191EES321T

UNIT III
STARTING METHODS

Prepared by,
Dr.
Prabaakaran K,
AP/ EEE.
 UNIT III
STARTING METHODS
❑ Types of D.C Motor starters.
❑ Typical control circuits for shunt and
series
motors.
❑ Three phase squirrel cage and slip ring
induction motors.
Starting Methods of DC motors
Necessity of a starter:
• The emf equation of a DC motor is given by,
V=E b + I a Ra
Where, V is the supply voltage in V,
Eb is the back emf induced in the
motor in V,
Ia is the armature current in A,
Ra is the armature resistance in Ω.
• Rewriting the above equation,
V – E b = I a Ra
Ia = (V – E b ) / Ra
• At rest, no back emf is induced in the motor.
So, Eb = 0
I a = V / Ra
• If full supply voltage is applied across the stationary
armature, a large current because of very small armature
resistance is drawn.
• Consider the case of a 440V, 5 h.p. motor having an armature
resistance of 0.25Ω and a full load current of 50 A.
• If the above motor is started from the line directly, then the
starting current drawn by the motor is,
Ia = V / Ra=440 / 0.25 = 1760A
• The above current is 35.2 times(1760 / 50 = 35.2) the full load
current.
• This excessive current will damage the commutator and
brushes and blow out the fuses.
• To avoid the above damages, a resistance is introduced in
series with the armature which limits the starting current to
a safe value.
• The starting resistance is gradually cut out as the motor gains
speed and develops the back emf which then regulates its
speed.
Starter
“A starter is a device used at the time of starting a
machine, which limits the starting current and protect the
motor against low voltage and overload conditions.”
PROTECTIVE DEVICES IN A DC/AC MOTOR STARTER:
Over load Release (O.L.R)
No volt coil (NVC) or Hold on Coil
Thermal Relays
Fuses (Starting /Running)
Over load relay
Types of starters used for starting DC motors:
1. Two point starter,
2. Three point starter,
3. Four point starter.
Three point Starter:
Parts of the three point starter are,
1. Three points : A, B and C
2. L – starting arm
3. S – Soft iron piece
4. M – Over load release or over current release
5. Rs – Starting resistance
6. E – Electromagnet of NVC
7. D –Aluminium disc
Fig 3.1 Three Point Starter
• The component used and the internal wiring for a three point
starter are shown in the figure.
• Three terminals A, B and C are available in the starter circuit
for connecting to the motor.
• The starting resistance Rs provided with tapping and each
tapping is connected to a brass stud. The handle of the starter,
H is fixed in such a way to move over the brass studs.
• Two protective devices namely over load release(OLR) and no
voltage coil(NVC) provided to protect the motor during over
load and during failure of supply.
• The motor is started with the starter handle H which is moved
over the brass stud 1, which connects full resistance in series
with the armature and the armature circuit of the motor is
closed through the starting resistance and over load release
coil.
• Field circuit of motor is also closed through the no voltage coil.
• Then the handle is moved over the studs against the spring
force offered by a spring Sp mounted on the handle.
• As handle moves, the staring resistance is gradually cut out
• A soft iron piece S is attached to the handle.
• The no voltage coil, NVC consists of an electro magnet
energized by the field current.
• When the handle reaches the ON position, the NVC attracts the
soft iron piece and holds the handle firmly.
• Whenever there is a failure of supply, the NVC de-energies and
releases the handle.
• The handle position returns to OFF position due to the spring
tension.
• If this arrangement is provided, then when the power supply
is restored, the armature alone will be connected to the supply
and the current through the armature will be high and it will
damage the armature winding.
• Thus the armature is protected against failure of supply by
NVC.
• The over load release also has an electromagnet and the line
current energizes it.
• When the motor is overloaded, the iron strip is attracted to the
contacts due to the electromagnetic force produced by the
overload release coil and the contacts c and c’ are bridged.
• Thus in this case NVC is de-energized and the handle comes to
off position thus the motor is protected against overloading.
• When starting the motor as the handle touches the first stud it
also touches the brass arc through which full voltage is
supplied to the field coil.

Disadvantage

• The three point starter is not suitable when we have to control

the speed of the motor by connecting a variable resistance in
series with the field winding.
• When the speed is varied below the rated speed, the no voltage
coil will be de-energized and handle will return the off
position.
• Due to this disadvantage, four point starters is widely used for
starting shunt and compound motors.
 FOUR POINT STARTER

• The basic difference between three point and four starters is

the connection of NVC.
• In three point, NVC is in series with the field winding while in
four point starter NVC is connected independently across the
supply through the fourth terminal in addition to the three
terminals of the three point starter.
• Hence any change in the field current does not affect the
performance of the NVC.
• Thus it is ensured that NVC always produce a force which is
enough to hold the handle in Run position, against forces of
the spring, under all the operating conditions.
• Current is adjusted through NVC with the help of fixed
resistance R connected in series with the NVC using fourth
point as shown in the figure.
Four Point Starter
Disadvantages:
• The only limitation of the four point starter is , it does not
provide high speed protection to the motor.
• If under running condition, field gets opened, the field current
reduces to zero.
• But there is some residual flux present and Na 1 the motor
tries to run with dangerously high speed.
• This is called high speeding action of the motion. in three point
starter as NVC is in series with the field, under such field
failure, NVC releases handle to the OFF position.
• But in four point starter NVC is connected directly across the
supply and its current is maintained irrespective of the
current through the field winding, hence it always maintains
handle in the RUN position, as long as supply is there.
• And thus it does not protect the motor from field failure
condition which result into the high speeding of the motor.
 TWO POINT STARTER

• Three point and four point starters are used for d.c. shunt
motors.
• In case of series motors, field and armature are inserted
and hence starting resistance is inserted in series with the
field and armature.
• Such a starter used to limit the star4ting current in case of
dc series motor is called two point starters.
• The basic construction of two point starter is similar to that of
three point starter the fact that is has only two terminal
namely line (L) and field F.
• The terminal is one end of the series combination of field and
the armature winding.
• The action of the starter is similar to that of three point starter.
• The handle of the starter is in OFF position.
• When it is moved to on, motor gets the supply and the entire
starting resistance is in series with the armature and field. It
limits the starting current.
• The current through no volt coil energizes it and when handle
reaches to RUN position, the no volt coil holds the handle by
attracting the soft iron piece on the handle.
• Hence the no volt coil is also called hold on coil.
• The main problem in case of dc series motor is it over speeding
action when the load is less. This can be prevented using two point
starters.
• The no volt coil is designed in such a way that it holds the handle in
RUN positions only when it carries sufficient current, for which
motor can run safely.
• If there is loss of load then current drawn by the motor decreases,
due to which no volt coil losses its required magnetism and releases
the handle.
• Under spring force, handle comes back to OFF position, protecting
the motor from over speeding.
• Similarly if there is any supply problem such that voltage decreases
suddenly conditions.
• The overload condition can be prevented using overload
magnet increases.
• This energizes the magnet up to such an extent that it attracts
the lever below it.
• When lever is lifted upwards, the triangular piece attached to
it touches the two pints, which are the two ends of no volt coil.
• Thus no volt coil gets shorted, loosing its magnetism and
releasing the handle back to OFF position.
Two Point Starter
 STARTERS FOR AC MOTORS
NECESSITY FOR STARTER
• At starting, when full voltage is connected across the stator
terminals of an induction motor, large current is drawn by the
windings.
• This is because, at starting (i.e before the rotor starts rotating)
the induction motor behaves as a short circuited transformer.
• This induced emf of the rotor will circulate a very large
current through its windings.
• The primary will draw very large current nearly 7 times of the
rated current from the supply main to balance the rotor
ampere turns.
• This current will however be gradually decreasing as the
motor picks up speed.
• Hence, if induction motors are started direct-online heavy
current is drawn by the motor, such as heavy starting current
of short duration may not cause harm to the motor since the
construction of induction motors are rugged.
• Moreover, it takes time for intolerable temperature rise to
endanger the insulation of the motor windings. But this heavy
inrush of high current will cause a large voltage drop in the
lines leading to the motor.
• Other motors and equipment connected to the supply lines
will receive reduced voltage.
• In industrial installation, however, if a number of large motors
are started direct on-line, the voltage drop will be very high
and may be really objectionable for the other types of loads
connected to the system.
• The amount of voltage drop will not only dependent on the
size of the motor but also on the factors like the capacity of the
power supply system, the size and length of the line leading to
the motors, etc.
 TYPES OF STARTERS AVAILABLE FOR INDUCTION MOTORS

Stator Side:
• Stator resistance or Primary resistance starter:
• Direct On Line (DOL) starter
• Star-Delta starter
• Auto transformer starter
Rotor side:
• Rotor resistance starter
PRIME PURPOSE OF A STARTER FOR MOTORS
• When induction motor is switched on to the supply, it takes
about 5 to 8 times full load current at starting.
• This starting current may be of such a magnitude as to cause
objectionable voltage drop in the lines.
• So Starters are necessary
1. STATOR RESISTANCE (OR) PRIMARY RESISTANCE STARTER

• The purpose is to drop some voltage and hence

reduce the voltage applied across the motor
terminals.
• In this way, the initial current drawn by the motor
is reduced.
• However, it should be noted that whereas current
varies directly as the voltage, the torque varies as
square of applied voltage.

Note: When applied voltage is reduced, the

rotating flux φ is reduced which in turn
decreases rotor e.m.f E2 and hence rotor
current I2. Starting torque which depends both
on φ and I2 suffers when impressed voltage is
reduced
• From the torque equation of three phase induction motor, the
starting torque is approximately proportional to the square of
the applied voltage. That means, if the applied voltage is 50%
of the rated value, the starting torque will be only 25% of its
normal voltage value.
• This method is generally used for a smooth starting of small
induction motors. It is not recommended to use primary
resistors type of starting method for motors with high starting
torque requirements.
Resistors are generally selected so that 70% of the rated
voltage can be applied to the motor.
• At the time of starting, full resistance is connected in the series
with the stator winding and it is gradually decreased as the
motor speeds up.
• When the motor reaches an appropriate speed, the resistances
are disconnected from the circuit and the stator phases are
directly connected to the supply lines.
For example if voltage applied across motor terminals is reduced
by 50%, starting current is reduced by 50%, but torque is
reduced to 25% of the full-voltage value.
Then, Tf=kIf2/sf
Ratio of starting torque to the full load torque is given by,
Tst/Tf = (Ist2/If2)sf
When motor is directly-switched on to normal voltage, then
starting current,Ist is the short circuit current Isc .
Tst/Tf = (Isc 2/If2)sf
= a 2s f
Where, a=Isc /If
Suppose in a case, Isc =7I f , Sf = 4%=0.04,
Then, Tst/Tf = 72X0.04
Tst = 1.96 xTf
Thus, Starting torque = 1.96 x Full load torque.
Hence, even if current is greater than full load current the
starting torque is only 1.96 times full-load torque.
If applied voltages/phase can be reduced by fraction “x”, then
I st = xIsc and Tst =x2Tsc
Tst/Tf = (Ist2/If2)sf
= (xIsc /If) 2 s f
= x2 (Isc 2/If2)sf
= x 2 a 2s f
It is obvious that the ratio of starting torque of full-load torque
is x2 of that obtained with direct switching (or) across the line
starting. This method is useful for the smooth starting of small
machines only.
2. Direct On Line (DOL) Starter
Three phase squirrel-case induction motors of larger size can
be started with reduced voltage applied across the stator
terminals at starting. But small motors up to 5HP ratings may
however be started Direct – ON-Line (DOL)
Construction:
• The DOL starter consists of two switches namely Green and
Red where the green switch is used to start and red switch is
used to stop the motor. The DOL starter comprises a circuit
breaker, overload relay & contactor for protecting the motor.
The two switches of the motor control the contacts.
• The motor can be started when we press the green switch,
and the full-line voltage is given to the induction motor.
• Generally, the contactors are 3-poles contactors or 4-pole
contactors. For instance, a 4-pole type contactor consists of
three normally open contacts and one is auxiliary or holds on
contact.
• The three NO contacts are used to connect the induction
motor to supply lines whereas the auxiliary contact is used to
boost the contactor coil when the start button is opened.
• If any error takes place, then hold on contactor gets
deactivated. Therefore, the DOL starter separates the
induction motor from the mains supply.
• The wiring connections of DOL starter includes mainly four
parts such as main contact, normally open contacts, normally
closed contacts, and connections of relay coil as well as
thermal overload relay.
• The connection of the main contact can be done by using the
following steps.
• The Contactor can be connected between relay coil, thermal
overload relay, and voltage supply
1. The L1 contactor is connected to R-phase using MCCB
2. The L2 contactor is connected to Y-phase using MCCB
3. The L3 contactor is connected to B-phase using MCCB
• The connection of thermal overload relay can be done by using
the following steps.
1. The T1, T2, and T3 are connected to the relay
2. This relay is connected between the motor and the main
contactors
3. The normally closed connection of this relay is
connected to stop switch as well as the mutual connection of
start or stop switch.
DOL Starter Working

• The 3 phase DOL starter wiring diagram is shown in figure.

• The DOL starter joints the 3 phase main wiring with the
induction motor namely L1, L2 and L3 when the start switch is
pressed.
• Generally, the Direct Online starter working can be done in
two different stages namely DOL starter control circuit and
DOL starter power circuit. The control circuit is attached to
any two of the phases and activated from the two phases only.
• Whenever we push the start switch, then the current will flow
through the control circuit as well as contactor wind also.
• The contactor coil can be boosted by the current to make the
contacts close, and thus three phase supply becomes
obtainable for the induction motor.
• When we push the stop button, then the flow of current
through the contact will be stopped, therefore power supply to
the induction motor will not be accessible, as well as the same
thing will occur while overload relay works.
• As the motor supply breaks, then the machine will move
toward to relax. The contactor coil gets power supply even
though we open start switch because it will obtain supply from
the main contacts as demonstrated in the above Direct Online
starter circuit diagram.
Derivation for starting current and torque in case of DOL
starters:
Rotor input power, P 2=2πNS T = kT
Rotor copper loss = S X rotor input
3I2 2 R2 = S X kT
T α I2 2 / S
Now, I2 α I1
Then, T α I1 2 / S
T = KI1 2 / S
At the time of starting, S=1
Tst = KIst 2
Tf = KIf 2/ S f
Ratio of starting torque to full load torque,
Tst / Tf = Ist 2 S f / If 2
Advantages & Disadvantages of DOL starter:
Advantages:
• The Direct Online starter is an inexpensive starter.
• It gives almost complete starting torque at the
beginning.
• The designing, operating and controlling this starter
is very easy.
• Understanding and troubleshooting are very easy.
Disadvantages:
• Starting current is very high
• This starter causes an important dip in voltage,
therefore appropriate only for small motors.
• The lifespan of the machine can be reduced.
• It is hard mechanically.
• Needless high opening torque.
AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTERS or PRIMARY REACTANCE STARTER

The working principle of the auto transformer starter or

primary reactance starter is same as that of primary resistance
starter except that voltage drop occurs across the reactor, so
that the i/p voltage applied to the stator of induction motor
reduces.
• An auto transformer starter consists of an auto transformer
and a switch ‘S’ as shown in fig.
• When the switch S is put on start position, a reduced voltage is
applied across the motor terminals.
• When the motor picks up speed, say to 80 percent of its normal
speed, the switch is put to RUN position.
• Then the auto-transformer is cut out of the circuit and full
rated voltage gets applied across the motor terminals.
• The switch making these changes from “start” to “run” may be
air break (for small motors) or may be oil-increased (for large
motors) to reduce sparking.
Auto transformer starter
Derivation for autotransformer starter:

• When full voltage is applied without using autotransformer (i.

e if autotransformer starter is not used), then current taken by
the motor is 5 times the full load current. If V is pre line
voltage then voltage/phase across the motor is V / √3
Isc = sIf = V / √(3Z)
Where, Z is starter impedance /phase
• In the case of autotransformer (i.e if autotransformer starter is
used), with a tapping of transformation ratio k is used, then
phase voltage across motor is kV / √3
Motor starting current,
Ist= kV / √(3Z)
The current taken from supply by auto transformer is
I1 = kI2= k 2S,
If = k.2T
• If the magnetizing current of the transformer is ignored, phase
current is reduced only k times the direct switching current.
If k<1, the current taken by the line is reduced to k 2 times.
The torque is proportional to square of the voltage, we get, (i)
with direct switching,
T1=(V/ √3)2
with auto – transformer,
T2=(kV/ √3)2
Ratio of torque produced with and without autotransformer is
given by,
T2= (kV/ √3)2
T1 (V/ √3)2
Or T2 = k2 T1
Hence, Torque with auto transformer starter is equal to k2
times the Torque with direct – switching.
Relation between starting and full-load torque:
It is seen that voltage across the motor phase on direct
–switching is V/ √3 and starting current is I st= I sc .
With autotransformer –starter, voltage across the motor phase
is kV / √3and
I st= kIsc
Now,
T st α Ist2 (S = 1) and
The ratio of starting torque to full load torque is,
Tst = I st2 sf
T f If 2
Tst = I st2 sf
T f If 2
Tst =k2 I sc2 sf , as, Ist = kIsc
T f If 2
 From Fig, it is seen than for star connection of windings
phase current, I p = ILY = V/ √3Z
Where ILY is the line current when windings are connected and
Zp is the winding impedance per phase.
For delta connection of windings,
Ip = V/ Zp
and, ILD = √3 Ip
The ratio of line currents drawn in star and delta –connection
is therefore,
I LY = V/ √3Z
I √3V/ Zp
LD

I /I
LY LD = 1/3
ILY = (1/3)ILD
 STAR –DELTA STARTER

A star delta starter is the most commonly used method

for the starting of a three phase induction motor. In star delta
starting an induction motor is connected in through a star
connection throughout the starting period. Then once the
motor reaches the required speed, the motor is connected in
through a delta connection.
A star delta starter will start a motor with a star
connected stator winding. When motor reaches about 80% of
its full load speed, it will begin to run in a delta connected
stator winding.
A star delta starter is a type of reduced voltage starter. We
use it to reduce the starting current of the motor without using
any external device or apparatus. This is a big advantage of a
star delta starter, as it typically has around 1/3 of the inrush
current compared to a DOL starter.
The starter mainly consists of a TPDT switch which stands
for Triple Pole Double Throw switch. This switch changes
stator winding from star to delta. During starting condition
stator winding is connected in the form of a star.
Relation between starting and full load torque:
Ist =(1/√3) I Sc
where ISc is the current /phase which Delta -connected
motor would have taken if switched on to supply directly
(however line current at start = 1/ 3 of Line ISC).
Now,
T st α Ist 2 as s=1
T st/ Tf α Sf(Ist / If) 2
α Sf(Isc / √3If) 2
α Sf/3(I sc / If) 2
α Sf/3 a 2
T st/ Tf α Sf a2/3
 The equation shows that star delta starter reduces the
starting torque to one-third of that produced by DOL starter. The
star-delta starter is equivalent to an autotransformer with a
57.7% tapping.
Advantages of Star Delta Starter
1. Inexpensive
2. Heat produced is less as tap changing device is not used,
hence efficiency increases.
3. Starting current reduced to 1/3 of direct online starting
current.
4. Produce high torque per ampere of line current.
Disadvantages of Star Delta Starter
• Starting torque is reduced to 1/3 of full load torque.
• A particular set of motors required.
Application of Star Delta Starter
• As discussed in the above advantages and disadvantages, a
star delta starter is most suited to applications where the
required starting current is low and where the line current
draw must be at a minimum value.
• The star delta starter is not suitable for applications where
high starting torque delivery is required. For these
applications, a DOL starter should be used instead.
• If the motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough
torque to accelerate the motor upto rated speed before
switching over to the delta position. Example application for a
star delta starter is a Centrifugal compressor.
ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTERS:
• The easiest method of starting wound rotor (slip-ring)
induction motors is to connect some extra resistance in the
rotor circuit as shown in fig.
• Connection of extra resistance in the rotor circuit decreases
the starting current and at the same time increases the starting
torque.
• As the motor starts rotating the extra resistance is gradually
cut out.
• When the motor attains rated speed the resistance is fully cut
out.
• When the motor attains rated speed the resistance is fully cut
out and the slip ring terminals are short circuited.
• The motor now operates on its own characteristics which give
rise to maximum torque at a low slip.
COMPARISON OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS
THANK YOU