‘A Report on

Python for beginners 2021’

AN

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

on

Python For Beginners

Submitted in the fulfillment of the requirement for the award

of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

by

Rohit Dinkar Gaikwad

(PRN NO:2030331246036)

Department of Information Technology

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere
Lonere-402103
 ‘A Report on Python for beginners 2021’

2021-
2022

‘Department of I.T. Engineering ‘

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere. 0

Certificate

The report submitted by Rohit Dinkar Gaikwad (PRN No. 2030331246036) is approved for the
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Information Technology Engineering.

Prof. S. R.Hivre Dr. S. R. Sutar

Guide Head of Department
Department of Information Technology Department of Information Technology

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 ‘A Report on

Python for beginners 2021’

Acknowledgement

This work is just not an individual contribution till its completion. I take this opportunity to express a
deep gratitude in learning online course for providing excellent guidance encouragement and
inspiration throughout the Training work. This work have been a successful one.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to all the department faculties and staff members for their support.
I would also like to thank my all classmates for their valuable guidance and helpful discussion.

Rohit Dinkar Gaikwad

PRN: 2030331246036

Second Year Information Technology

‘Department of computer Engineering ‘

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

 ‘A Report on Python for beginners 2021’

INDEX

1 Introduction 0

2 History of Python 2

2 Why we need programming language 3

3 About Python 4

4 Installing Python 6

5 Python comments 7

6 Python variable 8

7 Python keywords 9

8 Python data types 10

9 Python operators 11

10 Python lists 12

11 Python tuples 13

12 Python dictionary 14

13 Conditional statements 15

14 Python functions 18

15 Python classes / objects 20

16 Python iterators 21

17 Modules 22

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CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION

Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic

programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and
its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than
would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides
constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented,
imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a
dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and
comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for
installation on many operating systems, allowing Python code execution on a
wide variety of systems.

Scripting Language
A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts,
programs written for a special run-time environment that automate the
execution of tasks that could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human
operator. Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled).
Primitives are usually the elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows
them to be combined into more complex programs. Environments that can be
automated through scripting include software applications, web pages within a
web browser, the shells of operating systems (OS), embedded systems, as well
as numerous games.
A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a particular
environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also known as an
extension language. Scripting languages are also sometimes referred to as very
high-level programming languages, as they operate at a high level of abstraction,
or as control languages.

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Object Oriented Programming Language

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the

concept of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known
as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A
distinguishing feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and
often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects
have a notion of "this" or "self").
In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of
objects that interact with one another. There is significant diversity in object
oriented programming, but most popular languages are class-based, meaning that
objects are instances of classes, which typically also determines their type.

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CHAPTER 02

History
Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in
December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor
to the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL) capable of exception handling and
interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal
author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is
reflected in the title given to him by the Python community, benevolent dictator
for life (BDFL)

Van Rossum

“Python is an experiment in how much freedom programmers need. Too

much freedom and nobody can read another's code; too little and
expressiveness is endangered.”
- Guido van Rossum
About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996:
Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby" programming
project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. My
office ... would be closed, but I had a home Computer, and not much else on my
hands. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been
thinking about lately: a descendant of ABC that would appeal to Unix/C hackers.
I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent
mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus.)

CHAPTER 03

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Why We Need Programming Language?

Why Is Programming Important?

• Computer programming has an integral role in our world. You would not
be reading this article without it. In fact, without computer programming
you would not be able to use your cell phone, computer or smart TV.
Learning the fundamentals of programming can set you apart from your
counterparts, giving you a competitive edge in this technology-driven
world. Earning a computer programming degree can help you innovate and
create solutions for a global society.

What Is Programming?

• Programming is using a language that a machine can understand in order

to get it to perform various tasks. Computer programming is how we
communicate with machines in a way that makes them function how we
need.

What Is a Program?

• A program is a group of logical, mathematical and sequential functions

grouped together. When they are grouped, these functions perform a task.
Each programming language focuses on different types of tasks as well as
gives commands to the machine in different ways.

CHAPTER 04

About Python

What is Python?
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Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum, and released
in 1991.

It is used for:

• Web development (server-side),

• Software development,
• Mathematics,
• System scripting.

What can Python do?

• Python can be used on a server to create web applications.

• Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.

• Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify files.

• Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex mathematics.

• Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready software

development.

Why Python?

• Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).

• Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.

• Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some
other programming languages.

• Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it
is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.

• Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way or a functional way.

Good to know

• The most recent major version of Python is Python 3, which we shall be using in this
tutorial. However, Python 2, although not being updated with anything other than
security updates, is still quite popular.

• In this tutorial Python will be written in a text editor. It is possible to write Python in an
Integrated Development Environment, such as Thonny, Pycharm, Netbeans or
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Eclipse which are particularly useful when managing larger collections of Python files.

Python Syntax compared to other programming languages

• Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities to the English language
with influence from mathematics.

• Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other programming

languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.

• Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as the scope of
loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for
this purpose.

CHAPTER 05

Installing Python

Many PCs and Macs will have python already installed.

• To check if you have python installed on a Windows PC, search in the start bar for
Python or run the following on the Command Line (cmd.exe):
C:\Users\Your Name>python –version

• To check if you have python installed on a Linux or Mac, then on linux open the command
line or on Mac open the Terminal and type: Python –version

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If you find that you do not have python installed on your computer, then you can download it
for free from the following website:
https://www.python.org/

CHAPTER 06

Python Comments

• Comments can be used to explain Python code.

• Comments can be used to make the code more readable.

• Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code..

Creating a Comment
• Comments starts with a # , and Python will ignore them:
1. Example

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#This is a comment

Print(“Hello, World!”)

• Comments can be placed at the end of a line, and Python will ignore the rest of the line:
2. Example

Print(“Hello, World!”) #This is a comment

• A comment does not have to be text that explains the code, it can also be used to prevent
Python from executing code:

3. Example

#print(“Hello, World!”)

Print(“Cheers, Mate!”)

CHAPTER 07

Python Variables

VARIABLES
• Variables are the Container for storing data values.
• A variable is a name given to a memory location.

Creating Variables

• Python has no command for declaring a variable.

• A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.

• Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type, and can even change
type after they have been set.

Casting

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If you want to specify the data type of a variable, this can be done with casting.

• Example

X = str(3) # x will be ‘3’

Y = int(3) # y will be 3

Z = float(3) # z will be 3.0

Variable name

A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname,
total_volume).

Rules for Python variables:

• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character

• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9,
and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)

CHAPTER 08
Python keywords

Keywords are the reserved words.

Python Keywords and Their Usage

• Value Keywords:
True, False, None

• Operator Keywords:
and, or, not, in, is

• Control Flow Keywords:

if, elif , else

• Iteration Keywords:
for, while, break, continue, else

• Structure Keywords:
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def, class, with, as, pass, lambda

• Returning Keywords:
return, yield

• Import Keywords:
import, from, as

• Exception-Handling Keywords:
try, except, raise, finally, else, assert

• Asynchronous Programming Keywords:

async, await

• Variable Handling Keywords:

del, global, nonlocal

CHAPTER 09

Python data types

Built-in Data Types

In programming, data type is an important concept.

Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do different things.

Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex

Sequence Types: list, tuple, Set, range

dict
Mapping Type:

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CHAPTER 10
Python operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators

Python Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical
operations:.

+, -, *, /, % , //, **

Python Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

+=, -=, *=, /=, //=, **=

Python Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

==, <= , >= , != , > , < Python

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

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And, or, not

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are
actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Is, is not
Python Membership Operators
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:
In , not in

CHAPTER 11 Python Lists

List
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data,
the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.

Lists are created using square brackets []

List Items
• List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.

• List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has
index [1] etc.

Ordered
• When we say that lists are ordered, it means that the items have a
defined order, and that order will not change.

• If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end of
the list.

Changeable

The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove items
in a list after it has been created.

Allow Duplicates

Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value

List Length

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To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function

Type()

From Python’s perspective, lists are defined as objects with the data type
‘list’

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CHAPTER

12
Python Tuples
Tuple

• Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

• Tuple is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections
of data, the other 3 are List, Set, and Dictionary, all with different
qualities and usage.
• A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.
• Tuples are written with round brackets.

Tuple Items
• Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values.
• Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has index [1] etc.

Ordered

• When we say that tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a defined order, and
that order will not change.

Unchangeable

• Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, add or remove items after
the tuple has been created.

Allow Duplicates

• Since tuples are indexed, they can have items with the same value:

Tuple Length

• To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() function:

Create Tuple With One Item

• To create a tuple with only one item, you have to add a comma after the item,
otherwise Python will not recognize it as a tuple.

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CHAPTER

13
Python Dictionary

Dictionary
Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.

A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*, changeable and does not allow

duplicates.

Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and values: •
Dictionary Items
Dictionary items are ordered, changeable, and does not allow duplicates.

Dictionary items are presented in key:value pairs, and can be referred to by using the
key name.

• Changeable
Dictionaries are changeable, meaning that we can change, add or
remove items after the dictionary has been created.

• Duplicates Not Allowed

Dictionaries cannot have two items with the same key:

• Dictionary Length

To determine how many items a dictionary has, use the len() function:

• Dictionary Items - Data Types

The values in dictionary items can be of any data type:

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CHAPTER

14

Conditional statements
• If else
• For loop
• While loop
Python Conditions and If statements

Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

o Equals: a == b o Not Equals: a != b o Less than: a < b o

Less than or equal to: a <= b o Greater than: a > b
o Greater than or equal to: a >= b

These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in “if statements” and loops.

An “if statement” is written by using the if keyword.

Example
If statement:
a = 36 b =
200
If b > a:
Print(“b is greater than a”) Indentation

Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define scope in the
code. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.

Elif

The elif keyword is pythons way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then try
this condition".

Else

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CHAPTER
The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.

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Nested If

You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if statements.

The while Loop

With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is
true.

Example

Print i as long as i is less than 6:

i = 1 while
i < 6:
print(i) i
+= 1

The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example we need to
define an indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.

The break Statement

With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while condition is true:

Example

Exit the loop when i is 3:

i = 1 while
i < 6:
print(i) if
i == 3:
break i
+= 1

Python For Loops

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set,
or a string).

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This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more
like an iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming
languages.

With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list,
tuple, set etc.

Example

Print each fruit in a fruit list:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits: print(x)

The range() Function o To loop through a set of code a specified number of

times, we can use the range() function,
o The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by
default, and increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.

Example
Using the range() function:
For x in range(6):
Print(x)

Else in For Loop

The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed when the
loop is finished:

CHAPTER 15
Python functions

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Python Functions o A function is a block of code which only runs

when it is called. o You can pass data, known as parameters, into

a function.

o A function can return data as a result.

Creating a Function

In Python a function is defined using the def keyword:

Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")

Calling a Function

To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:

Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")

my_function()

Arguments

Information can be passed into functions as arguments.

Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can
add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.

The following example has a function with one argument (fname). When the
function is called, we pass along a first name, which is used inside the function
to print the full name:

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Example
def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Refsnes")

my_function("Emil")
my_function("Tobias")
my_function("Linus")

Parameters or Arguments?
The terms parameter and argument can be used for the same thing: information
that are passed into a function.

From a function’s perspective:

o A parameter is the variable listed inside the parentheses in the function

definition.

o An argument is the value that is sent to the function when it is called.

Number of Arguments
By default, a function must be called with the correct number of arguments.
Meaning that if your function expects 2 arguments, you have to call the function
with 2 arguments, not more, and not less.

CHAPTER 16

Python classes / objects Python Classes/Objects

• Python is an object oriented programming language.

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• Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods.

• A Class is like an object constructor, or a “blueprint” for creating objects.

Create a Class
To create a class, use the keyword class

The __init__() Function

The examples above are classes and objects in their simplest form, and are not
really useful in real life applications.

To understand the meaning of classes we have to understand the built-in __init__()

function.

All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the
class is being initiated.

Use the __init__() function to assign values to object properties, or other

operations that are necessary to do when the object is being created:

Object Methods

Objects can also contain methods. Methods in objects are functions that belong to
the object.

The self Parameter

The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and is used to
access variables that belongs to the class.

It does not have to be named self , you can call it whatever you like, but it has to
be the first parameter of any function in the class:

CHAPTER 17 Python Iterators

• An iterator is an object that contains a countable number of values.

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• An iterator is an object that can be iterated upon, meaning that you can
traverse through all the values.

• Technically, in Python, an iterator is an object which implements the

iterator protocol, which consist of the methods __iter__() and __next__().

Iterator vs Iterable

Lists, tuples, dictionaries, and sets are all iterable objects. They are iterable
containers which you can get an iterator from.

All these objects have a iter() method which is used to get an iterator:

Create an Iterator

To create an object/class as an iterator you have to implement the methods

__iter__() and __next__() to your object.

all classes have a function called __init__(), which allows you to do some
initializing when the object is being created.

The __iter__() method acts similar, you can do operations (initializing etc.), but
must always return the iterator object itself.

The __next__() method also allows you to do operations, and must return the next
item in the sequence.

StopIteration

The example above would continue forever if you had enough next() statements,
or if it was used in a for loop.

To prevent the iteration to go on forever, we can use the StopIteration statement.

In the __next__() method, we can add a terminating condition to raise an error if

the iteration is done a specified number of times:

CHAPTER 18
Introduction to modules What
is a Module?

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Consider a module to be the same as a code library.

A file containing a set of functions you want to include in your application.

Create a Module

To create a module just save the code you want in a file with the file extension
.py:

Use a Module

Now we can use the module we just created, by using the import statement:

Naming a Module

You can name the module file whatever you like, but it must have the file
extension .py

Re-naming a Module

You can create an alias when you import a module, by using the as keyword:

Built-in Modules

There are several built-in modules in Python, which you can import whenever you
like.

Using the dir() Function

There is a built-in function to list all the function names (or variable names) in a
module.

Import From Module

You can choose to import only parts from a module, by using the
from keyword.

Conclusion

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Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read in

our books. For this, we perform experiments and get observations. Practical
knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with the
problems related to that field so that he may solve them and become a successful
person. After achieving the proper goal in life, an engineer has to enter in
professional life. According to this life, he has to serve an industry, may be public
or private sector or self-own. For the efficient work in the field, he must be well
aware of the practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge.

References

1. Python notes for professional

2. https://www.w3schools.com/

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