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Health Models

The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s to understand why people failed to adopt disease prevention strategies. It suggests that one's belief in the threat of an illness combined with one's belief in the effectiveness of a health behavior will predict if that behavior is adopted. There are six constructs of the model: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The Health Promotion Model aims to explain motivation for health behaviors and focuses on one's interactions with their environment to improve health. It divides influencing factors into individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes.

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86 views2 pages

Health Models

The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s to understand why people failed to adopt disease prevention strategies. It suggests that one's belief in the threat of an illness combined with one's belief in the effectiveness of a health behavior will predict if that behavior is adopted. There are six constructs of the model: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The Health Promotion Model aims to explain motivation for health behaviors and focuses on one's interactions with their environment to improve health. It divides influencing factors into individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes.

Uploaded by

Srestha Ghosh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in the early 1950s by social scientists (Hochbaum, et. Al,
1952) at the U.S. Public Health Service in order to understand the failure of people to adopt disease
prevention strategies or screening tests for the early detection of disease. Later uses of HBM were for
patients’ responses to symptoms and compliance with medical treatments. The HBM suggests that a
person’s belief in a personal threat of an illness or disease together with a person’s belief in the
effectiveness of the recommended health behavior or action will predict the likelihood the person will
adopt the behavior.

The HBM derives from psychological and behavioral theory with the foundation that the two
components of health-related behavior are 1) the desire to avoid illness, or conversely get well if already
ill; and, 2) the belief that a specific health action will prevent, or cure, illness. Ultimately, an individual’s
course of action often depends on the person’s perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to
health behavior. There are six constructs of the HBM. The first four constructs were developed as the
original tenets of the HBM. The last two were added as research about the HBM evolved.

Perceived susceptibility – This refers to a person’s subjective perception of the risk of acquiring an illness
or disease. There is wide variation in a person’s feelings of personal vulnerability to an illness or disease.

Perceived severity – This refers to a person’s feelings on the seriousness of contracting an illness or
disease (or leaving the illness or disease untreated). There is wide variation in a person’s feelings of
severity, and often a person considers the medical consequences (e.g., death, disability) and social
consequences (e.g., family life, social relationships) when evaluating the severity.

Perceived benefits – This refers to a person’s perception of the effectiveness of various actions available
to reduce the threat of illness or disease (or to cure illness or disease). The course of action a person
takes in preventing (or curing) illness or disease relies on consideration and evaluation of both perceived
susceptibility and perceived benefit, such that the person would accept the recommended health action
if it was perceived as beneficial.

Perceived barriers – This refers to a person’s feelings on the obstacles to performing a recommended
health action. There is wide variation in a person’s feelings of barriers, or impediments, which lead to a
cost/benefit analysis. The person weighs the effectiveness of the actions against the perceptions that it
may be expensive, dangerous (e.g., side effects), unpleasant (e.g., painful), time-consuming, or
inconvenient.

Cue to action – This is the stimulus needed to trigger the decision-making process to accept a
recommended health action. These cues can be internal (e.g., chest pains, wheezing, etc.) or external
(e.g., advice from others, illness of family member, newspaper article, etc.).

Self-efficacy – This refers to the level of a person’s confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform
a behavior. This construct was added to the model most recently in mid-1980. Self-efficacy is a construct
in many behavioral theories as it directly relates to whether a person performs the desired behavior.
HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

The Health Promotion Model proposed by Nola J Pender (1982) aims to explain the factors underlying
motivation to engage in health-promoting behaviors and it focuses on people’s interactions with their
physical and interpersonal environments during attempts to improve health [14]. This model
emphasizes the active role that a person has in initiating and maintaining health-promoting behavior,
and in shaping their own environment to support health-promoting behaviors.

Factors influencing health-promoting behavior are divided into three categories: “individual
characteristics and experiences,” “behavior-specific cognitions and affect,” and “behavioral outcome.”

The model also describes eight behavior-specific beliefs which are believed to determine the health-
promoting behavior and are proposed as targets for behavior change interventions: (1) perceived
benefits of action, (2) perceived barriers to action, (3) perceived self-efficacy, (4) activity-related affect,
(5) interpersonal influences (including norms, modeling/vicarious learning, and social support), (6)
situational influences, (7) commitment to plan of action, and (8) immediate competing demands and
preferences (alternative behaviors that compete for a person’s attention and time) [14].

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