MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS In linguistics, a morphological process involves changing of stems to adjust their meaning and fit the syntactic context. These include affixation, modification and reduplication. Affixation An affix is a kind of a bound morpheme that is fused to a word stem to form a new word. It could either be inflectional or derivational. They are categorized according to the part of the word where it is inserted or attached. The word teachable is something that has a positive connotation by adding “able.” This could also mean the-opposite by adding “un” thus, it becomes “unteachable.” These added morphemes are prefix and suffix. Prefixes are affixes that precede the roots or are placed before a stem. When they are attached to a word, they could create a néw word. They could mean negative or indicate relations of time, place, arid manner. Prefixes include: anti - against; opposed Ex: anti-racist, anti-war auto — self Ex: autobiography, automobile co- — together Ex; collaborate, cooperate de- ~ opposite, negative, removal, separation Ex: decompose, deject, demote dis- -opposite, negative Ex: disapprove, dismissed down ~ reduce, lower Ex: downgrade, downhearted ‘en- — cause to be Ex: enforce, enable ex ~ former, previous, remove | Ex: Expose, extract, ex-marine I extra — outside, beyond ; Ex: extraterrestrial, extraordinary Hyper — extreme Ex: hyperactive, hypertension im - opposite Ex: impossible, improbable in- - negative, not Ex: inapt, inbred Scanned with CamScannerinter - between Ex: intermediate, interactive non- — absence, not Ex: non-appearance, non-submission mega ~ very big, important Ex: megabyte, megaton mid’ middle La * Ex: midday, midnight mis - incorrecily, badly Ex: mismatch, misled ‘over - too much Ex: oversee, overcook out - go beyond Example: outstanding, outrun pre — before, eatly time Ex: pre-war, preface post — after « Ex: postpartum, postwar semi — half Ex: semicircle, semi-structured sub — under, below Ex: submarine, subsequent super — above, beyond Ex: superman, supermodel re-~ again, repeatedly Ex: repeat, rep tele — ata distance Ex: telephone, television trans — across. Ex; transportation, translation un-— negative, not, opposite, reversal Ex: unattended, unsure.” ultra — extremely Ex: ultrasound, ultra-compact under — less, beneath Ex: undercook, underestimate up ~ make higher Ex: uphold, uphill Scanned with CamScannera . Suffixes are morphemes added at the end of root words or stem to form a derivative word. These are usually case endings to signify cases of nouns, adjectives and verbs. An inflectional suffix is sometimes called “desinence,” + ‘Suffixes include: -age — amount of, time, period, place Ex: baggage, village -able — sense of being Ex: capable, adaptable, punishable -ance/ence — ‘ Ex: deference, defiance -dom ~ state, condition Ex: boredom, freedom “ee — receiver, performer Ex; employee, trainee hood - particular condition, nature Ex: livelihood, brotherhood er — agent Ex: teacher, manager -ful - characterized by Ex: respectful, beautiful -fy — causes, makes, becomes Ex: specify, clarify -ism ~ state of condition, a practice or action Ex: patriotism, nationalism sless ~ the lack of - Ex: clueless, careless -ly ~ the manner of doing things Ex: carefully, generously -ment ~ state of being or doing Ex: amazement, parliament ary = qualities, practice Ex: trickery, robbery cology ~ study, science Ex: morphology, phonology -ship - condition, character, skill Ex: relationship, companionship 1 -y~ characterized by, inclination, condition Ex: ubiquity, ufology Scanned with CamScannerInfixes are free morphemes that are inserted within tne svv* anew word. Examples: spoonful > spoonsful passerby > passersby ‘mother-in-law -> mothers-in-law runner-up > runners-up Infixes are also found in English slangs such as: saxophone => saxo;ma-phone absolutely > abso-schmuckingtutely fantastic > fun-bloody-tastic In Tagalog language, infixes include: -um- added to’the word “bili” (buy) to make it “bumili” or bought In Indonesian: -cerlang ‘luminous’, cemerlang ‘ brilliant” Circumfixes are affixes attached in two parts to the stem or roots. When prefixes are attached at the beginning and suffixes are attached at the end of the words, cireumfix consists of two parts- a prefix and a suffix that together create a new word. ‘The prefix and the suffix are not considered as separate. < For example: enlighten = en,en embolden = em,en inadvisably - in, ably indifferently - in, ly illegality - — ilyty + immobility = im, ty immaturity - * im, ty Modification A inodification process involves alteration within a root or stem to adjust to a grammatical requirement of the word in a sentence, This is also similar to a simulfix where there is a modification or change of vowels or consonants, which changes the sense of a word. Examples: calf -' calves leaf - leaves knife - knives loaf - loaves thief -_ thieves wolf - wolves Scanned with CamScannerConsonant modification involves changing ‘of the consonant to change its categorical meaning, Examples: . advice - advise belief = - believe grief - grieve proof - prove device +. devise defend - defense = offend -- — offense bend = bent ascend = - ascent descend - descent ‘Vowel modification involves changing of the vowel to change its categorical meaning. Examples: begin = - began ring - rang speak = spoke steal - stole bind = = bound find - found foot =~ feet tooth - .’ teeth Reduplication Reduplication is.a special word formation where all or a part.of the base is repeated as a prefix or suffix. Reduplication could be done in three ways: (@) repetition: This is done by repeating the word. Examples: So-so bling — bling Bye-bye Knock ~ knock Goody — goody Night — night (b) rhyming: This is done by rhyming the two halves of the new word. Examples: nitty-gritty willy-nilly hanky-panky hodge-podge abra-cadabra chick-flick teeny-weeny hocus-pocus Jeepers-creepers lovey-dovey mumbo-jumbo topsy-turvy walkie-talkie (©) ablaut; This is done by shifting the vowel which changes the word. These reduplications show a “to and fro” motion or-a shifting state from one form to another. Examples: pitter-patter riff-raff Scanned with CamScanner\ Introduction to Linguisties ———— flim-flam okey-dokey crisscross flip-flop knick-knack > mish-mash ping-pong see-saw sing-song tick-tock zig-zag ding-dong Quick Check If language is a system of meaningful symbols, then: ® Q What makes language productive? = How are words created? How do words morph? Let’s Execute Task 1; Complete the following statements bv fillinosin tha -. Scanned with CamScanner