Paper No.

: CEMT 101
Unit 1 [15 marks]

Successive Differentiation: Successive derivatives, standard results (without proof) for n th

derivatives, Leibnitz’s rule (statement) and its examples.

Unit 2 [15 marks]

Theory of Matrices : Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, Hermition and Skew -

Hermition matrices, Elementary row Operations on Matrices, Row-reduced echelon form of a
matrix, Inverse of a matrix by row-reduced echelon form, Rank of a matrix.

Unit 3 [15 marks]

Convergence and Divergence of Series : Definitions of Convergence and divergence of real

infinite series, Four Tests (Comparison Test, Practical Comparison test, Ratio Test and Root
Test – only examples for these tests), Examples of convergence of power series and radius of
convergence.

Unit 4 [15 marks]

Mean Value Theorems: Rolle’s mean value theorem, Lagrange’s mean value theorem and
Cauchy’s mean value theorem (Only statements of these theorems and examples).

Maxima and minima of a function of one variable using 1st derivative and 2nd derivative test.

Indeterminate Forms : Examples using L’ Hospital’s rules for various indeterminate forms like
0 
form, form, 0.∞ form, ∞ - ∞ form etc.
0 

 Reference Books:

1. Differential Calculus – Shantinarayan

2. Matrix and Linear Algebra – K. B. Dutta
3. Calculus – T. M. Apostal
4. Theory of Matrices – Vatssa
5. Calculus – James Stewart- sixth edition

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 Unit 3

Convergence & Divergence of the series

Definition : Convergent Sequence : Let an  be a sequence of real numbers and a  R.

Then an  is said to be a convergent sequence with limit a , if for every  > 0, there exists

a positive integer k such that nk  an  a < .

Series : If a1 , a2 , a3 ,... (upto infinity) is a sequence of real numbers then a1  a2  a3

.......( upto infinity) is said to be a series. It is denoted by a n .

Series a n is said to be a convergent series if a n is a finite number or the sequence

sn  , sn = a1  a2  a3 ... an for each n  N, is a convergent sequence. The sequence

sn  is said to be a sequence of partial sums.

The following theorem gives examples of many convergent and divergent series :

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Theorem : n p is a convergent series for p > 1 and divergent for p  1 .

1 1 1
 , ,
1 1 1
Thus, 2 3 4
, ....... etc. are convergent series, but  , 1
, 2
, .......
n n n n n 2
n 3

are divergent series.

Result : If a series a n of positive terms is convergent then lim an = 0.

n 

Note : Thus, if a series is convergent, then it’s terms should approach 0, i.e., it’s terms should

go nearer and nearer to 0. But the converse of the above result is not true.

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For example, if  a =  1n , then
n
lim an = lim
n  n
1
n
= 0. But  a =  1n
n is a

divergent series.

Example:


n2  2

n 1 2n  3
2

n2 2
 2
n2  2 n 2
n
Here lim an  lim 2  lim
n  n  2n  3 n  2n 2 3
2
 2
n n
2
1 2
 lim n  1 0  1  0
2 2 20 2
n  3
n
The series is divergent.

Geometric series : A series of the form a  ar1  ar 2  ar 3  ar 4 +... is said to be a

geometric series with the ratio r.

If -1 < r < 1 for the geometric series , then and only then it is convergent and its limit is

a
, where ‘a’ is the first term of the series and ‘r’ is the ratio. For example, 2 + 6 + 18 +
1 r
54 +.......... is a geometric series with a = 2 and r = 3. Since r > 1, the series is divergent. But

1 1 1
the series 1    +... is a geometric series with a = 1 and r = 1/2. Since r < 1, the series
2 4 8

is convergent.

Comparison test : Let a n and bn be the series with the positive terms. Let mN

and k  R. If

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1. For each n  N , n  m , an  kbn and b n is convergent , then a n is also

convergent.

2. For each n  N , n  m , an  kbn and b n is divergent , then a

n is also

divergent.

Practical Comparison Test : Let a n and bn be the series with the positive terms. Let

m  N and if for each n  N, nm,

an
1.
a b for two positive numbers a and b or
bn
an
2. lim 0
n  b
n

Then both the series are either convergent or both the series are divergent.

3n  2
Example :  4n 2  1

3n  2 1
an = b
Here 4n 2  1 . Let n =
n.

an n(3n  2)
Then bn = 4n 2  1

a 3n 2  2n
lim n lim 3
0.
So, n b
n
= n 4n 2  1 =
4

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Hence by the practical comparison test, both the series are either convergent or both are

1
divergent. But ∑ bn = ∑ is divergent ( because p = 1 ). So the given series is DIVERGENT.
n

Practice Sums for Practical Comparison Test :

1
2
1 2n
(1)  3n (2) 7 (3) 5 3
n 4
3 2

n
5
4 n
n 1 3 n
2
1
(4) 3 (5)  4n (6)  1  2  3  ....  n
1
2 5
n n
(7) 5 7 9 11 2 3 4
(8)     ... (9)    ...
1
1 2
 2  32  ...  n2
2
4 9 16 25 1 8 27

(10) 1 3 5 7 1 1 1
(11)     ... (12)    ...
1 2 3 4
    ... 1 2 3 4 1 8 2  9 3 10
2 5 10 17
(13) (14) (15)
1 1 1 1 2 23 3 4 1 1 1
   ...    ...    ...
1 8 8 15 15  22 3 4 5 4 5 6 5  6  7 1 2 2 3 3 4

  n  1  n    3 
1
n3  1  n3

(16) (17) (18)  ( n  1) 3
 n
 
1 22 33 44
(19) 2  3  4  5  ... (20)   n 4  1  n 4 1
 
2 3 4 5

Answers:

Convergent: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20

Divergent: 3, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 19

De’Alembert’s Ratio Test : Let a n be the series with the positive terms.

an 1
Let lim = l. Then,
n  a
n

If l < l, then a n is convergent.

If l > l, then a n is divergent.

If l = l , then test fails.

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Note : For l = l, the series may be convergent or may be divergent. For example, for the series

1 1
 n , l = l and the series is divergent. Also for the series  n 2
, l = l but the series is

convergent. Thus , for l = l, the series may be convergent or divergent.

2n
Example : Discuss the convergence :  n2 (11)

n 1

Here an =
n
 an+1= 2
2
(n 1)
2
n2

n 1 2
an 1 2 n
So, lim = lim = 2 > 1.
n  a n
n
2 n
(n 2  2n 1)

Hence , by the ratio test, the given series is divergent.

Practice Test for Ratio Test:

5n 3n 3n
(1)  n!
(2)  n2 1
(3)  2n  3
n2  3 2n 1 3n  5
(4)  3n  2
(5)  5n
(6)  7n
n3  2 1 2 3 (9)
(7)  2n  3
(8)    ...
2! 3! 4! 1 3 5 7
    ...
1! 2! 3! 4!
1 2 3 (11) 4n  n !
(10)    ... (12) 
1  5 1  5 1  53
2
nn  1 n  n

 n!  H int lim (n  n )  e  n
 n  
(13)
1 1 3 1 3  5 1 3  5  7  1 3  5....(2n 1) 
   ... H int : an 
2 2  5 2  5  8 2  5  8 11  2  5  8....(3n 1) 

Answers:

Convergent: 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13

Divergent: 2, 3, 11, 12

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  an
1
n
Cauchy’s Root Test : Let be the series with the positive terms. Let lim an = l then
n 

1 If l < l , then a n is convergent.

2. If l > l , then a n is divergent.

3. If l = l , the test fails.

Note : For root test also, if l = l, the series may be convergent or may be divergent. For example,

1 1
for the series  n , l = l and the series is divergent. Also for the series  n 2
, l = l but the

series is convergent. Thus , for l = l, the series may be convergent or divergent.

n2
 1
Example : Discuss the convergence :   1   (11)
 n

n2 n
 1 1  1
an = 1   = 1  
n
Here  an
 n  n

n
1  1
So, lim an n
= lim 1   = e ≈ 2.718 > 1.
n n  n

Hence , by the root test, the given series is divergent.

Practice Sums for Root Test:

n2 3n n
(1)  5n (2)  4n 2 (3) n n

1 n
(4) 2 n
nn 3n
 4n 
(6)   
(5)  2n3  2n  3 

(8) n 3
 1  2
(9)  1 
 n    
2
n
(7)   n
n n
 1
e   n  1   H int lim  1
 n
   e   n
 

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 (10)  3n  2 
n
n2 n2
  2n  3   1  3
(11)  1  n  (12)  1  n 
 n2
(13)  1
 1  n 

Answers:

Convergent:

Divergent:6 ,7 ,10 ,11 , 12

Absolutely convergent series :

A series a n is said to be absolutely convergent if a n is convergent.

e.g. a n
1 1 1
= 1     ... is absolutely convergent, because
4 9 16
a n
1 1 1
= 1   
4 9 16

1
... = n 2
is convergent.

Result : every absolutely convergent series is convergent.

Proof : suppose a n
is absolutely convergent. then a n is convergent. Now , an  an

and a n is convergent. So, by the comparison test a

n is convergent.

Note : converse of the above result is not true . So, every convergent series is not necessarily

absolutely convergent. For example,

a n =
1 1 1
1     ...is an alternating series which is convergent. But
2 3 4
a n =

1
1 1 1
   ....... =
2 3 4
1
 n is not convergent and so, a n is not absolutely convergent.

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 (1) n 1
Example: Prove that  (2n  1)! is absolutely convergent.

Solution:

(1) n 1
Here an=  an =
(2n  1)!

is convergent. (Try yourself)

 a n is absolutely convergent.

Alternating Series : The series with alternate + and – signs, is called an alternating series.

1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 - 6……. OR -1 + 2 - 3 + 4 – 5 + 6……

→ Conditions for convergence of an alternating series :

1. an > an+1 for all n  N and

2. lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞

1
Example : Discuss the convergence : ∑∞ 𝑛
1 (−1) 𝑛2

1 1
Solution : This is an alternating series with an = 𝑛2 . So, an+1 = (𝑛+1)2

1 1 (𝑛+1)2 − 𝑛2 2 𝑛+1
(i) an - an+1 = 𝑛2 - = = > 0 for n  N.
(𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+1)2 (𝑛+1)2

Thus, an - an+1 > 0 for n  N  an > an+1 for all n  N.

1
(ii) lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2

Hence, given alternating series is convergent.

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POWER SERIES : Let cn  , n = 0 , 1, 2 , ..., be a sequence of real numbers. Then the series
n 

of the form c
n 0
n x n is said to be a power series in x.

1 1 1 1
For example , 1  x  x 2  x3  x 4 +........ is a power series in x.
2 3 4 5

n 

c x n , Let lim cn  1 = . Then

1
Theorem: For a power series n
n  cn R
n 0

1. If x < R, Then the power series is convergent.

2. If x > R, Then the power series is divergent.

3. If x = R, Then the power series may be convergent or divergent.

n  1 1
Theorem : For a power series  cn x n ,let lim
n 0
n 
cn n
=
R
. Then

1. If x < R, then the power series is convergent.

2. If x > R, then the power series is divergent.

3. If x = R, Then the power series may be convergent or divergent.

Note : In the above results, R is said to be the radius of convergence and   R, R  is said

to be the interval of convergence for the power series.

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 1 1 2 1 3
Example : 1  x x  x  ...
1! 2! 3!

1
Solution : This is a power series in x with cn  .
n!

1 c 1
So,  lim n1  lim  0.
R n cn n  n  1

R   .

Thus, the power series is convergent for all real numbers x.

 1
n
Example : Discuss the convergence of  3n
xn

 1
n

This is a power series in x with cn  .

3n

1 1
So, cn  n
and cn 1  n 1
3 3

1 c 1 1
  lim n1  lim  .
R n cn n  3 3

 R = 3.

Thus the power series is convergent for x   3,3 and is divergent for x > 3 and x < -3.

Finally ,we discuss the convergence of the series at x = 3 and x = -3.

  1
n
x = 3 : For x = 3 , the power series becomes , which is an alternating series with a0

= 1.namely, 1-1+1-1+1.......

Since, lim an  lim1  0 .

n n

The alternating series is divergent.

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  1
n
x = -3 : For x = -3 , the power series becomes ,

i.e., 1+1+1+1....., which is divergent being a geometric series with

r=1.

Practice Sums :

Discuss the convergence :

 1 n 
n 1

  (Alternating , Convergent)
 2n  1
2

1 1 1
    ... (Practical CT , Convergent)
1.8 2.9 3.1

n 1
 n 2
1
(Practical CT , Convergent)

1 1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.....  2n  3

 1    ... ( an  , Ratio test)
2 2.4 2.4.6 2.4.6.....  2n  2 

1 1.3 1.3.5
    ...
2 2.5 2.5.8

 3 1

    3  n 
n  1 (Simplify an )
 

 1  x
n

   n2  n
n
(power series , find radius of conv.)

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