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ESD Sir Notes

An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor-based system designed to perform a specific task. It has hardware, application software, and sometimes an RTOS. Embedded systems are typically single-function, tightly constrained by design metrics like cost and size, and require real-time performance. They are based on microprocessors or microcontrollers and have connected peripherals. Common examples include fire alarms and vehicle cruise controllers. Compared to general purpose computers, embedded systems have more constraints but lower power consumption and cost.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views7 pages

ESD Sir Notes

An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor-based system designed to perform a specific task. It has hardware, application software, and sometimes an RTOS. Embedded systems are typically single-function, tightly constrained by design metrics like cost and size, and require real-time performance. They are based on microprocessors or microcontrollers and have connected peripherals. Common examples include fire alarms and vehicle cruise controllers. Compared to general purpose computers, embedded systems have more constraints but lower power consumption and cost.
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SYSTEMS

UNIT-I -OVERVIEW OF EMBEDDED


Embedded System
software
An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having
embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large
which is
System. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system
designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will
sense only smoke.

An embedded system has three components -

It has hardware.

It has application so ftware.

It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and
provide mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by following
plan to control the latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules
during the execution of application program. A small scale embedded system may not
have RTOS.

So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, so ftware driven, reliable.


real-time control system.

Characteristics ofan Embedded System


" Single-functioned - An embedded system usually performs a specialized operation and
does the same repeatedly. For example: A pager always functions as a pager.

. Tightly constrained - All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but
those on an embedded system can be especially tight. Design metrics is a measure of an
implementation's features such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a
size to fit on a single chip, must pertorm fast enough to process data in real time and
consume minimum power to extend battery life.
. Reactive and Real time - Many
embedded systems must continually react to changes in
without any
compute certain results in real time
the system's environment and must
Consider an example of a car cruise controller: it continually monitors and reacts
delay.
must computeacceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly
to speed and brake sensors. It
limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to control of the car.
within a

Microprocessors based - It must be


microprocessor or microcontroller based.
ROM. It does not
a memory, as its software usually embeds in
Memory It must have
computer.
any secondary memories in the
need
devices.
have connected peripherals to connect input and output
Connected - It must
Hardware is used
- Software is used for more features and flexibility.
" HW-SW systems
for performance and security.

Analog IO
ASIP and ASIC

Memory

ProcesSors Digital IO
Core

Advantages

Easily Customizable

consumption
" Low power
. LoW cost

Enhanced performance
An Embedded Computer Designer's View
" Measured by: Cost, /O connections, Memory Size,
Performance
Memory

Cacbe

Microcontoller

4 AD CPU DA

InrndasDn
(E 474

An Embedded Control System Designer's View


" Measured by:
Cost, Time to market, Cost, Functionality, Cost & Cost.

Mesery

Cacbe
Mlicrocotroller

Sensor: AD CPU DA Actunter

Diagostic Auulary Sys1e14


pexer, coole)
tools
Elxo cecuncal
backup ad safery

Eeraal
|Eavuganeg!

Intnsateun
General Purpose System Vs Embedded System
let's compare it with a
In order to better realize the characteristics of an embedded system,
general computing system.
resources that integrate
1. Computer: A computer is a combination of hardware and software
together and provides various functionalities to the user.
2. Embedded Device : An embedded device is a part of an integrated system that is formed
can
as a combination of computer hardware and sofware for a specific function and which
operate without human interaction.

General purpose
computer Embedded system
Purpose Multipurpose Single function

Low or no resource
Constraint constraint Size, povwer, cost, memory, realtime
Performance Faster and better Fixed runtime requirement
Can have keyboard, Integrated into the real world with
User display, mouse, touch buttons, sensors, Leads, LCDs,
Interface Screen Bluetooth system
Disadvantages

" High development effort


Larger time to market

Basic Structure of an Embedded System


The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded system

A-D Processor & D-A Actuator


Sensor ASIC Converter
Converter

Memory

converts it to an electrical signal which


Sensor It measures the physical quantity and
be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A
can
sensor stores the measured quantity to the memory.

analog signal sent by the


A-D Converter - An analog-to-digital converter converts the
sensor into a digital signal.

output and store it to


Processor & ASICs - Processors process the data to measure the
the memory.

" D-A Converter - A digital-to-analog converter converts the


digital data fed by the
processor to analog data
Converter to the actual
Actuator - An actuator compares the output given by the D-A
(expected) output stored in it and stores the approved output.
Processor is the heart of an embedded system. It is the basic unit that takes inputs and produces
an output after processing the data. For an embedded system designer, it is necessary to have tne
knowledge of both microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Processors in aSystem
A processor has two essential units

Program Flow Control Unit (CU)


Execution Unit (EU)

The CU includes a fetch unit for fetching instructions rom the memory. The EU has circuits
that implement the instructions pertaining data transfer operation and data conversion from
one form to another.

The EU includes the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and also the circuits that execute
instructions for a program control task such as interrupt, or jump to another set of instructions.
A
processor runs the cycles of fetch and executes the instructions in the same sequence as they
are fetched from memory.

Types ofProcessors

Processors can be of the following categories -

General Purpose Processor (GPP)

Microprocessor
Microcontroller

Embedded Processor

Digital Signal Processor


o Media Processor

Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)

Application Specific Instruction Processors (ASIPs)


.The Embedded system hardware includes elements like user
interface, Input/Output interfaces,
display and memory, ete.Generallv, an embedded system conprises power supply, processor,
memory. tmers, serial communication ports and system applicat ion specific circuits.

(User Interface)

Embedded Computer
Input Output
Variables" Software
Variables

Hardware

Link to Other Systems

Types of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance, functional
requirements and performance of the microcontrol!er.

Types of Embedded
Systems

Based On Based On The Performance


Performance & Functional of The Microcontroller
Requirements

Real Time Stand


Networked Moblle Small Scale Medium Scale Sophisticated
Alone

Types of Embedded systems

Embedded systems are classified into four categories based on their performance and functional
Tequiremnents:

Stand alone embedded systems


Real time embedded systems

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