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Lab 2 DFD - Part2

This document discusses process modeling and data flow diagrams (DFDs). It provides rules for DFD construction and decomposition. The key points covered are: 1. DFDs visually depict the flow of data between external entities, processes, and data stores. 2. Processes must have both inputs and outputs, while data stores and sources/sinks define the starting and ending points of data flow. 3. DFDs can be decomposed into more detailed levels, with level-1 diagrams breaking down level-0 processes and so on, to show increasing granularity. 4. Decomposed DFDs must be "balanced" by conserving the number of inputs and outputs between levels

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54 views17 pages

Lab 2 DFD - Part2

This document discusses process modeling and data flow diagrams (DFDs). It provides rules for DFD construction and decomposition. The key points covered are: 1. DFDs visually depict the flow of data between external entities, processes, and data stores. 2. Processes must have both inputs and outputs, while data stores and sources/sinks define the starting and ending points of data flow. 3. DFDs can be decomposed into more detailed levels, with level-1 diagrams breaking down level-0 processes and so on, to show increasing granularity. 4. Decomposed DFDs must be "balanced" by conserving the number of inputs and outputs between levels

Uploaded by

hazwani.mh25.3
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Process Modeling

BITP 2213 Software Engineering

Lab 2 – DFD Part 2


Process Modeling
DFD : A RECAP
• Data flow diagram (DFD) : A picture of the movement of data between
external entities and the processes and data stores within a system.

• DFD consists of four major components :


source/sink data store

process
data flow

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 2


Process Modeling
Process Modeling – A RECAP

FIGURE 7-1
Systems development life cycle with the
analysis phase highlighted

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 3


Process Modeling
DFD Diagramming Rules : Process

 No process can
have only output or
only input.
 A process must
have both output
and input.
 Process labels
should be verb
phrases.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 4


Process Modeling
DFD Diagramming Rules :
Data Store

 All flows to or from a data store must move through a


process.
 Data store labels should be noun phrases.
Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 5
Process Modeling
DFD Diagramming Rules :
Source/Sink

 No data moves directly between external entities


without going through a process.
 Interactions between external entities without
intervening processes are outside the system and
therefore not represented in the DFD.
 Source and sink labels should be noun phrases.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 6


Process Modeling
DFD Diagramming Rules :
Data Flow

 Bidirectional flow
between process
and data store is
represented by two
separate arrows.

 Forked data flow


must refer to exact
same data item
(not different data
items) from a
common location
to multiple
destinations.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 7


Process Modeling
DFD Diagramming Rules :
Data Flow (cont.)

 Joined data flow


must refer to exact
same data item (not
different data items)
from multiple
sources to a
common location.

 Data flow cannot go


directly from a
process to itself,
must go through
intervening
processes.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 8


Process Modeling
DFD Diagramming Rules :
Data Flow (cont.)
• Data flow from a process to a data store means update
(insert, delete or change).
• Data flow from a data store to a process means retrieve
or use.
• Data flow labels should be noun phrases.
• The inputs to a process are different from the outputs of
the process – that the purpose of process to transform
• Objects on DFD have unique name. However may repeat
data store or source/sink.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 9


Process Modeling

Decomposition of DFDs
• Functional decomposition is an iterative process of
breaking a system description down into finer and finer
detail.
 Creates a set of charts in which one process on a given chart is explained
in greater detail on another chart.
 Continues until no sub process can logically be broken down any further.
• Primitive DFD is the lowest level of a DFD.
• Level-1 diagram results from decomposition of Level-0
diagram.
• Level-n diagram is a DFD diagram that is the result of n
nested decompositions from a process on a level-0
diagram.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 10


Process Modeling
Level-1 DFD

FIGURE 7-8
Level-1 diagram showing the
decomposition of Process 4.0 from the
level-0 diagram for Hoosier Burger’s food-
ordering system

Level-1 DFD shows


the sub-processes of
one of the processes in
the Level-0 DFD.

This is a Level-1 DFD


Processes are labeled 4.1, 4.2, for Process 4.0.
etc. These can be further
decomposed in more primitive
(lower-level) DFDs if necessary.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 11


Process Modeling
Level-n DFD

Level-n DFD shows the sub-


Processes are labeled 4.3.1, 4.3.2, etc. If processes of one of the
this is the lowest level of the hierarchy, it processes in the Level n-1 DFD.
is called a primitive DFD.

This is a Level-2 DFD for


Process 4.3.

FIGURE 7-9: Level-2 diagram showing the decomposition of Process 4.3 from the
level-1 diagram for Process 4.0 for Hoosier Burger’s food-ordering system

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 12


Process Modeling

Balancing DFDs
• Conservation Principle: conserve inputs and outputs
to a process at the next level of decomposition
• Balancing: conservation of inputs and outputs to a
data flow diagram process when that process is
decomposed to a lower level
• Balanced means:
– Number of inputs to lower level DFD equals number of
inputs to associated process of higher-level DFD
– Number of outputs to lower level DFD equals number of
outputs to associated process of higher-level DFD

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 13


Process Modeling
Balancing DFDs (Cont.)

FIGURE 7-10 An unbalanced set of data flow diagrams


(a) Context diagram
1 input
This is
1 output unbalanced
because the
(b) Level-0 diagram process of the
context diagram
has only one
input but the
2 inputs Level-0 diagram
1 output has two inputs.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 14


Process Modeling
Balancing DFDs (Cont.)
• Data flow splitting is when a composite data flow at
a higher level is split and different parts go to
different processes in the lower level DFD.
• The DFD remains balanced because the same data is
involved, but split into two parts.

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 15


Process Modeling

Balancing DFDs (Cont.)

(a) Composite data flow

(b) Disaggregated data flows

FIGURE 7-11: Example of data


flow splitting

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 16


Process Modeling
Balancing DFDs: More DFD Rules

Lab 2 BITP 2213 UTeM 17

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