HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

AND LEARNING
LECTURE#02
CONCEPT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Lecturer: Nani Hidayati, M.Pd
 THE ATTENDANCE

• Fill in the attendance through the following link:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfqY_XY-
a48_3V1dhcqbUPu-ypK8_pJNuluje9dURCdbvDplQ/viewform
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After going trough this unit you will be able to:

1. Identify and differentiate between humans and animals

2. Identify and differentiate the meaning of Growth and Development.

3. Explain the relationship between Growth and Development.

4. Describe the Principles of Development

5. Elaborate about the Developmental Periods and Dimensions

 BRAINSTORMING

• Please watch this video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OV_kDW4W4E
 HUMANS DIFFER TO ANIMAL

• According to the existential theory, there are 8 characteristics of human nature which
differentiate humans from animal:
1.Self-awareness
2. Ability to Exist
3. Conscience
4.Moral
5.Ability to Take Responsibility
6. Have Independence/Freedom
7.Obligations and Rights
8.Able to Comprehend Happiness
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

• The term is used in purely • Development implies

physical sense. It overall change in shape,
generally refers to form or structure
increase in size, length. resulting in improved
working or functioning.
• Changes in the
quantitative aspects come • Changes in the quality or
into the domain of character rather than the
quantitative aspects
Growth.
comes in this domain.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

• It is a part of • It is a comprehensive and

developmental process. wider term and refers to
Development in its overall changes in the
quantitative aspect is individual.
termed as growth. • Development is a wider and
• Growth does not continue comprehensive term and
throughout life. It stops refers to overall changes in
the individual. It continues
when maturity has been
throughout life and is
attained.
progressive.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

• Growth involves body • Development involves

changes. changes of an orderly,
coherent type tending
• The changes produced by towards the goal of
growth are the subject of maturity.
measurement. They may • Development implies
be quantified. improvement in functioning
and behavior and hence
bring qualitative changes
which are difficult to be
measured directly.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

• Growth is cellular . It • Development is

takes place due to the organizational. It is
multiplication of cells. organization of all the
• Growth may or may not parts which growth and
bring development. differentiation have
produced.
• Development is also
possible without growth.

https://www.slideshare.net/arunaapkarunakaran/growth-and-development-26444171
RELATIONSHIP OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

• The term growth is used in purely physical sense. It

generally refers to an increase in size, length, height and
weight. Changes in the quantitative aspects come into the
domain of growth. Development implies overall changes
in shape, form or structure resulting in improved working
or functioning. It indicates the changes in the quality or
character rather than in quantitative aspects.

http://www.kkhsou.in/main/education/growth.html
RELATIONSHIP OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

• Growth is one of the parts of developmental process. In a strict sense,

development in its quantitative aspect is termed as growth.
Development is a wider and comprehensive term. It refers to overall
changes in the individual.

• Growth describes the changes which take place in particular aspects of

the body and behaviour of an organism. Development describes the
changes in the organism as a whole and does not list the changes in
parts.

http://www.kkhsou.in/main/education/growth.html
RELATIONSHIP OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

• Growth does not continue throughout life. It stops when maturity has
been attained. Development is a continuous process. It goes from
womb to tomb. It does not end with the attainment of maturity, the
changes however small they may be, continue throughout the life span
of an individual.

• The changes produced by growth are the subject of measurement.

They may be quantified. Development implies improvement in
functioning and behaviour and hence brings qualitative changes which
are difficult to be measured directly.

http://www.kkhsou.in/main/education/growth.html
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT
The following are the important principles of Development :

1. Development is a continues process

• First development is a continuous process. Development

does not stop at any time. It continues from the moment of
conception until the individual reaches maturity. It takes
place at a slow or a rapid rate but at a regular pace rather
than by leaps and bounds.
• There may be a break in the continuity of growth due to
illness, starvation or malnutrition or other environmental
factors or some abnormal conditions in the child’s life.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT
2. Development follows a pattern :
• Secondly, development occurs in orderly manner and
follows a certain sequences.

• The rate and speed of development may vary in individual

cases, but the sequence of the pattern is the same.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT
3. Development proceeds from general to specific
responses
• Thirdly, it makes from a generalized to localized behaviour. In
studying the development pattern of children, it is observed that
general activity always precedes specific activity.
• Example
• The earliest emotional responses of the new born are generally
diffused excitement and this slowly gives way to specific emotional
patterns of anger, joy, fear, etc.
• Babies wave their arms in general, random movements before they are
capable of such specific responses as reaching for an object held
before them.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT
4. Development involves change
• Development involves a progressive series of changes. The human
being is never static.
• From the moment of beginning to the time of death, the person is
undergoing changes.
• Nature shapes development most clearly through genetic programming
that may determine whole sequences of later development. It refers to
a progressive series of orderly coherent changes. Growth on the other
hand refers to quantitative changes increasing in size and structure.
Development implies both quantitative and qualitative changes.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT

5. Development is a product of interaction of the heredity

and environment
• Child at any stage of his growth and development is a joint products of
both heredity and environment. But it is not possible to indicate
exactly in what proportion heredity and environment contribute to the
development of an individual.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT

6. Principle of uniqueness

• Development is individualized process. Although the pattern of

development is similar for all children, they follow the pattern at their

own rate.

• Each child is a unique individual. No two children can be expected to

behave or develop in an identical manner although they are of the

same age.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
DEVELOPMENT (Cont…)

7. The Principle of Interaction of Maturation and Learning

• Another important principle of development is that it occurs as a result of

both maturation and learning.

• Maturation refers to changes in a developed organism due to the unfolding

ripening of abilities, characteristics, traits and potentialities present at

birth.

• Learning denotes the changes in behaviour due to training and or

experiences.
7. The Principle of Interaction of Maturation and
Learning
• Maturation is the inner growth process unaffected by training. Another
factor that causes growth is ‘learning’.

• Learning implies exercise and experience on the part of an individual.

Learning may result from practice, which in due course of time may
bring about a change in the individual’s behaviour.
FACTORS INFLUENCING

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT

• Environmental factors, such as income and education, all

affect a child's development. A safe community offers a

chance to explore. Income affects nutrition, housing,

clothing, toys and access to resources and programs. A

parent's education may affect how often they read to the

child.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
• Biological factors, including gender and health, affect
development. Females and males develop at different rates.
Children with health or mental issues develop differently.
Nutrition and physical activity affect a child's growth and
health.
• A child's relationships are important. Children bond
strongly with their parents and play and learn with siblings
and peers at school. Some children are involved in Sunday
school, daycare or other social groups.
• Early sensory experiences affect development. All five
senses are involved in a child developing an understanding
of the world. https://www.reference.com/family/factors-affect-child-development-299fd3ecf033e3ab
 ASPECTS OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT

Physical Social Emotional Intellectual

development development development development
 DEVELOPMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS IN
INDONESIA
DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN NATURE

A person (individual human being) who since his birth (from his
creation) is equipped with human nature for self-development and
further life, he is equipped with the dimensions of humanity
inherent in that individual. These dimensions are:
• Humans as personal/individual beings (individual being)
• Human as a social being / social dimension
• Humans as moral beings / moral dimension
• Humans as religious beings / dimension of diversity
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN
DIMENSION
• The development of the individual dimension must be balanced with the
social dimension. The development of the social dimension requires
interaction with the environment so that it must interact, associate,
cooperate, and live with others.
• The development of the first, second and third dimensions only emphasizes
human life in the world. A complete human life includes the world and the
hereafter, so it is necessary to develop the religious dimension.
• There are two types of development of the dimensions of human nature,
namely:
1. Complete development
2. Development that is not complete
 LET US SUM UP

• Growth refers to change in size; development implies

overall changes in the individual. The principles of
development state that it is a continuous process; it follows
a pattern; it proceeds from general to specific responses; it
proceeds at different rates for different parts of the body;
there are individual differences in development; it is both
quantitative and qualitative and it is often predictable.
There are internal, external and other factors that affect the
growth and development of the child.
 LET US SUM UP
• There are two main phases of the process of development
i.e the stage or phase of before Birth and the stage or phase
of after Birth. The second phase of life has four stages, i.e.
Infancy, childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood. The
period of infancy covers the period from birth to 5 years,
childhood from 6 to 12 years, adolescence from 12 to
18/19 years and adulthood is above 19years old. Each
stage of development has its own specific characteristics.
 LET US SUM UP
• There are 4 dimensions of human nature: personal or individual
dimension, social dimension, moral dimension and diversity
dimension.

• While for the basic dimensions there are 2 types: primary which
is visible to others and secondary which changes influenced by
perception and learning.

• Development of human dimensions can be complete if the

balance happens and incomplete if there are imbalance among
dimensions.
 ASSIGNMENT

• Create 15 questions and the answers which consist of 10 optional

questions (a,b,c,d, or true/false, or matching) and 5 long or short
answers questions. Due date is next week on Monday at midnight.
Collect to the following link:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1f_b31wI6VY_uw2Y4jwKX
Ez5msb4nmIRH?usp=drive_link
Good luck!
REFERENCES

• Syukur, Taufik Abdillah & Rofiqoh, Siti. Pengantar Ilmu Pendidikan.

2022. Patju Kreasi: Ciputat Timur Jakarta
• Sadia BashirM.A, M.Phil (ELM), M.Phil (Education). Human
development and learning edu302: Course overview. 2018
• Manisha Vaghela. Basic of Human Nature. 2013
THANK YOU SO
MUCH
☺
SEE YOU
IN THE NEXT
MEETING!