHello(){
System.out.print(“Hello “);
}
public static void printWorld(){
System.out.println(“World!”);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
printHello();//same as UsingMethods.printHello
printWorld();//same as UsingMethods.printWorld
}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 137

The previous program is interpreted as,

 //Declaring and Calling Methods
o A program comment
 public class UsingMethods{
o The name of the class (and the file)
 public static void printHello(){
o A user – defined static method without any return value whose
method name is printHello without any parameters
 System.out.print(“Hello “);
o Prints the text Hello on screen
 }
o Ends the method body
 public static void printWorld(){
o A user – defined static method without any return value whose
method name is printWorld without any parameters
 System.out.println(“World!“);
o Prints the text World! on screen
 }
o Ends the method body
 public static void main(String[] args){
o the main method (pre-defined method) with 1 parameter
 printHello();
o Calling the method printHello and performing statements
found therein
 printWorld();
o Calling the method printWorld and performing statement
found therein
 }
o Ends the main method body
 }
o Ends the class

Example: Calling hello() function three times inside main()

// calling hello() three times in main()

public class Hello3x{
public static void hello(){
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
hello(); // 1st method call
hello(); // 2nd method call
hello(); // 3rd method call
}
}
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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 138

Multiple invocation of the same method must be placed inside a loop.

// calling hello() 1000 times in main()

public class Hello1000x{

public stati void hello(){
System.out.println(“Hello World!”);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
int i;

for(i = 0; i < 1000; i++){

hello();
}
}
}

Exercise: What will happen if we write the hello() function after the
main() function? Will the program behave as what is expected? If not,
how will you remedy the situation where functions are written after the
main() method?

2.2.1. Calling a Method Inside another Method

A method can be invoked inside another method aside from

main().
Example:
// function call beside main()
public class FunctionCallBesideMain{
public static void printHello(){
System.out.print(“Hello”);
}
public static void printSpace(){
System.out.print(“ “);
}
public static void printWorld(){
System.out.println(“world!”);
}
public static void allTogetherNow(){
printHello();
printSpace();
printWorld();
}
public static void main(String[] args){
allTogetherNow();
}
}

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2.3. Passing Variables in Methods

There are two ways of passing data to methods, one is to pass-by-

value and the other is to pass-by-reference.

2.3.1. Pass-by-value
When pass-by-value occurs, the method makes a copy of the
value of the variable passed to the method.

Example: Passing a value to a method

//Pass by value
public class PassByValue{
//Method with parameter
public static void methodWithParam(int j){
//print value of j
System.out.println(“Value of j = “ + j);
}
public static void main(String[] args){ Pass i as a parameter
int i; which is copied to j
Return to the
caller
i = 50;
and perform the
statement after //call methodWithParam passing value of i
the method call methodWithParam(i);
//print value of i
System.out.println(i);
}
}

The output of the above program would be:

Value of j = 50;
Value of i = 50;

Supposed that you add the statement j = 100; before the

System.out.println(“Value of j = “ + j); inside
methodWithParam(int j), the output would be:

Value of j = 100;
Value of i = 50;

Note: The method cannot modify the original value of the variable
being passed. By default, all primitive data types when passed to a
method are pass-by-value.

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Sample program passing two parameters.

//Pass by value
public class PassByValue{
//Method with parameter
public static void methodWithParam(int j, int k){
//print value of j
System.out.println(“Value of j = “ + j);
System.out.println(“Value ok k = “ + k);
}
public static void main(String[] args){
int i;
i = 50;

/*call methodWithParam passing value of i

copied to both parameters of
methodWithParam*/
methodWithParam(i, i);
//print value of i
System.out.println(i);
}
}

The output of the above program would be

Value of j = 50
Value of k = 50
Value of i = 50

2.3.2. Pass-by-reference

When pass-by-reference occurs, the reference to an object

is passed to the calling method. But unlike pass-by-value,
the method can modify the actual object that the reference
is pointing to since the location of the data pointed to is the
same.

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Example: Passing reference to a method

public class PassByReference{

public static void methodWithParam(int[] arr){
//change values of array Pass numbers as
for(int i = 0; i<arr.length; i++) parameter which
arr[i] = i + 50; whose memory
} reference is
pointed to by
variable arr
public static void main(String[] args){
//create array of integers
int numbers[] = {10, 20, 30};

//print array values

for(int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++)
System.out.println(numbers[i]);

Return to the /*call methodWithParam ans pass reference to

caller array */
and perform the methodWithParam(numbers);
statement after
the method call
//print array values again
for(int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++)
System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
}

The output of the above program is:

10
20
30
60
70
80

Note: Instead of copying the values passed by the method, the

pointer to the memory reference is the one being passes since it
does not involve a primitive data type.

2.4. Methods with return types

So far, example given regarding methods makes use of void as a

return type. The type void should be used as the return type only
when the method does not return anything. However, there are cases

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 142

wherein the method will have to return a character, an integer, a float,

or a double data type depending on the problem being solved.

Example: A program that will return integer type.

// method with return type int

public class MethodWithReturnType{

//declaring method with int as return type

public static int computeSum(int x, int y){
int z;
z = x + y;
return z;
}

public static void main(String[] args){

int a, b, c;

/*call method computeSum passing 8 and 13 as

parameters*/
System.out.println(“Sum = “ + computeSum(8, 13));

/*calling method computeSum passing 100 and 200

as parameters and storing the result to variable
c*/
c = computeSum(100, 200);
System.out.println(“Sum = “ + c);

a = 22;
b = 14;
/*call method computeSum passing values of variables
A and b as parameters*/
System.out.println(“Sum = ” + computeSum(a, b));

}
}

The output of the above program would be:

Sum = 21
Sum = 300
Sum = 36

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 143

Exercise:

1. What will happen if the statement return z was omitted?

2. Write a method named Difference() that accepts two integer
parameters named x and y. The method should compute and return
the value of the difference of x and y. Call this method inside main().
3. Write a method named Product() that accepts two floating point
parameters named x and y. The method should compute and return
the value of the product for x and y. Use double as the return type.
Call this method inside main().

Example: Write a method that will accept an integer variable as

parameters, thereafter, the method should return 1 if the integer is
positive, otherwise it should return 0.

// function to return 1 if positive otherwise return 0

public static int numberPositive(int n){

int result;

if (n > = 0)
result = 1;

else
result = 0;

return result;
}

Another way to implement this method is as follows:

// Another implementation

public static int numberPositive(int n)

{
if (n >= 0)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 144

2.5 Important things to remember about methods

1. If the method will not return anything, use void as the return type.
2. If the method will return a value, the appropriate data type should be
specified.
3. If the method will return a value, don’t forget to use the return
statement inside the method.
4. The data type of the value that appears after the return statement must
be compatible with the return data type.
5. You can use any name for the method as long as you follow the
naming convention and do not use Java keywords as method names.
6. A method may have zero, one or more parameters.
7. If the method does not have any parameter, leave the area in between
the parentheses blank.
8. If the method has parameters, specify their data types and names.
9. Parameters should be separated by comma.
10. The name of the parameters does not matter. Always remember that
the number of parameters, their respective data types, and their
sequence are the things that actually matter!
11. When calling a method, constants, expressions and variables maybe
used as actual parameters.
12. A method can return at the most only one value at any given point in
time.

3. Scope of Variable

The scope determines where in the program the variable is accessible. The
scope also determines the lifetime or how long the variable can exist in
memory. The placement of the variable, or where the variable is declared,
determines the scope for that variable.

For example:

public class ScopeExample{

public static void main(String[] args){
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
A
for(int k = 0 ; k<10; k++){
//some code B
}
}
}
The sample code snippet written above represents two scopes indicated by
the lines and letter representing the scope.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 145

Scope A – the scope of variables i and j is true to the whole main(),

meaning, both variables i and j can be used inside the
main() block
Scope B - variable k can only be used inside the for loop block.

Given a complete sample program with method,

public class PassByReference{
public static void main(String[] args){
//create an array of integers
int numbers[] = {10, 20, 30};

//print array values

for(int i = 0; i < number.length; i++){
B System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}

//call method and pass reference to array

A
methodWithParam(numbers);

//print array values again

for(int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++){
C System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
}

public static methodWithParam(int[] arr){

//change value of array
for(int i = 0; i< arr.length; i++){
E arr[i] = i + 50; D
}
}
}

Inside the main() method:

numbers[] – scope A
i in B – scope B
i in C – scope C

Inside the methodWithParam() method:

arr[] – scope D
i in E – scope E

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 146

Final Laboratory Activity 1 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: One Dimensional Array

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Declare a one-dimensional array in Java.

2. Initialize and reference elements in a one-dimensional array.
3. Perform basic operations available for a one-dimensional array.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates the application of a one-
dimensional array.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Activity1 to Midterm Activity
4 in order for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this
module.

DURATION: Two to Three Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 147

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: List.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class List{
public static void main(String[] args){
int list[] = new int[10];
int i, num = 0;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){

list[i] = 0;
}
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){
System.out.print(“Input value for list[“ + i +
“] = “);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){}
num = Integer.parseInt(input);
list[i] = num;
}

for(i = 0; i < 10; i++){

System.out.println(“list[“ + i + “] = “ +list[i]);
}
}
}

3.2. Save the program as List.java then compile your program until
no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Run your program.
3.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 148

3.5. What do you think is the purpose of the first for-loop?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3.6. What do you think is the purpose of the second for-loop?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3.7. What do you think is the purpose of the third for-loop?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3.8. How many elements can your list contain? ___________________
3.9. What index value is the first element located? ________________
3.10. Given the <size> of the list, at what index is the last element
located? ______________________

4. Create a new program and save it as List2.java. Thereafter, create 3

lists and name is as list1, list2, and list3, having 10 elements each. The
user should input 10 integer values for list1 and 10 integer values for
list2. Your program should add the contents of list1 and list2 then store
the sum to list3. Your program should display horizontally the values of
list1, list2, and list3. Use loops.

Example output:

List1 : 1 3 2 5 7 8 5 6 9 4
List2 : 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 2 0 2
List3 : 3 4 6 8 9 9 9 8 9 6

Hint: use for -loops!

list3[0] = list1[0] + list2[0]
list3[1] = list1[1] + list2[1]
list3[2] = list1[2] + list2[2]
list3[3] = list1[3] + list2[3]
list3[4] = list1[4] + list2[4]
list3[5] = list1[5] + list2[5]
list3[6] = list1[6] + list2[6]
list3[7] = list1[7] + list2[7]
list3[8] = list1[8] + list2[8]
list3[9] = list1[9] + list2[9]

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 149

4.1. Write your complete Java program here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 150

4.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
4.3. Run your program.
4.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

5. Revise your List2.java program. Thereafter, your program should

display the highest value in list3 and the lowest value in list3.

5.1. Write the additional codes here:

6. Revise your List2.java program. Thereafter, your program should

allow the user to input an integer value to be searched in list3. Your
program should display whether the inputted integer value is found in
list3, how many of it is in list3, and what are their locations in list3?

Example output:
List1 : 1 3 2 5 7 8 5 6 9 4
List2 : 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 2 0 2
List3 : 3 4 6 8 9 9 9 8 9 6

Input value to search in List3: 9

The value 9 is in List3!

There are 4 of it in List3.
Located at: list3[4], list3[5], list3[6], list3[8]

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 151

6.1. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
6.2. Run your program.
6.3. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

6.4. Write your complete source code here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 152

7. Create a new program and save it as BubbleSort.java. Thereafter, the

user will be asked to input the size of the list, input values to the list, sort
the list in ascending order, and display the sorted list in a horizontal
manner.

7.1. Write your complete source code here:

7.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 153

7.3. Run your program.

7.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 154

Final Laboratory Activity 2 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Two Dimensional Array

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Declare a two-dimensional array in Java.

2. Initialize and reference elements in a two-dimensional array.
3. Perform basic operations available for a two-dimensional array.
4. Create a complete Java program that simulates the application of a two-
dimensional array.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Activity 1 to Finals Activity 1
in order for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this
module.

DURATION: Two to Three Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 155

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: Table.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

import java.io.*;
public class Table{
public static void main(String[] args){
int table[][] = new int[3][3];
int i, j, num = 0;
String input = “ “;

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){
table[i][j] = 0;
}
}
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){
System.out.print(“Input table[“ + i + “][“
+ j +”]= ”);
try{
input = in.readLine();
}catch(IOException e){}
num = Integer.parseInt(input);
table[i][j] = num;
}
}
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){
System.out.print(table[i][j]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

3.2. Save the program as Table.java then compile your program until
no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3. Run your program.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 156

3.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

3.5. What do you think is the purpose of the first 2-for-loop?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3.6. What do you think is the purpose of the second 2-for-loop?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3.7. What do you think is the purpose of the third 2-for-loop?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3.8. How can you determine the total number of elements in a two-
dimensional array?______________________________________
3.9. What index value is the first element located?
_____________________________________________________

4. Create a new program and save it as Table2.java. Thereafter, create 3

tables and name it as table1, table2, and table3, having row=5 and
column=5 or a 5 x 5 table. The user should input integer values for table1
and integer values for table2. Your program should add the contents of
table1 and table2 then store the sum to table3. Your program should
display in matrix format the values of table1, table2, and table3. Use
loops.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 157

4.1. Write your complete Java program here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 158

4.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
4.3. Run your program.
4.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 159

5. Revise your Table2.java program. Thereafter, your program should

display the highest value in table3 and the lowest value in table3.

5.1. Write the additional codes here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 160

6. Use your Table2.java program. Thereafter, your program should allow

the user to input an integer value to be searched in table3. Your program
should display whether the inputted integer value is found in table3, how
many of it is in table3, and what their locations in table3 are.

6.1. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
6.2. Run your program.
6.3. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 161

6.4. Write your complete source code here:

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 162

7. Create a new program and save it as Magic.java. Thereafter, the user

will be asked to input the size of the table (use ODD number for your row
and column size). The program shall display in matrix form the content of
the table from 1 to the last element where the sum of all the rows,
columns, and diagonals are ALL EQUAL! This is called your magic
square. Use loops.

Example Output 1:
Input size of Magic Square: 3
Output:

8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2

Do you want to try again? Y

Note that if you add all the rows it will be equal to 15. If you add all the
columns it is still equal to 15. And if you add numbers diagonally, it is still
equal to 15. That is why it is called the MAGIC SQUARE!

Example Output 2:
Input size of Magic Square: 5
Output:

17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9

Do you want to try again? N

HINT: There is a pattern in making a magic square. The pattern is also called
an algorithm. Find the algorithm and transform it into a Java code and you
can create any magic square with an ODD value for the size of its row and
column!

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 163

7.1. Write your complete source code here:

7.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
7.3. Run your program.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 164

7.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 165

Final Laboratory Activity 3 Score:

Name: _________________________________________________________
Subject Code & Schedule: _______________________________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________________

TITLE: Introduction to Methods

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the types of methods in the Java programming language.

2. Identify what portions in a main program that can be subdivided into sub-
programs.
3. Create methods or sub-programs that can be called in the main program.
4. Distinguish the different parameters used in creating methods.
5. Create a complete Java program that utilizes methods.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Make sure you have your own individual account.

2. Always keep your account secret to others to avoid unauthorized access
to your files.
3. Always save your work and log-off when not using the computer.
4. By now you should have been familiarized using your text editor.
5. By now you should know how to create, save, compile, execute, and
debug programs in Java.
6. Use the skills and learning obtained in Prelim Activity 1 to Final Activity 2
in order for you to successfully finish the learning objectives of this
module.

DURATION: Two to Three Meetings

HANDS-ON:

1. Log-on using your own individual account. Use your own username and
password.
2. Open your text editor.
3. Write your next Java program:
3.1. Write your next program by copying the source code shown below
to your text editor.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 166

/* Programmed by: <write your name here>

Program title: PrintHello.java
Program Date: <write the date today here> */

public class PrintHello{

public static void printHello(){
System.out.print(“HELLO”);
}
public static void printSpace(){
System.out.print(“ “);
}
public static void printWorld(){
System.out.println(“WORLD!”);
}
public static void allTogetherNow(){
printHello();
printSpace();
printWorld();
}

public static void main(String[] args){

AllTogetherNow();
}
}

3.2. Save your program as PrintHello.java then compile your program

until no errors and warnings are reported.
3.3 Run your program.
3.4 Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

3.5. Enumerate all user-defined methods:

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 167

3.6. Enumerate all pre-defined methods:

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

HINT: To call a method, indicate the name of the method preceded by the ()
symbol. User-define methods are methods you created , while pre-defined
functions are functions already inherent to the compiler.

4. Is the method parameter always void? ____________________________

4.1. To answer that lets simulate the following program:

public class OneParam{
public static void oneParam(int x){
System.out.println(“Number is ” + x);
}

public static void main(String[] args){

int x;
x = 100;
oneParam(x);
}
}

4.2. Save your program as OneParam.java

4.3. Run and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 168

4.4. Insert the statement oneParam(75);

What can you conclude? That is, is it possible to use constant
value as parameter when a method is called?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

4.5. Declare another integer variable in your main method as follows:

int y; Initialize the variable y to 150. Thereafter, write another
statement OneParam(y);

What can you conclude? That is, is it possible to use a variable

name that is not the same with that used in the method definition?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

4.6. Insert the statement OneParam(x+y);

What can you conclude? That is, is it possible to use expression
(that will evaluate to an integer value) as a parameter when the
method is called?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

4.7. Insert the statement OneParam();

What can you conclude? That is, can you call a method requiring a
parameter with passing one? What error is reported if any?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 169

5. Let us create another program and save it as TwoParams.java

5.1. Copy the source code
public class TwoParams{
public static void twoParams(int x, int y){
System.out.println(“First parameter is ” + x);
System.out.println(“Second parameter is ” + y);
}

public static void main(String[] args){

int x = 5;
int y = 10;

int a;
int b;

twoParams(10, 20);
twoparams(x + 2, y * 10);

a = -2;
b = 22;
twoParams(a, b);
}
}

5.2. Save then compile your program until no errors and warnings are
reported.
5.3. Run your program.
5.4. Simulate and write what will be displayed on the screen.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 170

5.5. Insert the statement twoParams(y, x);

What can you conclude? Is the result the same as of
twoParams(x,y)?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
5.5. What will happen if we forgot to type the comma between
parameter? For example, will twoParams(x y) work? _________
5.6. What will happen if we only supplied one parameter? For example,
will twoParams(x) work? ________________________________
5.7. What will happen if we forgot all the parameters? For example, will
twoParams() work? ____________________________________
5.8. What will happen if we used more than two parameters? For
example, will twoParams(x, y, a) work? _________________

6. Are all methods of return type void? _______________

6.1. To answer that lets simulate the following program:

//Return value

public class WithReturnValue{

public static int printSum(int x, int y){
z = x + y;
return z;
}

public static void main(String[] args){

int a, b, c;

System.out.println(“Sum = ” + printSum(5, 10));

c = printSum(100, 300);
System.out.println(“c = ” + c);

a = 25;
b = 75;

System.out.println(“Sum = ” + printSum(a, b));

System.out.println(“Sum = ” + Sum(a+2, b – 3));

}
}

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 171

6.2. Save your program as WithReturnValue.java then compile

and run and simulate your program. Write what will be displayed on
the screen:

6.3. What will happen if the statement return z; was omitted?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

6.4. Write a method named printDifference that accepts two

integer parameters named x and y then computes the difference (x
– y). Call this method inside the main().

6.5. Write a method named printProduct that accepts two double

type parameters named x and y. The method should compute and
return the value of the product of x and y. Use double as return
type. Call this method inside main();

7. Try breaking down all of your other programs to sub-programs by

identifying code of segments that can be substituted using methods.

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 Logic and Programming Fundamentals 172

REFERENCES

A. Books

Cadenhead, R., Lemay, L. (2007), Sams Teach yourself Java 6 in 21

Days, 5th Edition, Sams Publishing.

Deitel, P.J., Deitel, H.M. (2007), Java: How to Program, 7th Edition,
Prentice Hall.

Bates, B., Sierra, K. (2005), Head First Java, 2nd Edition, O’ Reilly.

Schildt, H. (2005), Java: The Complete Reference, 5th Edition ,

McGraw-Hill.

Williams, A. (2002), Java 2, Core Language, Little Black Book,

Paraglyph.

B. Websites

The Java Tutorial: A Practical Guide for Programmers.

Available at http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial

Java in a Nutshell. Chapter 4: The Java Platform.

Available at http://www.unix.org.ua/orelly/java-ent/jnut/ch04_10.htm

Diagnosing Java Code: Java Generics Without the Pain, Part 1 by

Eric Allen.
Available at
http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-djc02113.html

Java Programming (with Passion!)

Available at
http://www.javapassion.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=
article&id=66

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