PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

STATE OF MATTER I

1
Overview
 Kinetic theory of matter
 Ideal gas
 The gas law
- Boyle’s Law
- Charles’ Law
- Avogadro’s Law
 Ideal gas equation
 Dalton’s law of partial pressure
 Real gas

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Kinetic theory of matter
 All matter is made up of particles.

 The arrangements of particles in solid, liquid

and gas

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Kinetic theory of matter
Solid
 Very Strong forces between particles.
 The particles are packed closely together, in an orderly
arrangement.
 High densities, cannot be compressed easily.
 The particles can only vibrate and rotate about fixed
position, cannot move throughout a solid.
 Has less energy than liquids or gases.
 Must gain energy to melt and to overcome the strong
forced holding the particles in fixed positions.

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Kinetic theory of matter
Liquid
 Strong forces between particles.
 The particles are packed closely together, not in an
orderly arrangement.
 Have high densities and cannot be compressed
easily.
 The particles can vibrate, rotate and move throughout
the liquid.
 Adopt shape of the container.
 Have more energy than solid but less energy than gas
 Must gain energy to boil and to break the forces between
the particles in liquid.
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Kinetic theory of matter
Gas
 Weak forces between particles.
 The particles are far apart, in a random arrangement
 Have low densities and can be compressed easily.
 The particles can vibrate, rotate and move anywhere
within the container
 The pressure of gas is due to the molecules bouncing off
the walls of the container.
 Gases has no shape
 Have more energy than solids and liquids.
 When condense in to liquids, heat energy is given out.
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Ideal gas
An ideal gas is a hypothetical (imaginary) gas,
which has no existence. Basic assumptions
of the kinetic theory as applied to ideal
gas:-

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 Assumption Comments
The gas particles are in continuous Collision between the gaseous particles
random motion. results in continuous exchange of energy,
slowing down some particles while
accelerating others.
The gas consists of particles of negligible The actual volume of particles is much
size or volume compared with the volume smaller than the volume occupied by the
of the container gas. Thus, the model of an ideal gas can be
visualized as a collection of point mass
particles in random motion.
The gas particles have negligible The particles behave independently
intermolecular forces of attraction.
Collisions between molecules are perfectly no loss of kinetic energy during collisions,
elastics particles do not stick together
The average kinetic energy of the An increase in the average kinetic energy of
particles is proportional to the absolute the particles causes an increase in
temperature temperature.
The gas obey the gas law perfectly (eg.
Boyle’s law, Charles law and the General Gas
equation)

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 Gas Law
 One of the most amazing things about gases is that,
despite wide differences in chemical properties, all the
gases more or less obey the gas laws. The gas laws
deal with how gases behave with respect to pressure,
volume, temperature, and amount.

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 Boyle’s Law
 Boyle’s Law: at a constant temperature, the volume, V of a fixed
mass of a given gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, p
 When pressure increase and temperature decrease, gas molecules
become closer, so interaction increases, it is deviation of Boyle’s
Law

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 Boyle’s Law
• Mathematically:
1
V  constant  PV  constant
P
P1  V1  P2  V2

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 Boyle’s Law
Questions
 A sample of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 42.5cm3 at 25oC and 1 atm pressure.
What will be its volume when the pressure is increased to 1.8 atm, at constant
temperature?

 9.97dm3 of air at 119.0kPa is allowed to expand, at constant temperature, to 12.0dm3.

Calculate its final pressure.

 A sample of gas collected in a 350 cm3 container exerts a pressure of 103 kPa. Calculate
the volume of this gas at a pressure of 150 kPa, at constant temperature.

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Charles’ Law
 Charles law: the volume, V of a fixed mass of a given
gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its
temperature, T

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 Charles’ Law
 The temperature -273oC was adopted as the zero on a new
temperature scale – absolute scale or Kelvin scale.
x oC = (x + 273) K

 -273oC (or 0 K) is known as absolute zero

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 Charles’ Law

• Charles’s Law: the volume of a fixed quantity of gas at

constant pressure increases as the temperature increases.
• Mathematically:
V V1 V2
V  constant  T  constant  
T T1 T2

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 Charles’ Law
Questions
 A sample of helium gas occupies 100cm3 at 28oC. At what temperature will its volume
be doubled under constant pressure?

 A sample of gas at 15oC and 1 atm has a volume of 2.58 dm3. What will be the new
volume if temp. is increased to 38oC at constant pressure?

 A 4.50 dm3 sample of gas is warmed at constant pressure from 300 K to 350 K.
Calculate its final volume.

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 Avogadro’s Law
 Avogadro’s Law: any gases with equal volume, measured at the same
temperature and pressure, have equal number of molecules (or the
same number of moles of gas)
 The same number of moles of all gas will occupy the same
volume under the same temperature and pressure.
 Standard temperature and pressure: 273K (0 oC) and 101kPa (1 atm)
 1 mol of any gas will occupy a volume of 22.4dm3.

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Avogadro’s Law
 Mathematically,
V  constant  n

V1 V2

n1 n2

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 Avogadro’s Law
Questions:
1. The density of a gas is 1.78 gdm-3 at room condition. Calculate the relative molecular
mass of the gas.

2. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas which will combine with 50cm3 of hydrogen gas to
produce water. All volumes are measured under the same temperature and pressure.

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 Avogadro’s Law
3. 24 cm3 of a mixture of methane and ethane were ignited with 90 cm3 of oxygen. After
cooling, the residual gases were bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide and a contraction of 32 cm3 was observed. Calculate the composition of
methane and ethane in the mixture. (The pressure remains constant throughout the
whole process)

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Ideal Gas Equation
 Boyles Law, Charles Law, and Avagadros Law
combined to relate the volume of a gas to its
pressure, its temperature, and to the number of
moles of gas. These three relationships can be
combined into the ideal gas law.
 An ideal gas obeys the Ideal Gas Equation. This
means that experimental results for a real gas closely
resemble an ideal gas and agree well with theoretical
results calculated using the Ideal Gas Equation.

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 Ideal Gas Equation

1
• Boyle’s Law: V  (constant n, T )
P
• Charles’s Law: V  T (constant n, P )
• Avogadro’s Law: V  n (constant P , T )

• We can combine these into a general gas law:

nT
V 
P
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 Ideal Gas Equation
 Ideal gas equation
PV = nRT

P = pressure measured in Pascal (Pa) or Nm-2.

1 atmosphere = 101kPa (3 s.f)
V = volume in m3.
1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 106 cm3.
T = absolute temperature, measured in Kelvin (K).
0 oC = 273 K.
R = molar gas constant = 8.31 Jmol-1K-1.
n = number of moles 23
Ideal Gas Equation
 This equation can be rearranged to find the density
of gases and the RMM of gases, using the
relationship
m = n x Mr
 PV = mRT/Mr

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Ideal Gas Equation
 so the mass of one mole is given by
mr = mRT/PV,
where m is the mass in g.
 The density of a gas,
d= mass/volume
(m/V) = mrP/RT.

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 Ideal Gas Equation
Questions
1. Calculate the pressure of a gas given that 0.2 moles of the gas occupy 10 dm3 at 20
oC.

2. Calculate the temperature of a gas if 0.5 moles occupy 1.2 dm3 at a pressure of 200
kPa.

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 Ideal Gas Equation
3. Calculate the mass of a sample of carbon dioxide which occupies 20 dm3 at 27 oC and 100
kPa.

4. Calculate the relative molecular mass of a gas if a 500 cm3 sample at 20 oC and 1 atm has
a mass of 0.66 g.

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 Ideal Gas Equation
5. The density of a gas is 1.25 kgm-3 at 25 oC and 101 kPa. Calculate the relative molecular
mass of the gas.

6. The volume of a sample of gas is 2.5 dm3 at 25 oC and 101 kPa. What will be its volume at
40 oC and 200 kPa?

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 Ideal Gas Equation
7. Sketch the following graph for an ideal gas:
(a) pV/nRT against p
(b) d/p against p at constant temperature
(c) pV against p at constant temperature.
(d) pV against T (K) for a fixed amount of an ideal gas
(e) pV/T against T (K) for a fixed amount of an ideal gas
(f) d against p at constant temperature.

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 Ideal Gas Equation
8. At 25 oC and 100 kPa a gas occupies a volume of 20 dm3. Calculate the new
temperature of the gas if
(a) the volume is decreased to 10 dm3 at constant pressure.
(b) the pressure is decreased to 50 kPa at constant volume.

9) (a) 6.32 g of gas occupies 2200 cm3 at 100 oC and 101 kPa. Calculate the relative
molecular mass of the gas.
(b) The density of a gas is 1.25 gdm-3 at 25 oC and 101 kPa. Calculate the relative
molecular mass of the gas.

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 Ideal Gas Equation
10) 0.50 g of a volatile liquid was introduced into a globe of 1000 cm3 capacity. The globe
was heated to 91 oC so that all the liquid vapourised. Under these conditions the
vapour exert pressure of 0.25 atm. What is the relative molecular mass of the liquid?

11) An organic compound X contains 60% carbon, 13.3 % hydrogen and 26.7% oxygen
by mass. 0.6 g of X occupies 0.336 dm3 at 137 oC and standard pressure. Calculate the
(a) empirical formula
(b) relative molecular mass
(c) molecular formula of Q

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Dalton’s Law of partial
Pressure
 Partial pressure is the pressure that
each gas would exert if it alone
occupied the container.
 Dalton’s Law of partial pressure: In a
mixture of gases which do not react
chemically, the total pressure (PT) of
the mixture is the sum of partial
pressure of the constituent gases.
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 Dalton’s Law of partial
Pressure
PT = PA + PB + PC + ….
PT = total pressure
PA, PB, and PC = partial pressures of gases A, B, and C.
nA
PA = PT x nA =Mole fraction of A, x
nT A
nT
nB
PB = PT x n xA + xB + xC =1
T
nC
PC = PT x
nT
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Dalton’s Law of partial
Pressure

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 Dalton’s Law of partial
Pressure
Questions
1. A container of volume 2 dm3 contains 0.4 mol of oxygen and 1.2mol of carbon dioxide
under a total pressure of 100 kPa. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas in the
mixture.

2. A 2.5 dm3 container contains 0.1 mol nitrogen and 0.25mol oxygen at 25 oC. Calculate
the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure of the mixture.

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 Dalton’s Law of partial
Pressure
3. 100 cm3 of oxygen gas at 150kPa is mixed with 200 cm3 of nitrogen gas at 300kPa.
What is the partial pressure of oxygen gas and nitrogen gas in the mixture assuming
the temperature remains constant?

4. 1.0 dm3 of gas A at a pressure of 505kPa and 2.5 dm3 of gas B at a pressure of
232.2kPa were forced into a container of 0.7 dm3 capacity. Calculate the total
pressure in the 0.7 dm3 container. The temperature remains constant throughout.

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 Real gas
A real gas is gas that exist such as hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, He, Ne, F2, CO2, CO etc. It has the following
features:
 Do not obey gas laws at all temperatures and
pressures.
 Real gases deviate from ideal behavior at high
pressure and low temperature.
 There exists small force of attraction between the molecules
of real gases.
 The molecules have certain volume. Gas molecules cannot
just move anywhere in the container as they cannot move
into a volume of space occupied by other gas molecules.
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Real gas
Deviation from ideality occurs under
 High pressure- gas molecules are packed close
together, and size of a gas molecule cannot be
assumed to be negligible.
 Low temperature- molecules move more slowly,
intermolecular forces are significant
 When a gas has strong intermolecular forces, e.g.
hydrogen bonding in NH3
 Molecules having polar bonds deviate more than
those having non-polar bonds
 When a gas molecule has a large size, e.g

NH3>CO2>O2>N2>H2
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Why Low Pressure?...Ideal

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Figure 10.23
Real gas
A real gas is most like ideal gas
 At low pressure
- Gas are widely spaced, have negligible size.
- forces of attraction between gas molecules are also
virtually zero.

 At high temperatures (well above boiling point)

- There are negligible intermolecular attractions since
the gas particles have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome it.
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Why High Temperature?...Ideal

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Figure 10.24