CHAPTER Indeterminate Forms 4.1 INTRODUCTION ‘We have studied certain rules to evaluate the limits. But some limits cannot be evalu- ated by using these rules. These limits are known as indeterminate forms. There are seven types of indeterminate forms: we Gi) 2 Gi) OX) we wr (vi) 0° (vii) 2° ‘These limits can be evaluated by using L'Hospital’s rule, 4.2 L’HOSPITAL’S RULE be ) are two functions of x which can be expanded by Taylor’s Statement Iff(x)and g(3) lim g(x) = g(a)=0. series in the neighbourhood of x=4 and if lim f@) = f(a)=0, then LO) © him LO ge) “m g(x) Proof Let x=a+h Sin LO) = tm LED fim Gy 3 gar)4.2 Chapter 4 Indeterminate Forms . Won farif(a+ SO = lim b i (aye (+ BO) te a+ ros ft = lin 2. aye eat oom LORI toe 2. i 8 (A) + 8") Foe -£@ ea =tinZ, provided g'(a) #0. se g(x Standard Limits The following standard limits can be used to solve the problems: id lg =I di) tim 82 = o x yy tim2 1-1 oe Gi) tn” toga 7 » TE (9 tin( +2) a x _-t (vii) fin aT (vi) im sinhx_, 4.3 TYPE 1: : FORM Problems under this type are solved by using L’Hospital’s rule considering 243. Type: ; Form 4.3 £@) 10), £9) eG)" Myy Hi se)=0andlinst0)=0 ee Example 1 Prove that tim t2)"=1 0 y Solution = lim lt)" =1 tag [Son] 0 a timttsy ee [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] =n Example 2 x ak Evaluate jing a Hoe + 4) | x90 Pe Solution _ yy xe% log (+x) 0 Let ee jem et +xe"— at = lim += [? tm] m0 Ox 0 [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] dren et 2 a ee [Applying L'Hospital’s rule] 2 2 Se ee Example 3 xlogx—(x-1) Evaluate lim xl (x=TlogxIndeter™”™” aa chapter 4 Solution gar- (r=) [2 Let [eI (vlog 0] 1 -1 yo t loge x elim ———_ (Apply; rN gga (I PPlyng tin [2 =limn———; fe Hogr#l 7 0 im] [Applyin gL Mo, Example 4 = Evaluate Yim © ~208(1+ x) 30 xsinx Solution Let 1 = jim £22" ~2log( + Jim <=? Tog(1+ 2) [2 | xsinx p form 0 0 [2 fom] [Applying L'Hospil [Applying L’Hospitat’s rule43 Type tS Frm 45 Example 5 Evaluate pay Wintgea? [Summer 2014] Solution 2 Let Ee i x90 sin? x= x? fom] ee" -2r nh Seiaseuan lor [Applying L’Hospita’s rule] = lim ete%=2 590 2(-sina)sinx+Deost ag (APPIvingL’Hospitals rule] im +e =? +90 2eos2x—-2 = lim =4£_ 390 (-2)2sin2x [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] = lim x390—4sin2x ete =li Applying L’Hospital’ sd —Bcos 2x {Applying L’Hospital’s rule] aoe 4 Example 6 Evaluate lim = x30 (+x)? -1 Solution I oF Let 0 formExample 8 5 Jog(1+x Evaluate tim et 3 x0 sin x Solution : te tet te) ftom 0 sin 0 [Applying L Hoss aa wa\sinx) (1433)cos.x =1 ] [tim == 4 [0 sinx4.3 Type t: : Form 4.7 Se Se EE eee Eee EEE Example 9 Evaluate lim sl 1+logx—x" Solution =li 0 Let Is texas [; tom] i xnettee iim——* rl 1+logx-x = imi + logs) in [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] x ~e"*™ (I +og x)? - (2) {ie = lim. mi [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] =2 Example 10 J yt Evaluate lim=— soy x*-y Solution Let 2. ax”! ~y" logy =lim=— /Applying L’Hospital’s lim-"@slogy)-0 [Applying L’Hospital’s rule} _ =)” logy J" (1+ logy) _I-logy I+log y Example 11 Evaluate lim Si8@6082) xo% cos(xsin x) 2inate Forms 4,8 Chapter4 Indeterminate For Solution sin (x0os%) ; on] 7 1 Tiny Cos asin) 2 xsi). [Applying LHospj = lim Tn (asin xy(sins + * cosx) Pita, : Example 12 2 . 1s" 1X [Winte a. . Evaluate tim, Fe 2 2 Solution 0 7 [to] 2cos mx(-asin 7) seta , = fim, Sta 1 [Applying L’Hospital’s nig 3 im -asin2ax 0 orm “wot 2e"=e) 0 im 270828 ; ne [Applying L’ Hospital's nkj e “Fe gt ree Example 13 1-¢0s(6-a) 1 Prove that lim - alta >a (sinO-sina)*? 2 eC Ot. Solution Let im Iae0s(@= 2) Se (6ind—sinary 8 fom! = fornt | 1043° Typet: ; Form 4.9 = lim—_Sin(@~a) 6 aa (Applying L’Hospital’s rule] = lim —_8in(@~a) 0 | *« (sin20—2 sin a6058) aa = lim —_£08(6~a) 8 2008264 2sinarsing _'APPlving L’Hospital’s rate] | . e080 9 nes A 1 elu © 2=2sin? 1 2eos? a 1 _ = seca 2 Ly... Example 14 . Ssinx—7sin2x+3sin3x Evaluate lim" x0 tanx—x Solution Let /=lim 20 Ssin x—7sin 2x +3sin3x [2 | ——ee = form tanx- x 5c0s.x—14c0s 21+ 9eos3x ig oo sec x— = im —28i0 + 28sin 2x27 sin 3x [? to] [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] mo 2sec* xtan.x i sin3. DX 4 56 in gy n = lim —* ~ = tanx ; 2sec? x EX xerate FU 4.10 chapter 4 i fe 15 Bam peal sss a aide : Evaluate lim solution oh 0 oy ne" sos 2S om Let flim — ¥ 3(3 3 \43sin? xcosx 2 (2x)-2: (3°) x 4y-2e" (2x)-28 2 ohm] lim 2x : a [Applying L Hospi : 131, 1 gina? +6sinzeos? gage te ay ows Stok 8 ~ Ie =lim 2 [Applying L’Hospita, 3 sinx? x -4-lim —— 3 11. sina? Jample 16 Evaluate lim 4 a Solution Let I=1im a{aet “ox'Lsinke | =A lm Site ksinds 0 0 ht sinks [? fom] = A fim Sindee Asin be Deo xz sinkx ke Ie.4.3 Type 1: ; Form 4.14 Atm /sinke-ksinky [9 =z [Fm] [gsi -1| = =A jin lHCOS Y= Mos ly [2 : im COSA Hos x Po ae a fom] [Appling L’Hospital’s rule] = A ji ZH Sin e+ RP sin be TRE sin kx RP sin : i 6x [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] oa 2 sin oF in| -Su Ik + KP) [igs _ Ak a -#) ee Example 17 x? tan x Evaluate lim 7 (e*-1)? Solution ey Nx tan 0 Let ey eae (3 tom] [: lim m1] ee [Applying L’Hospital’s rule]inate Forms az chapter4 Indeterminate F Example 18 — x loges 955 im Evaluate lim _ log, 6082 eck Solution x log. COS 1=1im —— i x90 Jog, cosx = x x logeos* logsec~ = lim Ft 10 Jogsecx logcosx wort (chee! 19 (-logeosx) _logcos.x logcos~ y = lim 2 98 290) logeosx oom ; logeos* ow, lim 2, 0 Togcosx 8) T————_Applyi Soe ‘Applying L’Hospital’sai cosy 80x) tan* = lim —2. — 2tan x tan? stim Yo] (x 7 x sl 4aaa crapter4 sndeterinate FTE 1-X er tle 40. Evaluate lin ann ex rlogx 11. evaluate lin aot : yer —log(t+%) _ 42, Prove that IG? . \ that int at 13, prove that Mota) 44, Prove that tim = 2. watt v2sinx 415, Prove that tin a =. ily -aVi9-5x 6 oot 416, Prove that tim——— log’. xt logx e 17. Prove that fim eae a | et 10 Ix? a 2a" 48, Prove that tint20%=* = 4 x90 x oe 4.4 TYPE 2 Probl i —————_ lems under this type are also solved by using L’ sing L’Hospital’s rule conse fact that tim LOD — jim LO Pg) gy lim £(a) =o and lim g(a)== RR a eer Example 1 Prove that lim 82 _ lim" =0,(n>0),solution Let Em] [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] etn Example 2 . logsinx Juate im —=——, x »90 cotx Solution Let 1 = tim 2esinx at ox ——-cosx = limSx__ x9 —cosec*x = lim (cos:sinx) =0 Example 3 r toe(x-2) Prove that lim ———*+ xt tanx Solution © log| x-= (oF) Let —— tanx *| [Applying L'Hospital’s rule] [E= [Applying L’Hospital’s rule]fe Forms determina 4 chapter 4m r I prove that li (qi Solution log(x-@) [E tom] Let I im gia") (Applying L’Hospital’s rule a 1 to ==) [Sonn] Jim Toga te ema 0 = lim: 1 gg 08 oir [Applying L*Hospital’s rue to sep a’loga = J =—~a' loga @loga =l Example 5 Prove that |i t hai imlog, tanx=1, Solution Let Ish Jimlog, tanx im OB tanx og ep 0 ogy |— form [Change of basHence EXERCISE 4.2 Beret tego ere slog x 4, Prove that lim cotx =0. log (1— x) cotxx lOg.inx COSX _ 2. Prove that lim 3, Prove that lim 4. log. cos 4, Prove that LiMlOg sing sin2x =1. ax 5. Prove that timate) =3. _ logx? 6. Prove that lim mee 0. [Hint: Put x* = yl 7. Prove that tim" =0(m>0). Bie) Oe, 8. Prove that lim noe n 9. Prove that limlog, sin2x = i . 4.5 TYPE3:0x=FORM To solve the problems of the type lim [f(x)-g(x)], when tim J (x) =0, lim g(x) = (i.e. 0 X o> form)seo orl 4 coat 43 x J we oe 4g)? 5 sare wes? jl we g0) ig wile 0% respectively, whi ey } Whi eho Sheng y fost 4 ese esialS s Zamole | ‘ops? prove fit i* solution. jmsl08* (0% fom) Let an x 00. in Zo] x A = [Applying L’ ela] [ PPlyng Fg, “a ¥ zl) Example 2 Prove that limsin xlogx=0- Solution Le 1 lisinxlogx [0 xe form] “ee [=%=] ~ =lim——*—_ [Applying L’Hosrit li 40 —cosec x COL XK =m sinx x = -tin'sin tim in sin x-fi = vox = [ tig =I]45 Type3:0x-Form 4,33 Example 3 i eos a prove that lim 2" sin (<) solution en) 1 1 ins Bs-,ts—, Putting piss when x0, 2700, 759 = lim Sitar 0 oy asinat = lim——— 130 af =al Example 4 Evaluate lim oe(2 eo ~a). xa a Solution Let 1=timog(2 2) cot(x—a) {0 form} un : toe(2- 2) = lim [Fm] 20 tan(e—a) 0 aie! (=) = lim +_4 {Applying L’Hospital’s rule] x2 sec?(x-a) a aIm prove . [0x0 sotion a) ut [; F 0 om] Putting x 0 '-1 i [e] Hoga Applying “et (AP ay =loga Example 6 Prove that lime 2 *)(+sec mx)=-2. Solution = timtan?| 2 la aes [E]oreemo [2x0 form] ees [2 F | iar 2 form cot?) 4* ) 0 ig Beeston, to 5 2 Ds [Applying Losi 2 = +} lim S27. tg ||, un cogeg? FE st ae 7 =-|_seen ar lim tu cosec? # | 3h 0 2) co 4k fom 7 04.5 Type3:0x=Form — 4i5 Tsec? mx =-CDlim niyo tes esd } zm [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] 2 sec’ Example 7 Evaluate lim Solution [s°x0 form] 1 = lim(a+ x) ——*_ xa 2 Let Va’-x* =a When x4,@30 -1 . tan 2a: lim a0 oO Example 8 : ~ faax Evaluate lim sin |—— cosec Va’ — me atxi s pter 4 Indeterminate Form: 438 + oo - @ FORM pE4:@-% 4.6 TY =g(2)]» when lim f(y 5:84 type lil /(*) < To evaluate the limils of the type re i ie : fie. (2-1) form], we reduce the expression 10 © form of 0 < mae" L’Hospital’s rule is ayy”, 3! ety le " taking LCM or by earranging the frms and then L'HosP! is apiigg * Example 1 Prove that lim (cosh x -logx) = log2. a Solution Let 1 = lim (cosh"! x—logx) [°-2 form] = lim log s+ FF =1)-tog:] 3 = lim of Eo : = lim log| 1+ (et = 2 = log? Example 2 Evaluate in|* i alee log(l+ a Solution StL x yo log(l+ x) Let "tal? ! | [=e form] [$m] 0 [i fom (Applying LHospitsls = in| =)4.6 Typed:©-«Form 4.39 [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] ee Example 3 _ (J x 1 Prove that lim a) =-2, stl logx x1 2 Solution 2 (Pak x 1=lim| —--— [oo 08 Let . Sos 3) [=-0 a em Deep eae ) [; fom] [Applying ay ts [3 Applying L'Hosyi, wh [poe form] za = lin SY ary, Yo y 2 = limS_Y=1 | [: tim 22L = i my 0 . 0 Dy [jm] [Applying Lost!46 Type4:=-=Form 4,44 = lim 28222" see ytan y 7 ° 2 [Applying L’Hospital's rule] cample 6 Prove that lim mer solution Let 1. | [e222 form] e™ +1 “ries [3m] = lim oe 2x30 fe “+ D+x(ze)] [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] a & Tap == 8 Example 7 Prove that ti n(x +t )fioe(s+4 )-tex|- > Solution Let 1=tin(s+4e( +43)- bes] [c¢-» form] oe) 1 +m voe(+ 3.) (i+ - igges og [:ia(-2) =¢ 2° \2Forms 442 Chapter 4 Indeterminate Example 8 [Winter 2014, Some, 4 lim Evaluate in( ; jon Solutio! oe 1 1 ) we ig as a [2m] : 1a 0 i sin’ x ‘stim S22, 90 Pad ( sin? x- | tim 2 Jin (Applying L’Hospit, ] 2x2 ; [ 7 } [Applying L’Hospitalsny , (—4sin2x y = in( ) [Applying L’Hospita’sn: {Applying L’Hospitalsni Example 9 . Evaluate lim (2 cot? +} Solution Let [c2—ce form]46 Typedi=-«Form 4,43 ntn( ht 20" tan 2 2 . tan® x — x’ rie 0 390 x tan? x jem _ tan? x — x2 = lim Aa x0 4 tan? x xt —S «| tan’ = lim 1390 = lim x90 tan? x—x? 0 aoa [0] 2tan x-sec? x-2x =lim = lim me [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] a r 2tan x(1+ tan? a)-2x = lim m0 de 1). tanx+tan’ x—x slime 1. (tanx-x) 1 [ 1 =| =< lim| @*=* |," jim = 3m x } 2 0 x 1 sig( 2S) [Room] [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] 3x 0 ima [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] 22050 6x1-4 Indetermina’ Forms rhapter 4 Indetermin te Chat Example 10 1 im( SO +s b ao ge e find and b. Solution J] a iE wb tal sins ¥ ax+btanx [Pe ae ™m, = tin( et ) tim Leet bean) vl . axtbtanx (x = lim tim| ol ae [i vem [m2 ie [Applying Logi = At bsecd 0 —atb a+b=0,a=-p ~b+bsec? x =b+bsec? x 1 3 ra 2 3 3 [3 fo] =lim b:2secx Secxtan x 0 6x [Applying L'Hospit! “tent b= From Eq. (1),a= 1 Hence, a1, pL4.46 Chapter 4 Indeterminate Forms 1 7, Evaluate in -x toe | 8. Prove that mt 4.7, TYPE 5:1", @°, 0° FORMS To evaluate the limits of the type lim[ f(x)" which takes any one t of form for f(x) >0, we proceed as follows: he Let 1 lim [FOR where f(x) >) ogi = lim [g(x)-log f()] Which takes the form cx 0, ie., type 3 form. Example 1 1 Prove that lim (a° +x)" =ae, [Summer Solution 1 “Let = lim (a" +x) m slim (@ +3) {1 form] logt= n+ 7 loe(at +x) [x0 form] a ee +x) 0 a fom lim akan Peat) ca 1 (Applying L'Hospita’s ue) ° aa loga+1 a +0 log. a+log oeAT Types: =! Forms 4.47 = logae pence I=a0 Example 2 \ prove that lim(e™ —5y)% = ¢-2 solution 1 Let Fs lim(e* ~5y)* i U0" form] log! = lim —log(e* ~5x) . = lim OB" 5x) 0 igh on] 1 ' : geen Be -5 = lim &7=5) ’ a 1 [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] 3e°-5 Hence, a Example 3 ty Evaluate lim(log.x)"""*, Solution 1 Let 1 = lim(log.xy* U1" form] 0 log! =I log(t 2 eins [Po] al I = lim28%* [Applying L’Hospital’s rule] Hence,sminate Forms 4.8 chapter 4 indete Example 4 1 gases z (abe)? (Simin Prove that jim 3 Solution {1° form] Let [sm] 0 (a loga+b* logb +c" loge) — anes 3 i eee een aa [Applying L’Hospitas, 1 )atimees tebe ito ‘(Gane 3 =f losabe 1 = log (abe)? ! Hence, I= (abe)? —_—_—_—— Example 5 1 , «(1 +2° 43°44" )s i Prove that in 2243 =(24)4, Solution 1 Let Ts lim{ U42°+3" +4" eee [1° form]47 Type 5: 1°, «2, 0 Forms 4.49 1 vox ay feta 2 234 =; , lo o[eese) 2 ere ° a =lim——4 Ctog142% bez OPED as age log3+-4" log 4) 1 an L'Hospital’s rule] = 7(log2+1og3+1og4) 1 =—log24 gio 1 = log(24)* 1 Hence, 1 =(24)4 fample6. dit aN Prove that lim} @* +b* +c% +d* 1 =(abed)', 4 Solution Ieee ete Let Is info! +b +eh 4d } aa{ y, When x e2, y 0 [0° form) 1 a +b+e +d? {= lim] “*? Fe +E” 390 4 Jog! =lim--tog{ 222" 42.42” 8 yO y 8 4 a’ +b" +e" +d? log! i 2m] ig9—*~ : 4 ) a’ loga+b’ logb+c’ loge +d? ut) a+b +c+d” 4 [Applying L’Hospital’s rule]i ms 4.50 chapter 4 Indeterminate For +logd oga tog 410ge 4 Jog (abcd) 7 4 1 = log(abed)* 1 Hence, (1 =(abod)* eee ai Example 7 x 2 Prove that in( 4) =e". wel ax-l Solution 7 1=tin( 24) jim| a i “m ai [1° form] ax log! = lim xlog = 1-— ax “tesla (oa ial 2] soles) om-2)"] 1 @ (Be+ loge) a *in(ie 2) Ei (4) ime) =e " 0 Bin sie