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DBMS Notes

DBMS stands for Database Management System and allows users to create and manage databases. A database is a structured collection of data that allows queries and operations to be performed. DBMS provides advantages over traditional file-based systems like simultaneous data sharing, data integrity, and security. Some key aspects of DBMS include SQL languages to manipulate data, ACID properties for transactions, normalization to reduce redundancy, and primary/foreign keys to link tables.

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49 views5 pages

DBMS Notes

DBMS stands for Database Management System and allows users to create and manage databases. A database is a structured collection of data that allows queries and operations to be performed. DBMS provides advantages over traditional file-based systems like simultaneous data sharing, data integrity, and security. Some key aspects of DBMS include SQL languages to manipulate data, ACID properties for transactions, normalization to reduce redundancy, and primary/foreign keys to link tables.

Uploaded by

Kundan Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DBMS

1. What is a Database?
Ans: - A database is a structured collection of data which allows
queries and operation to perform on it.
2. What is DBMS?
Ans: - DBMS is a program which allow us to create and manage a
database.
Operations: -
• Insert
• Delete
• Update
3. What is a File-Based system?
Ans: - A file-based system is an old way of organizing the data,
where for each entry we create separate files and folders.
4. Issues with file-based that makes database better.
Ans: -
• Slow
• Database can have concurrent (at the same time) user
• Database provides security
• ACID properties of database make it far better.
5. Advantages of using Database.
Ans: -
• Simultaneous Data sharing
• Integrity
• Control redundancy
• Data independence
• Backup and recovery facility
• Data security
6. What is RDBMS?
Ans: - RDBMS stores the data in form of tables and some relation
can be defined between them by having a common column.

7. Different languages in DBMS?


Ans: -
• DDL – data definition language
Eg: - create, alter, drop, truncate, rename etc.
• DML – data manipulation language
Eg: - insert, delete, update etc.
• DCL – data control language
Eg: - grant, revoke
• TCL – transaction control language
Eg: - commit, rollback, savepoint.

8. What are ACID properties?


Ans: -
• Atomicity – either 0 or 1 => full transaction or no
transaction, can’t be between them.
• Consistency – data will remain consistent during a
transaction. Eg: - suppose A has 10 RS and B has 15 RS, so
before and after transaction total amount which is 25 will
remains same.
• Isolation – multiple transaction can take place, but they will
not interfere with each-other.
• Durability – transactions are durable, means it can’t be
reversed once completed.
9. Are NULL values same as blank space or 0?
Ans: - NULL represents that unknown or not applicable data
where as black => ‘ ‘ (char or string) and 0 => integer value.

9. What is Data Warehousing?


Ans: - The process of collecting, extracting, transforming data
from multiple sources and storing them into a single database is
called data warehousing. It is like a central repository.

10. Levels of data abstraction?


Ans: - The process of hiding irrelevant data from users is called
data abstraction.
Levels: -
• Physical – managed by DBMS, saved in memory.
• Logical – where we use queries to insert, delete and
manage.
• External or View – which is the result of the queries.

11. What is meant by E-R (Entity – Relation) model?


Ans: - It is a diagrammatic approach to database where real world
objects are represented as entity and relationships are
represented between them.

12. Types of relationship in a DBMS?


Ans: -
• One to One
• One to many
• Many to many
• Self-referential
13. Difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE.
Ans: -
DELETE TRUNCATE
It is a DML command It is a DDL command.
It is used to delete rows. It is used to delete all the rows
inside a table.
It can be rolled back. It can be rolled back.
It maintains a log. It doesn’t maintain a log.
It is slow. It is fast due to absence of log.

14. What is a lock?


Ans: - A database lock is a mechanism to protect data from being
update by two users at the same time.
Types: -
• Shared Lock – it is required for reading a data. Multiple
transactions can have shared lock of same data.
• Exclusive lock – it is required for writing the data. Other
transactions can’t use this data.

15. What is Normalization?


Ans: - Normalization is a process of reducing data redundancy by
organizing the data into multiple tables. It makes it easier to
maintain data integrity.
Denormalization - Reverse of normalization. Obtained by using
JOINS.

17. Types of Normalization?


Ans: -
• 1NF – no multiple values attribute in same cell.
• 2NF – No partial dependency.
• 3NF – no transitive dependency.
• BCNF – LHS must be candidate key or super key.

18. Keys in database.


Ans: -
• Candidate key – all key which can uniquely identifies the
table. One of them can be made primary key.
• Super key – set of rows which can uniquely identifies the
table. Super key is superset of candidate key.
• Primary key – uniquely identifies a row, can’t have NULL
value.
• Unique key – same as primary key, but can have NULL value
also.
• Alternate key – all Candidate keys which are not chosen as
primary key are called alternate keys.

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