Atomic Structure 75

5 Atomic Structure
QUICK LOOK Bohr Model: (For hydrogen like atoms): The quantum theory
to atomic model was first of all applied by Bohr. Bohr
Structure of Atom quantized angular momentum of electron. The consequence of

s

The specific charge ( e / m ) of proton is 9.58 ×107 C / kg . it was that all the quantities radius, velocity, linear momentum,
= N × m p = 6.023 ×1023 angular momentum and energy were quantized. Bohr’s theory

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Mass of 1 mole proton
is applicable only to atoms containing one electron only e.g.,
×1.673 × 10−27 kg 1.0076 × 10−3 kg = 1.0076 g.
He, He + , Li + + etc.
−13

The radius of proton = 1.53 ×10 cm.

The volume of proton

ri
Here e = elementary charge, r = radius of orbit, m = mass of
= πr 3 = × × (1.53 × 10−13 ) = 1.50 ×10−38 cm3 .
4 4 22 3
electron, v = speed of electron, h = Planck’s constant, n =
3 3 7 integer = principal quantum number.

_t

The charge on positive rays is usually + 1 but it may have + mv 2 1 Ze 2
2, +3 values.
Conditions of circular orbit = ⋅
r 4πε 0 r 2

Number of waves in an orbit
circumference of orbit 2πr 2πr ⋅ mu h
= = =
Condition of quantization: mvr = n
λ 2π
m
wavelength h

Condition of transition: hv = E1 ∼ E 2
2π ( mur ) n  nh 
= = 2π ×
= n ∵ mur = 
h 2π  2π  ε0h2n2 n2

Radius of nth orbit: rn = = 0.53 Å
xa

Number of revolution f an electron per second in the nth π mZe 2 Z

orbit According to Bohr’s theory, radius of nth orbit rn ∝ n 2 .
speed of electron u
= = n The radius of first Bohr orbit is 0.53Å
circumference 2π rn
e Z c Z

Speed of electron in nth orbit: vn = ⋅ = ⋅ where
e

The wavelength of an electron accelerated by a potential 2ε 0 h n 137 n

1
difference V can be given by = mu 2 = eV c = speed of light.
e_

2 The velocity of electron in first Bohr orbit is

2eV c
∴ u= = 2.2 × 106 m / s.
m 137
h h
∴ λ= = . 1 Ze 2

Kinetic energy: E k = ⋅
Je

mu 2meV
4πε 0 r
h

For a gas molecule, λ =
m ⋅ u rms 1 Ze 2

Potential energy: U = − ⋅
4πε 0 r
1 3 RT
∵ Average kinetic energy = mu 2 =
2 2 N 1 Ze2
@

Total energy: E = − ⋅
R 4πε 0 2r
k= = 1.38 × 10 −23 J / K
N 1

Total energy of electron E ∝ .
1 3 3kT n2
Or mu 2 = kT u =
2 2 m For hydrogen atom in lowest orbit (n = 1).E = −13.6 eV
h h
The total energy increases as the electron reaches in higher
∴ λ= =
3kT 3mkT orbits, but kinetic energy decreases.
m×
m In free-state (out of atom), electron can have any energy
Where, k is Boltzmann’s constant. (continuous state).

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76 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY

The energy ∆E is released when electron jumps from higher The Wave Functions for Hydrogen
orbit to lower orbit. The corresponding wavelength of According to quantum mechanics, the atom has no sharply
12375 defined boundary as suggested by the Bohr Theory. The
emitted radiation is λ = Å
∆E probability distribution in figure a suggests that the charge of

When electron jumps from higher to lower orbit, photon is the electron can be modeled as being extended throughout a
emitted and the atom recoils. The momentum of recoiled region of space, commonly referred to as an electron cloud.
h The darkest portion of the distribution appears at r = a0 ,
atom is equal to the momentum of photon i.e., p N =
λ

s
corresponding to the most probable value of r for the electron.

Summerfield introduced the idea of elliptical orbits. For

ck
principal quantum number n, there are n orbits, out of P1s(r) y
which (n – 1) are elliptical while on is circular.

Energy Spectrum:
r = a0
Z2 Rhc Z2

For nth orbit E n = = − 13.6. eV

ri
n2 n2 x

n = 4, k = 2

n = 4, k = 1 _t a0 = 0.0529 nm
a
Figure: 5.2
b
m
n = 4, k = 3
The next-simplest wave function for the hydrogen atom is the
n = 4, k = 4
one corresponding to the 2s state (n = 2, l = 0). The normalized
Figure: 5.1
xa

wave function for this state is

me 2 3/ 2
Where R = 2 3 = Rhdberg constant 1  1   r  −2 / 2 a0
8ε 0 ch ψ 2s (r) =   2 − e
4 2  a0   a0 
E1 − E 2

Frequency of emitted radiation V =
e

h P(r)
0.6
 1 1 
= Rc  2 − 2 
e_

0.5
 n1 n 2  1s
0.4

Wave number v or wavelength (λ ) of emitted radiation:
0.3
1  1 1 
v = = R 2 − 2  2s
λ n
 1 n 2 
0.2
Je

0.1
Series 0.0 r/a0
1 1
1  0 4 8 12 16 20

Lyman Series = R  2 − 2  , n = 2,3, 4,5,...
λ 1 n  Figure: 5.3
@

1  1 1 

Balamer Series = R  2 − 2  , n = 3, 4,5,... Again notice that ψ 2s depends only on r and is spherically
λ 2 n 
symmetric. The energy corresponding to this state is
1  1 1 

Paschen Series = R 2 − 2  , n = 4,5, 6,... E 2 = −(13.606 / 4)eV = −3.401eV.
λ 3 n 
1  1 1  The plot for the 2s states has two peaks. These models were

Brackett Series = R 2 − 2  , n = 5, 6, 7,...
λ 4 n  against the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The principle
1  1 1  states that it is impossible to determine momentum and

Pfund Series = R  2 − 2  , n = 6, 7,8,...
λ  5 n  position of a sub-atomic particle precisely and simultaneously.

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Atomic Structure 77

 h  No doubt we can evaluate the position of electron but we

∆p ⋅ ∆x ≥   ; would know very little about the velocity of electron after
 4π 
collision.
 h 
or m ⋅ ∆u ⋅ ∆x ≥  
If ∆u along X-axis and ∆x along Y-axis is predicted.
 4π 
Heisenberg uncertainty principle is not valid.
 h  ℏ ℏ
The wavelength of any particle showing dual nature of
or ∆u ⋅ ∆x ≥   ≥ ≥
 4π m  2π m 2m h
wave and particle proposed by de-Broglie as λ = is
h h

s
ℏ = and ℏ = mu
2 2π independent of the nature of charge (i.e., +ve or –ve or

ck
∆p is uncertainty in momentum; neutral).
∆x is uncertainty in position along one axis;
A collection of orbitals with the same value of n is called an
∆u is uncertainty in velocity along same axis. electron shell, e.g., all the orbitals with n = 3 are said to be
in 3rd shell. One or more orbitals with same values of n and

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As the mass of particle increases the uncertainty values
l is called a sub-shell. Each sub-shell is designated by a
decrease and thus, uncertainty principle and de-Broglie concept
number (the value of n) and a letter (s, p, d or f
loses its significance in case of large objects.
corresponding to the values of l), e.g., all the orbitals with n
Uncertainty principle is also valid for a conjugate pair of
variable which are to be measured simultaneously. Some other
simultaneous measurements for angular momentum (ω ) and
_t= 3 and l = 1 are collectively referred as 3p-orbitals and are
said to be in 3p-sub-shell.

An orbital may also be represented as ψ 4,2,0 which means
m
angle (θ ), for energy (E) and time (t), we can have for n = 4, l = 2, ml = 0, i.e., 4d-orbital.
_ h
The three quantum numbers ( n, l , ml ) derived from quantum
∆ω ⋅ ∆θ >
4π mechanical concept also have classical analogue but the
xa

h two quantum mechanical spin states have no classical

∆E ⋅ ∆t ≥
4π analogue.

The plane and point at which zero electron density exists
Note (i.e., ψ 2 = 0 ) is known as nodal plane or nodal point, e.g.,
e

Bohr’s model assumes the existence of well defined orbits

the probability of find electron between 1s and 2s-orbitals
in which both the position and momentum of the electrons
e_

or between two lobes of p-orbitals is zero.

are known exactly. On the other hand, Heisenberg
concluded that position and momentum of any sub atomic
An orbital with quantum number n and l possesses :
particle cannot be evaluated precisely and simultaneously. Angular or non-spherical nodes = l

The uncertainly principle has negligible effect for Radial or spherical nodes = n – l – 1
macroscopic particles. For example, if the uncertaintities in Thus, total nodes in an orbital = n – l – 1 + l = n – 1
Je

velocity of an electron and a cricket ball (mass 0.15 kg) are
For one electron systems (an atom or an ion) the energy of
in order of 1 Å, then uncertainty in velocity obtained from orbital depends only on the number of nodes, i.e., on n and
Heisenberg principle are 5.8 × 105 ms −1 and 3.51× 10 −24 ms −1 not on l or m. It is therefore, in H-atom or He+ energy levels
respectively. Thus, uncertainty in velocity of cricket ball is of orbitals in a shell are same, i.e., energy level of 3s = 3p
@

definitely negligible. = 3d.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle can be best understood
As r approaches zero, the wave function vanishes for all
with the help of an example. To observe an electron we can orbitals except the s-orbitals, thus, only an electron in 1s-
illuminate it with light or electromagnetic radiation having
orbital can penetrate the nucleus, i.e., have a finite
wavelength smaller than the dimensions or an electron. But
probability of being found right at the nucleus.
 1
photon of such light having high energy  E ∝  would
Actually these rules were framed to explain the experimental
 λ facts. For example 46Pd was found diamagnetic and thus its
change the energy of electron when it strikes on electron. configuration was written as 4d10 and not 4s 2 4p 6 4d 8 , 5s s .

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78 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY

Write configuration of atoms upto atomic number 57 and X-rays
note the exceptions. No new rule is needed for them. Some Incident
notable exceptions in writing electronic configurations are : electron
X-ray
41 Nb : [ Kr ] 4d ,5s , 44 Ru : [ Kr ] 4d ,5s
4 1 7 1

Bremsstrahlung
45 Rh : [ Kr ] 4d 8 ,5s1 46 Pd : [ Kr ] 4d10 Crystal
X-ray Elasticity
78 Pt : [ Xe ] 4f 14 ,5d 9 ,6s1 79 Au : [ Xe ] 4f 14 ,5d10 ,6s1 tube Scattered
Electrons
Collimater Photographic film Inelasticity Scattered

s

The outer shell electrons are often referred to as valence
Electron
electrons. The electrons in the inner shells are called core Figure: 5.4

ck
electrons.

The energy of atomic orbitals for H-atom or He + is (as the
About X-ray photon
energy depends on the value of n) : hc
Energy of X-ray photon = hv =
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f λ

ri
hv h

The energy of orbitals other than H-atom depends upon n + Momentum of X-ray photon = =
c λ
l value and varies as:
Rest mass X-ray photon = 0
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s

_t
hv h
< 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d Dynamic mass of X-ray photon =
=
c 2 cλ

Cu + is diamagnetic whereas Cu 2+ is paramagnetic.
Duane Hunt Rule: Minimum wavelength of continuous X-

Alkali metals are paramagnetic but their salts are diamagnetic. hc
m
2+ + +
ray spectrum λmin =

Cu aq . is more stable than Cu aq. inspite of the fact that Cu has eV
completely filled d-orbitals as +
Cu aq. undergoes
Maximum frequency limit of continuous X-rays spectrum
c eV
xa

disproportionation in aqueous solutions as: v min = =

λmin h
+
2 Cu aq 
→ Cu aq.
2+
+ Cu

Mosley Law: frequency of ν of characteristic X-ray spectrum
However 2Cu 2 I 2 is more stable than CuI 2 because I − is
v = a (Z − σ )
e

strongest reducing agent among halides and thus, CuI 2 Where a and σ are constants for given radiation.
shows redox change as
Bragg’s Law: The directions of maximum of X-ray
e_

2CuI 2 
→ Cu 2 I 2 + I 2 diffracted form crystal 2d sin θ = nλ (n = 1, 2,3,...)
Whereas CuCl2 is more stable than Cu 2 Cl2 .
Intensity of X-rays transmitted through a thickness d of the
material I = I 0 e − kd (k = a constant for a substance)
Compton Effect: Compton allowed the monochromatic X-rays Where k = Cz 4 dx 4 , wave length, d thickness, C constant,
Je

to fall on lighter elements such as carbon and noticed that atomic number.
scattered X-rays have wavelength larger than incident X-rays.
X-ray continuum radiation
In other words: (Bremsstrahlung)
λScattered X-rays > λincident X-rays 10 Kα
or EScattered X-rays > Eincident X-rays
@

50kV
Relative intensity

8 3 Characteristic
Relative intensity

x-rays
or vScattered X-rays > vincident X-rays 6
After 2 K X-ray from a
40kV Molybdenum
baltt
This phenomenon of increase in wavelength of X-rays after 4
30 kV 1 Bremsstrahlung target at 35 kV
continuum
scattering from the surface of light element is known as 2
Compton effect. The scattering of X-rays is due to interaction of 20kV
photons (X-rays) and electrons and thus, supports quantum .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12
.02 .04 .06 .08 .10
Wavelength (nm)
theory of light and illustrates uncertainty principle. Further-more Wavelength (nm)
X-rays deflected by larger angles show a loss of larger energy. Figure: 5.5

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Atomic Structure 79

X-ray are electromagnetic waves of wavelength Aurbau Principles: The electronic configuration is written on
1Å − 100Å. Wavelength of X-rays is of the same order as the basis of the electrons in a poly electronic atom are filled
spacing between crystal atoms, hence X-rays may be used one by one in order of increasing energy level.
for study of crystal structure. e.g., 1 H : 1s1 is correct

Bremsstrahlung or Continuous X-rays are caused due to 2s1 is wrong
deceleration of bombarding electrons in the electric field of Because energy level of 1s < 2s.
heavy nucleus. Continuous spectrum has a short wavelength

s
hc Hund’s Rules: In filling a group or orbitals of equal energy (or
limit. It extends form λmin = upto infinity.
eV subshells) it is preferred to assign electrons to empty orbitals

ck

Characteristic X-ray is produced due to jumping of rather than pair them in a particular subshell, because the
electrons form higher to lower vacant shells in atoms of former arrangement leads to lower energy level. Same spin of
heavy substances.
unpaired electrons in sub-sub shell also gives rise to lower

Screening constant σ = 1 for Kα = radiation of all elements.
energy level.

ri

K-electrons: They are very close to nucleus; play an e.g., 7 N : For 2p 3
important role in the production of characteristic X-ray
is correct
spectrum.

_t
is wrong (statement a)
Atomic Number: Atomic number and mass number are whole is wrong (statement b)
numbers and are never fractional.

Number of Neutrons = Mass no. – Atomic no. (n + l) rule: The subshell with lower values of (n + l) possesses
m

Atomic mass = [No. of p × its mass + no. of neutrons × its lower energy level and should be filled first. e.g., 19 K :
mass + No. of ‘e’ × its mass]
1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 3p 6 3d1 is wrong
xa

Mass loss due to binding energy.

1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 , 3s 2 3p 6 , 4s1 is correct

Neglecting small masses of ‘e’ and assuming proton and
neutron of nearly 1 amu each, one can have atomic mass = n = l of 4s = 4 + 0 = 4, n = l of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5
mass number. Thus, 4s should be filled first.

Relative atomic mass: The relative atomic mass of an
e

element is the mass of an atom of the element relative to If (n + l) is same for two sub-shells, the one with lower values
of n possess lower energy should be filled first.
one-twelth the mass of one (C12 ) carbon atom where mass
e_

e.g., 21 Sc : 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 , 3s 2 3p 6 , 4s 2 4p1 is wrong

is taken as 12 amu.

Atomic mass: The average isotopic mass. 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 , 3s 2 3p 6 ,3d1 4s 2 is correct

Average atomic mass A = ∑A X 1 1

n = l of 4p = 4 + 1 = 5, n = l of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5
∑X
Je

Total
Thus, 3d should be filled first.
∵ n of 3d < n of 4s
% of I isotope × Relative atomic mass of I isotope
+ % of II × Relative atomic mass of II isotope + ...
A= A sub-shell having nearly full filled or nearly half filled
100
configuration tends to acquire exactly full filled or exactly half
@

filled nature in order to attain stability i.e., lower energy level.

Note
e.g., 24 Cr : 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 , 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 , 4s 2 is wrong

Both atomic mass and molecular mass are just ratios and
have no units. 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 , 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5 , 4s1 is correct

Accurate determination of atomic masses and their relative 29 Cu : 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 , 3s 2 3p 6 3d 9 , 4s 2 is wrong
abundance of the isotopes were determined using Aston’s
1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 ,3s 2 3p 6 3d10 , 4s1 is correct
mass spectrometer.

Actual masses of atoms are not equal to the sum of the 46 Pd : 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 ,3s 2 3p 6 3d10 , 4s 2 4p 6 4d 8 ,5s 2 is wrong
masses of p, n and e present in it. 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 6 ,3s 2 3p 6 3d10 , 4s 2 4p 6 4d10 is correct

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80 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 10. The first member of the Paschen series in hydrogen
spectrum is of wavelength 18,800Å. The short wavelength
The Wave Functions for Hydrogen
limit of Paschen series is:
1. Energy of the electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is
a. 1215 Å b. 6560 Å
13.6
given by E n = − eV. The amount of energy needed to c. 8225 Å d. 12850 Å
n2
transfer electron from first orbit to third orbit is: 11. Hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by radiation
a. 13.6 eV b. 3.4 eV of wavelength 975 Å. How many lines will be there in the

s
c. 12.09 eV d. 1.51 eV emission spectrum?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
2. If the binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is

ck
13.6 eV, the energy required to remove the electron from 12. A photon of energy 12.4 eV is completely absorbed by a
the first excited state of Li++ is: hydrogen atom initially in the ground state so that it is
a. 122.4 eV b. 30.6 eV excited. The quantum number of the excited state is:
c. 13.6 eV d. 3.4 eV a. n =1 b. n= 3

ri
c. n = 4 d. n = ∞
3. The ratio of the wavelengths for 2 → 1 transition in Li++,
He+ and H is: 13. The wave number of the energy emitted when electron

_t
a. 1 : 2 : 3 b. 1 : 4 : 9 comes from fourth orbit to second orbit in hydrogen is
c. 4 : 9 : 36 d. 3 : 2 : 1 20,397 cm–1. The wave number of the energy for the same
4. If scattering particles are 56 for 90º angle then this will be transition in He+ is:
at 60º angle: a. 5,099 cm–1 b. 20,497 cm–1
m
a. 224 b. 256 c. 98 d. 108 c. 40,994 cm–1 d. 81,998 cm–1

5. When an electron in hydrogen atom is excited, from its 4th X-rays

to 5th stationary orbit, the change in angular momentum of 14. When radiation of wavelength λ is incident on a metallic
xa

electron is? (Planck’s constant: h = 6.6×10–34 J–s) surface the stopping potential is 4.8 volts. If the same
a. 4.16×10–34 J–s b. 3.32×10–34 J–s surface is illuminated with radiation of double the
–34
c. 1.05×10 J–s d. 2.08×10–34 J–s wavelength, then the stopping potential becomes 1.6
volts. Then the threshold wavelength for the surface is?
e

6. In hydrogen atom, if the difference in the energy of the

electron in n=2 and n=3 orbits is E, the ionization energy a. 2λ b. 4λ c. 6λ d. 8λ
of hydrogen atom is:
e_

15. The cut off wavelength of continuous X-ray from two

a. 13.2 E b. 7.2 E coolidge tubes operating at 30 kV but using different
c. 5.6 E d. 3.2 E
target materials (molybdenum Z=42 and tungsten Z=74)
7. In Bohr model of hydrogen atom, the ratio of periods of are:
revolution of an electron in n = 2 and n = 1 orbits is: a. 1Å, 3Å b. 0.3 Å, 0.2 Å
Je

a. 2 : 1 b. 4 : 1 c. 0.414 Å, 0.8 Å d. 0.414 Å, 0.414 Å

c. 8 : 1 d. 16 : 1
16. If the atom 100 Fm 257 follows the Bohr model and the
8. Hydrogen atom emits blue light when it changes from n =
4 energy level to n = 2 level. Which colour of light would radius of 100 Fm 257 is n times the Bohr radius, then find n:
@

the atom emit when it changes from n = 5 level to n = 2 a. 100 b. 200

level? c. 4 d. 1/4
a. Red b. Yellow 17. In X-ray tube when the accelerating voltage V is halved,
c. Green d. Violet
the difference between the wavelength of Kα line and
9. A single electron orbits a stationary nucleus of charge minimum wavelength of continuous X-ray spectrum:
+Ze, where Z is a constant. It requires 47.2 eV to excited a. Remains constant
electron from second Bohr orbit to third Bohr orbit. Find b. Becomes more than two times
the value of Z: c. Becomes half
a. 2 b. 5 c. 3 d. 4 d. Becomes less than two times

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Atomic Structure 81
Discovery and Properties of Anode, Cathode Rays Neutron 28. Pick out the isoelectronic structures from the following:
and Nuclear Structure CH 3+ H 3O + NH 3 CH 3−
I II III IV
18. A neutral atom (Atomic no. > 1) consists of:
a. Only protons a. I and II b. I and IV
b. Neutrons + protons c. I and III d. II, III and IV
c. Neutrons + electrons 29. Nitrogen atom has an atomic number of 7 and oxygen has
d. Neutron + proton + electron an atomic number 8. The total number of electrons in a

s
19. The ratio of charge and mass would be greater for: nitrate ion will be:
a. Proton b. Electron a. 8 b. 16

ck
c. Neutron d. Alpha c. 32 d. 64
20. Proton was discovered by? 30. Which among the following species have the same
a. Chadwick b. Thomson number of electrons in its outermost as well as penultimate
c. Goldstein d. Bohr

ri
shell?
21. One would expect proton to have very large: a. Mg 2 + b. O2−
a. Ionization potential b. Radius c. F− d. Ca 2+

_t
c. Charge d. Hydration energy
31. Number of neutrons in heavy hydrogen atom is:
22. The mass of 1 mole of electrons is:
a. 0 b. 1
a. 9.1×10−28 g b. 1.008 mg c. 2 d. 3
m
c. 0.55 mg d. 9.1×10−27 g
Atomic Models and Planck's Quantum Theory
23. What is the ratio of mass of an electron to the mass of a
32. The spectrum of He is expected to be similar to:
xa

proton?
a. H b. Li +
a. 1 : 2 b. 1 : 1
c. 1 : 1837 d. 1 : 3 c. Na d. He+

33. The energy of second Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is

Atomic Number, Mass Number, Atomic Species
–328 kJ mol–1, hence the
e

energy of fourth Bohr orbit

24. The nucleus of the element having atomic number 25 and
atomic weight 55 will contain: would be:
a. – 41 kJ mol–1 b. –1312 kJ mol–1
e_

a. 25 protons and 30 neutrons

b. 25 neutrons and 30 protons c. –164 kJ mol–1 d. – 82 kJ mol–1
c. 55 protons 34. The specific charge of proton is 9.6 ×106 C kg −1 then for
d. 55 neutrons
an α-particle it will be:
Je

25. CO has same electrons as or the ion that is isoelectronic

a. 38.4 ×107 C kg −1 b. 19.2 ×107 C kg −1
with CO is:
c. 2.4 × 107 C kg −1 d. 4.8 × 107 C kg −1
a. N +2 b. CN − c. O +2 d. O −2

26. The most probable radius (in pm) for finding the electron 35. If change in energy (∆E) = 3 ×10−8 J, h = 6.64 × 10−34 J-s
@

in He+ is: and c = 3 ×108 m/s, then wavelength of the light is:
a. 0.0 b. 52.9 a. 6.36 × 103 Å b. 6.36 × 105 Å
c. 26.5 d. 105.8
c. 6.64 × 10 −8 Å d. 6.36 × 1018 Å
27. In the nucleus of 20 Ca 40 there are:
36. The frequency corresponding to transition n = 2 to n = 1
a. 40 protons and 20 electrons in hydrogen atom is:
b. 20 protons and 40 electrons
a. 15.66 ×1010 Hz b. 24.66 ×1014 Hz
c. 20 protons and 20 neutrons
c. 30.57 × 1014 Hz d. 40.57 × 10 24 Hz
d. 20 protons and 40 neutrons

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82 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
37. The frequency of radiation emitted when the electron falls Quantum Number, Electronic Configuration and Shape of
from n = 4 to n = 1 in a hydrogen atom will be? Orbital’s
(Given ionization energy of H = 2.18 ×10−18 J atom −1 and 45. Correct set of four quantum numbers for valence electron
of rubidium (Z = 37) is:
h = 6.625×10−34 Js )
1 1
a. 3.08 ×1015 s −1 b. 2.00 × 1015 s −1 a. 5, 0, 0, + b. 5,1, 0, +
2 2
c. 1.54 ×1015 s −1 d. 1.03 ×1015 s −1 1 1
c. 5,1,1, + d. 6, 0, 0, +

s
38. The energy of electron in hydrogen atom in its grounds 2 2
state is –13.6eV. The energy of the level corresponding to 46. The maximum energy is present in any electron at:

ck
the quantum number equal to 5 is: a. Nucleus
a. –0.54 eV b. – 0.85 eV b. Ground state
c. – 0.64 eV d. – 0.40 eV c. First excited state
d. Infinite distance from the nucleus

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39. Which of the following transitions have minimum
wavelength? 47. The number of radial nodes of 3s and 2p orbitals are
a. n 4 → n1 b. n 2 → n1 respectively:

_t
a. 2, 0 b. 0, 2
c. n 4 → n 2 d. n 3 → n1
c. 1, 2 d. 2, 1

Dual Nature of Electron 48. Which of the following ions is not having the configuration
of neon?
40. An electron has kinetic energy 2.8 ×10−23 J. de-Broglie
m
a. F− b. Mg +2 c. Na + d. Cl−
−31
wavelength will be nearly: (me = 9.1×10 kg)
−4 −7
49. If the value of azimuthal quantum number is 3, the
a. 9.28 ×10 m b. 9.28 ×10 m
xa

possible values of magnetic quantum number would be:

c. 9.28 ×10−8 m d. 9.28 ×10−5 m a. 0, 1, 2, 3 b. 0, – 1, – 2, – 3
c. 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3 d. ± 1, ± 2, ± 3
41. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling
at 1% of the speed of light: 50. The set of quantum numbers n = 3, l = 0, m = 0,s = −1/ 2
e

−24 −10
a. 2.73 × 10 b. 2.42 ×10 belongs to the element:
a. Mg b. Na c. Ne d. F
c. 242.2 ×10 10
d. None of these
e_

51. For which of the following sets of four quantum numbers,

Uncertainty Principle and Schrodinger Wave Equation an electron will have the highest energy?
42. The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass n l m s
a. 3 2 1 +1/2
10 gm is 10−5 m . Calculate the uncertainty in its velocity:
Je

b. 4 2 1 +1/2
a. 5.2 × 10 −28 m / sec b. 3.0 × 10 −28 m / sec c. 4 1 0 –1/2
c. 5.2 × 10 −22 m / sec d. 3 × 10 −22 m / sec d. 5 0 0 –1/2
43. Which quantum number is not related with Schrodinger 52. What is the maximum number of electrons which can be
@

equation? accommodated in an atom in which the highest principal

a. Principal b. Azimuthal quantum number value is 4?
c. Magnetic d. Spin a. 10 b. 18 c. 32 d. 54

44. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, the 53. The four quantum numbers of the valence electron of
product of uncertainties in position and velocities for an potassium are:
electron of mass 9.1×10−31 kg is: 1 1
a. 4, 1, 0 and b. 4, 0, 1 and
2 2
a. 2.8 ×10−3 m2 s −1 b. 3.8 ×10−5 m2 s −1
1 1
c. 5.8 ×10−5 m2 s −1 d. 6.8 ×10−6 m2 s −1 c. 4, 0, 0 and + d. 4, 1, 1 and
2 2

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Atomic Structure 83
54. Orbital angular momentum for a d-electron is: 60. Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the photoelectric
6h 6h 12h 12 h effect:
a. b. c. d.
2π 2π 2π 2π a. No electrons are ejected, regardless of the intensity of
the radiation, unless the frequency equals or exceeds a
55. The maximum number of electrons present in an orbit l = 3 ,
threshold value characteristic of the metal
is:
b. The kinetic energy of the ejected electrons varies
a. 6 b. 8
linearly with the frequency of the incident radiation and
c. 10 d. 14

s
its intensity
c. Even at low intensities, electrons are ejected immediately
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS

ck
if the frequency is above the threshold value
More than One Answer d. An intense and a weak beam of monochromatic
56. When photons of energy 4.25 eV strike the surface of a radiations differ in having number of photons and not in
metal A, the ejected photo electrons have maximum the energy of photons

ri
kinetic energy TA (expressed in eV) and de Broglie
61. Mark out the correct statement (s)
wavelength λA .The maximum kinetic energy of the photo
a. Electrons within a subshell for which l > 0 mean that
electrons liberated from another metal ‘B’ by photons of

_t
energy 4.20 eV is TB =TA – 1.5 (expressed in eV). If the the relatively greater electrostatics repulsion between two
de Broglie wavelength of these photo electrons is λB = electrons in the same orbital within a sub shell as
2λA , then compared with occupancy of two orbitals having different
a. work function of A is 2.25 eV m1 values
m
b. work function of B is 4.20 eV b. Electrons in singly occupied orbitals tend to have their
c. TA = 2 eV spins in the same direction so as to maximize the net
d. TB = 2.50 eV magnetic moment
xa

c. In the ground state, an atom adopts a configuration with

57. Which of the following pairs have identical values of the greatest number of unpaired electrons
magnetic moment? d. Electrons in different orbitals with parallel spins show
a. Zn 2+ , Cu + b. Co 2+ , Ni 2+ mutual attraction, so the electron-nucleus interaction is
e

c. Mn 4+ , Co 2+ d. Mg 2+ , Sc+ improved
e_

62. Which one of the following is/are true for the cathode
 1 1
58. If there were three possible values  − ,0, +  for the rays?
 2 2
a. they have kinetic energy
spin magnetic quantum number (ms ), which of the following
b. they cause certain substances to fluoresce
statement (s) is/are correct regarding a hypothetical Periodic c. they travel in straight line
Je

Table based on this conditions? d. they are electromagnetic waves

a. The first period would have only 2 vertical columns
b. The second period would have 12 elements 63. The specific charge of the cathode rays is:
c. The Periodic Table would contain 27 group a. a universal constant
d. The third period would have 12 elements b. independent of the place of earth
@

c. independent of the nature of gas in discharge tube

59. Choose the correct statement among the following
d. independent of the material of discharge tube
a. Radial distribution function (ψ 2 4π r 2 ) gives the probability
64. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is increased.
at a particular distance along one chosen direction:
As a result, in the emitted radiation:
b. ‘xz’ plane acts as a nodal plane for 3px orbital
a. the intensity increases
c. For ‘s’ orbital’s wave function is independent of θ and φ b. the minimum wave length increases
d. ‘2p’ orbital with quantum number n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, c. the intensity remains unchanged
also shows the angular dependence. d. the minimum wave length decreases

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84 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
65. In Bohr model of hydrogen atom: a. 79.0 b. 51.8
a. the radius of nth orbit is proportional to n² c. 49.2 d. 38.2
b. the total energy of electron in nth orbit is proportional
to n Assertion and Reason
c. the angular momentum of the electron in an orbit is an Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
integral multiple of h / 2π the correct option out of the options given below:
d. the magnitude of the potential energy of an electron in a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
any orbit is greater than its kinetic energy correct explanation of the assertion.

s
66. Which of the following are in the ascending order of b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the

ck
wavelength? correct explanation of the assertion.
a. Hα , H β , Hγ ... lines in Balmer series of hydrogen atom c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
b. Lyman limit, Balmer limit, Paschen limit in the hydrogen
e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
spectrum

ri
c. Violet, blue, yellow, red colours in solar spectrum 73. Assertion: The cation energy of an electron is largely
d. None of these determined by its principal quantum number.
Reason: The principal quantum number n is a measure of

_t
67. Continuous spectrum is produced by:
the most probable distance of finding the electron around
a. Incandescent electric bulb b. sun
the nucleus.
c. Hydrogen molecules d. Na-vapour lamp
30 40
74. Assertion: Nuclide Al13 is less stable than Ca 20
68. A gas of monoatomic hydrogen is bombarded with a
m
stream of electrons that have been accelerated from rest Reason: Nuclides having odd number of protons and
through a potential difference of 12.75 volt. In emission neutrons are generally unstable
spectrum one can observe lines of: 75. Assertion: The atoms of different elements having same
xa

a. Lyman series b. Balmer series

mass number but different atomic number are known as
c. Paschen series d. Pfund series
isobars
69. If the potential energy of the electron in the first allowed Reason: The sum of protons and neutrons, in the isobars
orbit in hydrogen atom is E, its: is always different
e

a. Ionisation potential is –E/2

76. Assertion: Two electrons in an atom can have the same
b. Kinetic energy is –E/2
e_

values of four quantum numbers.

c. Total energy is E/2
d. None of these true Reason: Two electrons in an atom can be present in the
same shell, sub-shell and orbital and have the same spin
70. According to Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom, for the
electron in the nth allowed orbit, the: 77. Assertion: The value of n for a line in Balmer series of
Je

a. Linear momentum is proportional to (1/n) hydrogen spectrum having the highest wave length is 4
b. the radius is proportional to n and 6.
c. The kinetic energy is proportional to (1/n²) Reason: For Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum, the
d. The angular momentum is proportional to n value n1 = 2 and n 2 = 3, 4,5.
@

71. In an atom, the two electrons move round the nucleus in 78. Assertion: Absorption spectrum conists of some bright
circular orbits of radii R and 4R. The ratio of the time lines separated by dark spaces.
taken by them to complete one revolution is: Reason: Emission spectrum consists of dark lines.
a. 1/4 b. 4/1
c. 8/1 d. 1/8 79. Assertion: A resonance hybrid is always more stable than
any of its canonical structures.
72. An energy of 24.6 eV is required to remove one of the
Reason: This stability is due to delocalization of electrons.
electrons from a neutral helium atom. The energy (in eV)
required to remove both the electrons from a neutral 80. Assertion: Cathode rays do not travel in straight lines.
helium atom is: Reason: Cathode rays penetrate through thick sheets

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Atomic Structure 85
81. Assertion: Electrons revolving around the nucleus do not c. two quantum mechanical states having classical analogue
fall into the nucleus because of centrifugal force. d. two quantum mechanical states having no classical
Reason: Revolving electrons are planetary electrons. analogue

82. Assertion: The transition of electrons n 3 → n 2 in H atom 88. ∆ux is uncertainty in velocity of electron and ∆xy is un-
certainty in position, then:
will emit greater energy than n 4 → n 3 .
h h
Reason: n 3 and n 2 are closer to nucleus tan n4 . a. ∆u x ⋅ ∆x y = b. ∆u x ⋅ ∆x y =
4π 4π m

s
h
Comprehension Based c. ∆u x ⋅ ∆x y ≥ d. None of these
4π m

ck
Paragraph –I
The letters n, l, m proposed by Bohr, Sommerfeld and Zeeman
Paragraph –II
respectively for quantization of angular momentum in classical
The hydrogen-like species Li 2+ is in a spherically symmetric
physics were later on obtained as the results of solution of
state S1 with one radial node. Upon absorbing light the ion

ri
Schrodinger wave equation based on quantum mechanics. The
term n, l, m were named as principal quantum number, undergoes transition to a state S2 . The state S 2 has one radial
azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number node and its energy is equal to the ground state energy of the

_t
respectively. The fourth quantum number s was given the name hydrogen atom.
spin quantum number on the basis of two spins of electrons. 89. The state S1 is:
The first two quantum numbers also decides the nodes of an a. 1s b. 2s
orbital. c. 2p d. 3s
m
83. The numerical value ψ 4, 3, 0 denotes: 90. Energy of the state S1 in units of the hydrogen atom
a. 3d-orbitals b. 4f-orbitals ground state energy is:
c. 2s-orbitals d. 4d-orbitals a. 0.75 b. 1.50
xa

c. 2.25 d. 4.50
84. The angular momentum of 3p-orbitals in terms of
 h  91. The orbital angular momentum quantum number of the
ℏ ℏ =  is:
 2π  state S 2 is:
e

a. 0 b. 1
a. 2ℏ b. 2 ℏ
c. 2 d. 3
ℏ ℏ
e_

c. d.
2 2π
Match the Column
85. Number of radial and angular nodes in 3p-orbitals respectively 92. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
are: Column I Column II
a. 1, 1 b. 2, 1 (A) In the Bohr's hydrogen 1. n 2
Je

c. 1, 2 d. 2, 2 atom model, the radius of

the stationary orbit is
86. Which statement about energy level in H-atom is correct?
directly proportional to (n
a. Only n and l decide energy level
= principle quantum
b. Only ‘l’ decides energy level
@

number)
c. Only n decides energy level
(B) The kinetic energy of the e2
d. n, l and m decide energy level 2.
electron in an orbit of 2r
87. The quantum numbers of +½ and –½ for the electron spin radius r in hydrogen atom
represents: is (e = electronic charge)
a. rotation of electron in clockwise and anticlockwise
(C) The angular momentum of h
direction respectively 3. n 2
electron in nth orbit is 2π
b. rotation of electron in anticlockwise and clockwise
given by
direction respectively

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86 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
(D) According to Bohr's theory h a. A→ 3; B→ 1; C→ 2; D→ 4
4.
the radius of electron in an z b. A→ 2; B→ 4; C→ 3; D→ 1
orbit described by c. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 2; D→ 4
principal quantum number d. A→ 4; B→ 1; C→ 3; D→ 2
n and atomic number Z is 95. Match the statement of Column I with those in Column II:
proportional to Column I Column II
(A) Configuration of Cr 1. 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d10
a. A→ 1; B→ 3,4; C→ 4; D→ 2,3

s
is
b. A→ 1; B→ 2,4; C→ 3; D→ 4
(B) Configuration of Cu 2. 5

ck
c. A→ 2; B→ 1; C→ 4; D→ 3 is
d. A→ 1; B→ 3,4; C→ 4; D→ 3
(C) Number of unpaired 3. 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d 5 4s1
93. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II: electrons in Fe3+
Column I Column II (D) Electronic con- 4. 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p 6 3d10 4s1

ri
(A) In any Bohr orbit of the 1. –1/2 2+
figuration of Zn
hydrogen atom, the ratio of 5. 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d 9 4s 2
kinetic energy to potential

_t
energy of the electron is 6. 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d 4 4s 2
(B) The ratio of the kinetic 2. 2 a. A→ 3; B→ 4; C→ 2; D→ 1
energy to the total energy of b. A→ 2; B→ 4; C→ 3; D→ 1
an electron in a Bohr orbit is c. A→ 1; B→ 3; C→ 2; D→ 4
m
(C) In the lowest energy level of 3. h / 2π d. A→ 4; B→ 1; C→ 3; D→ 2
hydrogen atom, the electron
Integer
xa

has the angular momentum

96. The angular momentum of electron in 2nd orbit of
(D) Ratio of the wavelengths of 4. 5 : 27
hydrogen atom is L. The angular momentum of electron
first line of Lyman series and
in 4th orbit of hydrogen atom is n L where n =?
first line of Balmer series is
97. For an atom of an ion having single electron, the
e

a. A→ 1; B→ 3,4; C→ 4; D→ 2,3 wavelength observed λ1 = 2 are units and λ3 = 2 units

b. A→ 1; B→ 3,4; C→ 4; D→ 3 figure. The value of missing wavelength λ 2 is
e_

c. A→ 2; B→ 3,4; C→ 1; D→ 3 n3 orbit
d. A→ 1; B→ 2,4; C→ 3; D→ 4
λ1 λ3
94. Match the statement of Column I with those in Column II: n2 orbit
Column I Column II λ2
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n1 orbit
(A) Orbits are filled in 1. Hund’s rule
order of increasing 98. How many different wave-length may be observed in the
energy spectrum from a hydrogen sample if the atoms are excited
(B) Degenerate orbitals are 2. Pauli exclusion to 3rd excited state?
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first singly occupied principle 99. The maximum number of electrons can have principal
(C) An orbital can have 3. Aufbau principle quantum number n=3 and spin quantum number ms = 1/ 2
maximum two is
electrons
(D) Position and momen- 4. Heisenberg principle 100. The work function (φ ) of some metals is listed below. The
tum of a small particle number of metals which will show photoelectric effect
cannot be measured when light of 300 nm wavelength falls on the metal is
simultaneously with Metal Li Na K Mg Cu Ag Fe Pt W
absolute accuracy. φ (eV) 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.7 4.8 4.3 4.7 6.3 4.75

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Atomic Structure 87
ANSWER 1 1 1
⇒ λ Li : λ He+ : λ H = : : = 4 : 9 : 36
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 9 4 1
c b c a c b c d b c
1
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 4. (a) Using Scattering formula N ∝
sin (θ / 2)
4
c c d b d d c d b c
4
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.   θ1  
sin
d c c a b c c d c d N 2   2  
⇒ =
N1   θ2  

s
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
 sin  2  
b b d d c b a a a c
  

ck
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 4
b a d c a d a d c a
  90°  
sin
N 2   2  
4
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ⇒ =   =  sin 45°  = 4
N1   60°    
b c c b d a,c a,c b,c,d c,d a,c,d  sin 30° 
 sin  2  
  

ri
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
a,b,c a,b,c all c,d a,c,d b,c a,b a,b,c a,b,c a,c,d ⇒ N 2 = 4N1 = 4 × 56 = 224
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
5. (c) Change in angular momentum

_t
d a a a c d e d a e
∆L = L 2 − L1
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
n 2 h n1 h
b b b a a c d d b c = −
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
2π 2π
m
b b d a a 2 6 6 9 4 h
⇒ ∆L = (n 2 − n1 )
2π
SOLUTION
6.6 × 10 −34
= (5 − 4)
xa

Multiple Choice Questions 2 × 3.14

13.6 = 1.05 × 10−34 J-s
1. (c) Using E = − eV
n2
6. (b) Energy difference between n = 2 and n = 3;
−13.6
For n = 1, E1 = = −13.6eV  1 1 
12
e

E = K 2 − 2 
13.6  2 3 
and for n = 3 E3 = − 2 = −1.51eV
1 1 5
e_

3
= K −  = K . . . (i)
So required energy  4 9  36
= E 3 − E1 = −1.51 − ( −13.6) = 12.09 eV Ionization energy of hydrogen atom n1 = 1 and
n2 = ∞ ;
13.6 × Z2
2. (b) Using E n = − eV
Je

n2 1 1 
E′ = K  2 − 2 =K . . . (ii)
++
For first excited state n = 2 and for Li , Z = 3 1 ∞ 
13.6 2 36
∴ E=− ×3 From equation (i) and (ii) E′ = E = 7.2 E
22 5
@

13.6 × 9 7. (c) According to Bohr model time period of electron

=− = −30.6 eV.
4 T ∝ n3
Hence, remove the electron from the first excited state of
T2 n 32 23 8
Li++ be 30.6 eV ⇒ = = =
T1 n13 13 1
1  1 1  ⇒ T2 = 8T1 .
3. (c) Using = RZ2  2 − 2 
λ n
 1 n 2 
8. (d) In the transition from orbits 5→2 more energy will be
1 liberated as compared to transition from 4→2.
⇒ λ∝ 2
Z So emitted photon would be of violet light.

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88 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
9. (b) Excitation energy of hydrogen like atom for n 2 → n1 1  1 1 
13. (d) Using = ν = RZ2  2 − 2 
 1 1  λ  n1 n 2 
∆E = 13.6Z2  2 − 2  eV
 n1 n 2  ⇒ ν ∝ Z2
2
 1 1 ν 2  Z2   Z 
2
⇒ 47.2 = 13.6Z2  2 − 2  ⇒ =  = =4
2 3  ν1  Z1   1 
5 2 ⇒ ν2 = ν × 4 = 81588cm −1 .
= 13.6 × Z

s
36
47.2 × 36 hc  1 1 
⇒ Z2 = = 24.98 −ɶ 25 14. (b) By using V0 =  − 

ck
13.6 × 5 e  λ λ0 
⇒ Z=5 hc  1 1 
4.8 =  −  . . . (i)
10. (c) First member of Paschen series mean it's e  λ λ0 

ri
144 hc  1 1
λ max = 1.6 =
7R  −  . . . (ii)
e  2λ λ 0 
Short wavelength of Paschen series means
From equation (i) and (ii) λ 0 = 4λ.

_t
9
λ min =
R 15. (d) Cut off wavelength of continuous X-rays depends
λ 16 solely on the voltage applied and does not depend on the
Hence max =
λ min 7 material of the target. Hence the two tubes will have the
m
same cut off wavelength.
7
⇒ λ min = × λ max hc
16 Ve = hν =
λ
xa

7
= ×18,800 hc 6.627 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108
16 or λ= = m
Ve 30 × 103 × 1.6 × 10 −19
= 8225Å.
= 414 × 10=10 m = 0.414 Å.
1 1 1
=R 2 − 2 
e

11. (c) Using

λ n n  m2 
 1 2  16. (d) (rm ) =   (0.53Å) = (n × 0.53Å)
1  Z 
e_

⇒
975 × 10−10 m2
⇒ = n m = 5 for 100Fm
257
(the outermost shell) and
1 1  Z
= 1.097 ×10  2 − 2 
7
z = 100
1 n 
(5) 2 1
⇒ n=4 ∴ n= =
Je

100 4
Now number of spectral lines
n(n − 1) 4(4 − 1) 17. (c) ∆λ = λ K α − λ min when V is halved λ min becomes two
N= = = 6.
2 2 times but λ Ka remains the same.
12. (c) Let electron absorbing the photon energy reaches to
@

∴ ∆λ ' = λ Kα − 2λ min
the excited state n. Then using energy conservation
13.6 = 2( ∆λ ) − λ Ka ∆λ ' < 2(∆λ)
⇒ − = −13.6 + 12.4
n2 18. (d) Neutrons and protons in the nucleus and electrons in
13.6 the extranuclear region.
⇒ − 2 = −1.2
n
2 1
13.6 19. (b) Charge/mass for n = 0, α = ,p =
⇒ n = 2
= 12 4 1
1.2
1
And e =
⇒ n = 3.46 ≃ 4 1/1837

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Atomic Structure 89
20. (c) Proton is represented by p having charge +1 discovered Hence, Ca 2+ has 8 electrons each in outermost and penultimate
in 1988 by Goldstein. shell.
21. (d) H + (proton) will have very large hydration energy due 31. (b) Heavy hydrogen is 12 D. Number of neutrons = 1
to its very small ionic size
1 32. (b) Both He and Li+ contain 2 electrons each.
Hydration energy ∝
Size E 4 22 4 1
33. (d) = = = ;
22. (c) One mole of electron = 6.023 × 1023 electron E 2 4 2 16 4

s
Mass of one electron = 9.1 × 10–28 gm E 2 −328
Mass of one mole of electrons E4 = =

ck
4 4
= 6.023 × 1023 × 9.1×10−28 gm = −82 kJ / mol.
= 5.48 × 10−4 gm
q 1 q 
= 5.48 ×10−4 × 1000 mg 34. (d)   =  
 m α 2  m  p

ri
= 0.548 gm ≈ 0.55 mg .
1
= × 9.6 ×107
1 2
23. (c) Electron time lighter than proton so their mass

_t
1837 = 4.8 ×107 C kg −1
ratio will be 1 : 1837
hc hc
24. (a) No. of protons = Atomic no. = 25 and no. of neutron 35. (c) ∆E = or λ =
λ ∆E
= 55 – 25 = 30.
6.64 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
m
=
25. (b) CO and CN − are isoelectronic. 3 × 10 −8
CO = 6 + 8 = 14 = 6.64 × 10−8 Å
xa

−
and CN = 6 + 7 + 1 = 14.
1 1 1
26. (c) Most probable radius = a0 / Z 36. (b) v = =R 2 − 2
λ  n1 n 2 
Where a0 = 52.9 pm.
For helium ion, Z = 2. 1 1 
= 109678  −  = 82258.5
e

52.9 1 4 
rmp = = 26.45 pm.
2 λ = 1.21567 × 10 −5 cm or λ = 12.1567 × 10 −6 cm
e_

27. (c) P = 20, mass no. (a) = 40 = 12.1567 × 10−8 m

N = A–P = 40 − 20 = 20 c 3 × 108
P = N = 20. v= =
λ 12.567 × 10 −8
28. (d) CH3+ = 6 + 3 − 1 = 8e − = 24.66 × 1014 Hz .
Je

H 3O + = 3 + 8 − 1 = 10e − 13.6Z2eff
37. (a) E ionisation = E ∞ − E n = eV
NH3 = 7 + 3 = 10e − n2

CH 3− = 6 + 3 + 1 = 10e − 13.6Z2 13.6Z2 

=  2
− 
 n2 n12 
@

29. (c) Number of electrons in nitrogen = 7 and number of

electron is oxygen = 8 we know that formula of nitrate ion 13.6 × 12 13.6 × 12
E = hν = − ;
(1) 2 (4) 2
is NO3− we also know that number of electron
= (1 × Number of electrons in nitrogen) hν = 13.6 − 0.85
+ (3 × number of electrons in oxygen) + 1 ∵ h = 6 .625 × 10 −34
= (1 × 7) + (3 × 8) + 1 = 32. 13.6 − 0.85
ν= × 1.6 × 10−19
30. (d) Ca = 2, 8, 8, 2 6.625 ×10−34
20
2+ = 3.08 ×1015 s−1
Ca = 2, 8, 8

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90 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
38. (a) Energy of ground stage (E 0 ) = −13.6eV and energy 44. (c) Given that mass of electron
level = 5 = 9.1× 10−31 kg
−13.6 −13.6 Planck’s constant
E5 = 2
eV = 2
n 5 = 6.63 × 10−34 kg m2 s −1
−13.6
= = −0.54eV. h
25 By using ∆x × ∆p = ;
4π
39. (a) For n 4 → n1 , greater transition, greater the energy h

s
∆x × ∆v × m =
difference, lesser will be the wavelength. 4π

ck
40. (c) Formula for de-Broglie wavelength is Where ∆x = uncertainity in position
h ∆v = uncertainity in velocity
λ=
p h
∆x × ∆v =
4π× m
h

ri
or λ=
mv 6.63 × 10 −34
=
1 4 × 3.14 × 9.1 × 10 −31
⇒ eV = mv 2
= 5.8 × 10−5 m 2 s −1 .

_t
2
2eV 45. (a) Electronic configuration of Rb (37) is
or ν=
m
1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d10 4s 2 4p6 5s1
h
λ=
m
So for the valence shell electron (5 s 1 )
2meV
1
6.62 ×10−34 n = 5, l = 0, m = 0,s = +
= 2
xa

2 × 9.1×10−31 × 2.8 ×10−23

46. (d) As a result of attraction, some energy is released. So
λ = 9.28 × 10 −8 meter.
at infinite distance from the nucleus energy of any
41. (b) One percent of the speed of light is electron will be maximum. For bringing electrons from ∞
 1  −1 to the orbital of any atom some work has to be done be
v=  (3.00 × 10 ms )
e

 100  electrons hence it bill loose its energy for doing that work.
= 3.00 ×106 ms−1 47. (a) Number of radial nodes = (n − l − 1)
e_

Momentum of the electron (p) = mv For 3s: n = 3, l = 0 (Number of radial node = 2)

= (9.11× 10−31 kg) (3.00 ×106 ms −1 ) For 2p: n =2, l = 1 (Number of radial node = 0)
= 2.73 × 10−24 kg ms −1 48. (d) Configuration of
Je

The de-broglie wavelength of this electron is Ne = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6

−34
h 6.626 × 10
λ= = F− = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6
p 2.73 × 10 −24 kgms −1
Na + = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6
λ = 2.424 × 10 −10 m.
Mg + + = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6
@

42. (a) Uncertainty of moving bullet velocity

h Cl − = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 .
∆v =
4π× m × ∆v 49. (c) When l = 3 then
6.625 × 10 −34 m = −3, − 2, − 1, 0, + 1, + 2, + 3 .
=
4 × 3.14 × .01 × 10 −5 m = −l to +l including zero.
−28
= 5.2 ×10 m/sec.
50. (a) Mg12 have 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 electronic configuration
43. (d) Spin quantum number does not related with Schrodinger
1
equation because they always show +1 / 2 , −1 / 2 value. n = 3, l = 0 , m = 0 , s = − .
2

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Atomic Structure 91
51. (b) 4d-orbital have highest energy in given data. 58. (b, c, d) The second period would have 12 elements, The
52. (c) Maximum number of electron Periodic Table would contain 27 group, The third period
would have 12 elements
= 2n 2 (where n = 4) = 2 × 42 = 32.
59. (c, d) For ‘s’ orbitals wave function is independent of θ
53. (c) Atomic number of potassium is 19 and hence electronic and φ ‘2p’ orbital with quantum number n = 2, l = 1, m =
configuration will be 0, also shows the angular dependence.
1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p6 ,3s 2 ,3p6 , 4s1
60. (a, c, d) No electrons are ejected, regardless of the

s
Hence for 4 s1 electron value of Quantum number are intensity of the radiation, unless the frequency equals or
Principal quantum number n = 4 exceeds a threshold value characteristic of the metal,

ck
Azimuthal quantum number l = 0 Even at low intensities, electrons are ejected immediately
Magnetic quantum number m = 0 if the frequency is above the threshold value, An intense
Spin quantum number s = +1 / 2 and a weak beam of monochromatic radiations differ in
having number of photons and not in the energy of
54. (b) We know that for d-electron l = 2.

ri
photons
h
µ = l(l + 1) , 61. (a, b, c) Electrons within a subshell for which 1 > 0 mean
2π
that the relatively greater electrostatics repulsion between

_t
h two electrons in the same orbital within a sub shell as
µ = 2 (2 + 1)
2π compared with occupancy of two orbitals having different
h m1 values, Electrons in singly occupied orbitals tend to
µ = 2 (2 + 1) ;
2π have their spins in the same direction so as to maximize
m
h the net magnetic moment, In the ground state, an atom
µ= 6 .
2π adopts a configuration with the greatest number of
unpaired electrons
xa

55. (d) Azimuthal quantum number (l) =3 shows the presence

of f orbit, which contain seven orbitals and each orbital 62. (a, b, c) (i) They produce heat when they strike a piece of
have 2 electrons. metal,
Hence, 7 × 2 = 14 electrons. (ii) They produce light when they fall on a fluorescent
material,
e

(iii) They cast a sharp shadow of the object placed in their

NCERT Exemplar Problems
path.
e_

More than One Answer

63. (a, b, c, d) Specific charge of the cathode rays = e/m,
56. (a, c) From the date we can write the expression as follows
where e is the charge and m the mass of an electron. As
4.25 = WA + TA . . .(i)
both the e and m are universal constants, hence e/m will
4.20 = WB + TB . . .(ii) be independent of the place of earth, nature of gas in the
Je

TB = TA − 1.5 . . .(iii) tube and material of discharge tube.

h 2h 64. (c, d) Intensity of emitted X-rays is independent of

= potential difference applied across the tube while
2mTB 2mTA
minimum wave length of emitted X-rays depends upon
⇒ TA = 4TB . . .(iv) the potential difference through the relation:
@

So, from above equations λmin = (12400 / V)Å.

TB = 0.5 eV
n 2h2
TA = 2 eV 65. (a, c, d) (i) rn = i.e rn ∝ n 2 ,
4π 2 m Ke2
WA = 2.25 eV
nh
WB = 4.15 eV (ii) Bohr’s 2nd postulate: mvr =
2π
57. (a, c) For the same magnetic moment ions (a) atoms should KZe2 KZe2
(iii) K n = , Un = −
contain same no. of unpaired e − . 2rn rn

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92 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
66. (b, c) (i) Lyman series lies in ultraviolet region, Balmer The work function of some metals is given below:
series in visible region and paschen series in Infrared Na : 1.92 eV ; K : 2.15 eV ; Mo : 4.17 eV ; Ni : 5.0 eV
region. Which of these metals will not give photoelectric
(ii) λR > λY ? λB > λV . emission for a radiation of wavelength 3300 Å from a He-
Cd laser placed 1m away from the photocell? What
67. (a, b) Continuous spectrum is obtained from the bulk
happens if the laser is brought nearer and placed 50 cm
state of matter; it has no relation with the atomic or away.
molecular state. It is produced by thermal vibrations of

s
atoms in the macroscopic matter (not by the transitions Assertion and Reason
between the energy states of atoms). Every vibrating atom 73. (a) We know that principal quantum number represent the

ck
emits light of frequency of its vibration. In a white hot main energy level or energy shell. Since each energy level
matter, atoms vibrating with all frequencies within a is associated with a definite amount of energy, this
definite range are present, so this matter emits frequencies quantum number determines to a large extent te energy of
of continuous range. an electron. It also determines the average distance of an

ri
electron around the nucleus. Therefore both Assertion and
68. (a, b, c) E Hn = E1H + ∆E
Reason are true and the Reason is a correct explanation of
= −13.6 eV + 12.7 eV = −0.85eV the Assertion.

_t
i.e. hydrogen atoms are excited to n = 4level i.e. transitions
74. (a) It is observed that a nucleus which is made up of even
4→1,3→2, 2→1are possible which correspond to Lyman number of nucleons (No. of n & p) is more stable than
series, then transitions 4→2 and 3→2 are possible which nuclie which consist of odd number of nucleons. If
correspond to Balmer series and then transition 4→3 is number of neutron or proton is equal to some numbers
m
also possible which corresponds to Paschen series. i.e., 2,8, 20, 50, 82 or 126 (which are called magic
69. (a, b, c) (i) U1 = E, then Total energy in 1st orbit numbers), then these passes extra stability.

= (U1 / 2) = (E / 2) 75. (c) The assertion that the isobars are the atoms of different
xa

elements having same mass number but different atomic

(ii) I.E. = (T.E.) n =∞ − (T.E.) n =1
number is correct but reason is false because atomic mass
= 0 − (T.E.) n =1 = −(E / 2) is sum of number of neutron and protons which should be
(iii) (K.E.) n =1 = −(T.E.) n =1 = −(E / 2). same for isobars.
e

70. (a, c, d) p n = mv n , v n ∝ (1 / n), rn ∝ n 2 76. (d) We know from the Pauli exclusion principle, that two
electrons in the same atom cannot have same value of all
e_

Ke2 1
and K n = i.e K n ∝ 2 and Lα n four quantum numbers. This means each electron in an
2rn n atom has only one set of values for n, l, m and s.
Therefore both the Assertion and Reason are false.
n3
71. (d) Time period T ∝ 77. (e) We know that the line in Balmer series of hydrogen
Z2
Je

For a given atom (Z = constant) spectrum the highest wavelenght or lowest energy is
between n1 = 2 and n2 = 3. And for Balmer series of
So T ∝ n3 . . . (i)
hydrogen spectrum, the value of n1 = 2 and n2 = 3,4,5.
and radius R ∝ n 2
. . . (ii) Therefore the Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
∴ From equation (i) and (ii) T ∝ R 3/ 2
78. (d) We know that Absorption spectrum is produced when
@

3/ 2
T1  R 1 
3/ 2
 R  1 white light is passed through a substance and transmitted
⇒ =  =  = .
T2  R 2   4R  8 light is analysed by a spectrograph. The dark spaces
corresponds to the light radiation absorbed by the
72. (a) After the removal of first electron remaining atom will
substance. And emission spectrum is produced by
be hydrogen like atom.
analysing the radiant energy emitted by an excited
So, energy required to remove second electron from the atom substance by a spectrograph. Thus discontinuous spectra
22 consisting of a series of sharp lines and separated by dark
E = 13.6 × = 54.4 eV
1 bands are obtained. Therefore both the Assertion and
∴ Total energy required = 24.6 + 54.4 = 79 eV Reason are false.

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Atomic Structure 93
79. (a) We know that a resonance hybrid or the actual 86. (c) Sub-shells of a shell in H-atom possess same energy
molecule is always more stable than any of its canonical level, i.e., l does not specify for the energy level of an
structures which is also called hypothetical or imaginary orbital in H-atom.
structures. This stability is due to delocalization of 87. (d) The fourth quantum number s has no classical analogue.
electrons and is measured in terms of resonance energy or
It was proposed by Uhlenback after Schrodinger quantum
delocalization energy, it is defined as the difference in
concept.
internal energy of the resonance hybrid and the most
stable canonical structure. Therefore both the Assertion 88. (d) Heisenberg principle has no significance of ∆u is along

s
and Reason are true and the Reason is a correct X-axis and ∆x along Y-axis are given.
explanation of the Assertion.

ck
For 89 to 91
80. (e) We know that cathode rays cast shadows of solid Energy of state S2 of Li 2+ = E1 of H = 13.6 eV
objects placed in their path. During experiment performed
E1H × Z2
on these rays, fluorescence (flash of light) is observed in Also, E s2 of Li 2+ =
n2

ri
the region, outside the shadow. This shows that cathode
rays travel in straight lines. We also knew that cathode −13.6 × 32
= = −13.6
rays penetrate through a thin sheet of metals but are n2

_t
stopped by thick sheets. Therefore both Assertion and ∴ n=3
Reason are false. Thus, state S2 represents 3rd orbit. Also, state S1 has only
81. (b) We know that electrons are revolving around the one radial node. Thus, it represents 2nd orbit.
nucleus at high speed in circular paths. The centrifugal Radial node = n – l – 1
m
force (which arises due to rotation of electrons) acting Because if n = 1, l = 0 (1s) radial node = 0
outwards, balances the electrostatic force of attraction n = 2, l = 0 (2s) radial node = 1
(which arises due to attraction between electrons and n = 2, l = 1 (2p) radial node = 0
xa

nucleus). This prevents the electron from falling into the Thus state, S1 represents 2s and since transition is possible
nucleus. We also know that Rutherford’s model of atom is only when ∆l = ±1 , therefore state S3 represents 3p. [radial
comparable to the “solar system”. The nucleus represent node = 1 as 3 – 1 – 1 = 1]
the sun whereas revolving electrons represent the planets 89. (b) 2s
e

revolving around the sun. Thus revolving electron are also

called planetary electrons. Therefore both Assertion and E1H × 32 9
90. (c) ES1 = = = 2.25 × E1H .
22 4
e_

Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of

Assertion. 91. (b) S 2 is 3p ∴ l = 1.
82. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion. The difference between Match the Column
the energies of adjacent energy levels decreases as we
Je

92. (b) A→ 1; B→ 2,4; C→ 3; D→ 4

move away from the nucleus. Thus in H atom
93. (d) A→ 1; B→ 2,4; C→ 3; D→ 4
E 2 − E1 > E 3 − E 2 > E 4 − E 3 ......
94. (a) (A → 3; B → 1; C → 2; D → 4)
Comprehension Based
83. (b) ψ represent an orbital and ψ4,3,0 has n = 4, l = 3 95. (a) A→ 3; B→ 4; C→ 2; D→ 1
@

i.e., 4f-orbital. (A) Cr (atomic number = 24)

= 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5 4s1
84. (a) Angular momentum in an orbital
Half-filled d orbital is more stable due to greater symmetry
h
= ll + 1 ⋅ and exchange energy.
2π
(B) Cu (atomic number = 29)
= l ( l + 1) ⋅ π = 2ℏ. −1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d10 4s1
85. (a) Number of radial node = n – l – 1 Full-filled d orbital is more stable due to greater symmetry
Number of angular node = l. and exchange energy.

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94 Quick Revision NCERT - CHEMISTRY
(C) Fe (atomic number = 26) 99. (9) n = 3 ⇒ 1 = 0,1, 2
−1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 6 4s 2 for l = 0, m = 0 ⇒ m s = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2
3+
Fe (23) − 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
2 2 6 2 6 5
for l = 1, m = −1 ⇒ m s = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2
(D) Electronic configuration of 0 ⇒ ms = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 10
Zn – 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d −1 ⇒ m s = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2
Hence, number of unpaired electrons are 5. for l = 2, m = −2 ⇒ m s = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2

s
−1 ⇒ m s = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2
Integer
0 ⇒ ms = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2

ck
 h 
96. (2) L = 2   1 ⇒ ms = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2
 2π 
2 ⇒ ms = −1/ 2 and +1/ 2
 h 
And L ' = 4  
 2π  Alternatively n = 3

ri
∴ L ' = 2 L = n L, ∴ Number of electrons

where n = 2 = 2n 2 = 2 × 32 = 18
1 18

_t
97. (6) As is clear from figure. Number of electrons with m s = − = =9
2 2
E1 = E 2 + E 3
100. (4) Since, the value of hc = 1240 eV nm
hc hc hc
= + Energy corresponding to λ=300nm is
λ1 λ2 λ3
m
1240 eV
1 1
1 1 1 1 = 4.134 eV
∴ = − = − = = 6 units 300 nm
λ2 λ1 λ3 2 3 6
Elements having φ < 4.134 eV will show photoelectric
xa

98. (6) 3rd excited state means n = 4.

effect, are Li, Na, K and Mg ⇒ 4
No. of different wavelength observed
So, number of metals showing photo-electric will be four,
n(n − 1) 4(4 − 1)
N= = =6 i.e., Li, Na, K and Mg.
2 2
e

***
e_
Je
@

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