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Area Under Curve

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345 views43 pages

Area Under Curve

class 12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Area Under Curves DISCLAIMER “The content provided herein are created and owned by various authors and licensed to Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited (“Company”). The Company disclaims all rights and liabilities in relation to the content. The author of the content shall be solely responsible towards, without limitation, any claims, liabilities, damages or suits which may arise with respect to the same” Area Under Curves DIFFERENT CASES OF BOUNDED AREA 1. The area bounded by the continuous curve = f() (fG0 > 0), the axis of x and the ordinates x = a and x= b (where b > a) is given by an folio ie 2. The area bounded by the straight line x = a, x = b (a a) is given by + Jr A= Jeooae Fro As fre 5. The area bounded by y = f(x) and y = g(x) (where a $ x < b), when they intersect at x = € (a, b) is given by i" A= Jf) -g6)I dx ¢ . Or J [00 - eco] x +f[e00 - ea)Jax DIFFERENT CASES OF BOUNDED AREA 4. The area bounded by the continuous curve x = f(y), the axis of y and the abscissa y = aand y =b (where b > a) is given by . 8 Az |fividy =Jxdy 2. The area bounded by the straight line y = a, y = b (a a) is given by Az + fsa J fords] yf =b} Oy FO) fades) y=al x+y x A= J tondy- [rory 5. The area bounded by x = f(y) and x = gy) (where a < y < b), when they intersect at y = ¢ € (a,b) is given by * A= J {fy - o)]dy 4 ‘ or A= f(fy)- eissy + J (ely) - Fy ILLUSTRATIONS : Find the area bounded by the parabola y= x7 +1 and the straight line xty=3. Sol, The two curves meet at points where 3 - x= x? +1 ie. +x-2=0 => (x+2)(k-1)=0>x=-2,1 required area = A= Ile =x)-(? + px 2 2 5q. units. & sq, units. Find the area, lying above x-axis and included between the circle x? + y? = 8x i and the parabola y? = 4x. Sol. Solving the curves, we get x? + 4x = 8x => x = 0, 4. Required area = [Y,reuudX + [ YoucidX 2 + Circle is (x-4y + y? = 4 Area of circle in 1 quadrant = ju =4n A= 2] Vxdx+ 4x =4fer] +4na ‘x ay +4n sq. units aL lo 3 = 2 +4 sq. units. Find the area bounded by the curve y = (x-1) (x — 2) (x — 3) lying between the ordinates x = 0 and x= 3. Y=Q-)&-JH-3) The curves will intersect the x-axis, when y = 0 > &-)&-D&K-3)=0 > «=1,2,3 And the curve intersects the y-axis. When x= 0 > y=-6 Thus, the graph of the given function for 0 $x$ 3is as shown in figure. Hence, the required area A = shaded area -[pe jv jv Since [ydx = f(x- Mx -2\(x-3)dx + +| = J? 6x2 + te 6d a 2 =X ay 4 MH ex 4 2 from equation (1) (0, -6) 0) Sol, Required area = shaded region Consider the region formed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 2, y= 2. Area enclosed by the curves y = e* and y = In x, within this region is being removed. Then, find the area of the remaining region we =2] (2-e")0x (By symmetry) 2 =a[2-e' = 2(2 In2 - 1) sq. units Find the area bounded by the curves y = sin x and y = cos x between two con- secutive points of their intersection. Sol, Two consecutive points of intersection of y = sin x and y = cosx can be taken as 5x and x==* Required area = “f (sinx—cosx}de cu - cosx-sinx] sis 2, BR a4 £9, unite Find the area bounded by @ log, |x] andy=0 Gi) y = [log,| xi] and y = 0 Sol, @ y=log, |x| and y= 0 From the figure, required area = area of the shaded region | dog, xc 7 2\xtog, x-x),|=2 sq. units Gil) y= log xi| and y = 0 From the figure, required area rea of the shaded region +1=2 sq. units Find the area included by the curve y = In x, x-axis and the two ordinates at a ‘ é y Sol al finxdsl + flnxdx ive 1 4 m Ve = [xn 9}, |+ [atin - 9] 7 D ao-2 “e O.8 Find the area included by the curve x= 2y-y" and the y-axis Sol, *=%-¥ y oe a ~2y =0-3y=1 curve bends aty=1 (0.2) oy ay 4 , a ae [roy = fery- yay = ae Alternative method: y This can also be done by taking vertical strip z yi-2y4+x=0 y= 2a Nana 2z x y=t+Vi-x y=t-vi-x vy) 2(r-x)" 3] For b > a >1, the area enclosed by the curve y = ln x, y axis and the straight lines y = In a and y= In bis 6 Jo alan= [2() = -Fe-} @b-a (8) b(tn b - 1) -a(in a1) (©) (ina) (b- a) (0) (in b) (In a) Sol. Required area = t e’dy = fet? =(b-a) _ >) Find the area enclosed between y = sin x; y = cos x and y-axis in the 1" quad- rant. us Sol, A= J (cosx-sinxdx =[sinx +cosx]0” = v2 -1 3 (0.1) Find the area enclosed by y = tan x; y = cot x and x-axis in 1* quadrant. us PA Sol, Ax J tanxdx+ J cot xax i us 1. A=2J tanxdx = 2[InI secx I] 0 = 2Iny2 =In2 (2.12, Compute the area enclosed between y = tan“x; y = cotx and y-axis, Sol. A= [ (cot x- tan” xdx 2 us 5 A= J (tany)dy + (cot yddy =In2 > ’ (0.19 Area enclosed by y= 3 Sol, A=J@-€ydx=18 2 O14 Compute the larger area bounded by y = 4 + 3x - x" and the coordinates axes. <4 Sol. A Jydx=J(4+3x-x?)dx : ot O.15 Find the area bounded by y= sinx, y = cos“x and x-axis. Sol. y= sin"x, y= cos" and the x-axis if vertical strip is used, we get up 4 A= | sintxdx+ [ cos xdx e we If horizontal strip is used, then ws A= | (cosy-sinyjay 2 =[siny +cosy]” 1 1 =/t+t-1f2v2-1 lee _ > Find the area of the region in the 1" quadrant bounded on the left by the , above left by the curve y=1+ Vx and above y-axis, below by the line y= right by the curve y= Sol. Required area +(4-2)-2.2-2 sq. units. a) 3 3 O.1°7 Find the area of the figure bounded by the parabolas x = -2y*,x -1—3y". Sol, Solving the equation x = -2y?, x = 1- 3y? we find that ordinates of the point of intersection of the two curves as y, = -1,y, = 1. The points are (-2, -1) and (-2, 1). The required area (using horizontal strip) 1 A= 2fx, -x,)dy 2 =af[(-27)-(2 Joy acallr-y'}ovealy- 2] =4 ind the area bounded by the x-axis, part of the curve y=1+—~ and the x ordinates x = 2 and x = 4, Sol. yes meet x =2 and x=4 at (2, 3) and (+3) respectively. 4 Area = iG + js 2 [eZ =(4-2)-(2-4)=4. Aloo (0.19, Show that the area enclosed by the line segments |x|+|y|=1 is 2 Sol, Case-tz x2 0,y 2051" Quadrant sextysl Case-il: x 20,y <0 +4" Quadrant =x-ysl Case-il: x <0,y 202 Quadrant Soxty=1. Case-IV: x<0,y<0- 3% Quadrant axtye-t 10. Area =1x2x2 A=, in frome] =2 Hence proved. | The area bounded by curve y= x’, the x-axis and the ordinate at x = -2 and x=1i8 3 15 15 7 o> ® > © = o> Sol. © 0 1 Area =|f[ x°dx| + [x¢dx Ee 3 The area enclosed ky the curve |y|= sin2x, when xc [0,2r]is a. @2 @3 m4 Sol. © I = 2xe [0,n] U[2n,3n]u {4x} = xe [-§]-[-¥] {an} Also ly| = sin 2x represents two curve, y= sin 2x and y = ~ sin 2x, both periodic function with period x. From the graph, using symmetry, we can say that area enclosed is equal to : sin2x = sin2x 20 3 A = 4] sindxdx = -2cos2x]2 = -2(-1-1)=4 2 oi The area bounded by the curve y = 2x-x’ and the straight line y = -xis given by 9 43 o> Or Sol. Points of intersection: =x? -3x=0 =x=0 or3. = Area = [[le-)-(-a]ex ~ [fe-v)o =[22 2% 2 3 _27_27 9 2° 3 2° STANDARD AREAS TO BE REMEMBERED: (1) Area bounded by the curve y? = 4ax; 16ab| 3 ‘At point of intersection x? = Gby is equal to 4ax = x* = 64ab"x = x=0, (64 aby” Let k = 4(ab’)”" a-|[aeu-5} *« i 3 2 aloe = EEE alan 3 1b 3 126 a to 2 Bav-Bap = Jab 1 (p) 64(ab?) 12 12. ILLUSTRATION: ©, Find the area bounded by the curve y =vKix=y Sol. 4g: * 1 Required area = 22.4 4 Areas 1 3 (2) Area bounded by the parabola y? = 4ax andy © mmx is equal to [22 y? = 4ax and y = mx At point of intersection 4a mx? =4ax = x=0,—> m Area = [xen mx)dx where ¢ = = ILLUSTRATION : Q. Find the area bounded by the curves x? = y: y= Ixl. Sol. Area=2 13. 2. Find the area bounded by the curves y’ = x; x = lyl 2 1 ; 4 wea 235] =8 4} 23 am} 3a? (chord perpendicular to the axis of symmetry) Required area = CABO =2 f(olax)ox= aval 8 fa (ave) Area of rectangle ABCD = 4a? 2 2 2 = Area of OAOB = —(area cABCD) ILLUSTRATION: 2 Find the area bounded by the curve y= 2x-x*,y+3=0 Sol, For point of intersection of y = 2x ~ x? and y + Area (ABCD) = 4x 4 =16 2x16 = 2 3 =O Required area Alternative method: By integration A= flee -carpr =2 (4) Whole area of ellipse equal tox ab: As sf 5 feo Put x =asin€ a0) oA "2 A=4 | abcos* aie = 4ab [ cos’ ede 2 z saab {2 po=sae(] =a 4 Find the ratio in which the area bounded by the curve y? = 12x and x" = ‘12y is divided by the line x= 3. 16ab Area between curves y’ = 4ax and 4by is ——. Sol. Ar curves y* = 4ax and x° = 4by is Herea a = 3 and b=3 i 16(3)(3 = area = SNA) - i a [= i A (# x lo 147 14749 15. ey (9.2 Find the area of ellipse = Sol, Area of ellipse = nab = n(4)(3) = 120 SHIFTING OF ORIGIN: Since area remains invariant even if the coordinates axes are shifted, hence shifting ‘of origin in many cases proves to be very convenient in computing the areas. ILLUSTRATION : Find area enclosed between the ellipse 9x? + 4y? - 36x+8y+4-0 andthe line 3x + 2y - 10 = 0 in the first quadrant. Sol, 9%? +4y?-36x+8y+4=0 = K-24 Ay HF = 96 =? (+? 7 Se a) LetX=x-2andY=y41 So equation of ellipse will be ay? x4 7 3 and equation of line 3x + 2y- 10 = 0 (2) 30K + 2) + 2(Y = 1)-10 = 0 3X+2¥-6=0 (0,3) So required area (shaded region) (2.0) = 2 Lap) 42 = Beayay- day) 2 232 ERD =e) 7A) => 35 > | Find the area enclosed between the parabola y? —2y + 4x+5=0 and x? +2x-y+2=0 Sol, Parabotat: y? -2y+4x45=0 = (y=) =-4(x+1) Parabola 2: x +2x-y+2=0 16. (xe) y-1 = By shifting the origin to point (-1, 1), Parabola 1 : Y? =-4x Parabola 2 : =Y 16(2)( + = Area enclosed = —> et. “3 Find the area enclosed by the parabola (y - 2)? = x - 1 and the tangent to it at (2,3) and x-axis. Sol, — Shifting origin to (1, 2), Equation of parabola becomes y? = x Point of tangent =(1,1) = Tangents: y-t=3(x-1) dy wi axl, 2 x-axis y+2=0 Graph: From above figure, it is clear that finding the area using horizontal strip is more easy. = Area = Iv -(2y-1))dy 1 Iya = f(y? -2v+A)ay *|aov ty 4 en} A The area enclosed between the curves y=ax” and x =ay”(a >0) is 1sq.unit. Then, value of ais 1 1 1 “ GB @> (e)1 @. 3 Sol. “ be (1,2), the area of the figure bounded by the lines x = b and x= 2is 1-3. Sol. _ Point of intersection: for both curves (check), = Roth curves touches each other at x = 2 18. Find the area of the figure bounded by the parabola y = ax? + 12x - 14 and the straight line y = 9x - 32 if the tangent drawn to the parabola at the point x= 3 is known to make an angle x tan” Gwith the x-axis. tan(x-tan"'6) =-6 dy = Merax+12 72x Sas-3, Area bounded by inverse of a function f(x) and g(x) are inverse of each other. Since inverse functions are mirror-image of each other about y = x, we can say that, Area bounded by f(x) and x-axis is same as area bounded by f(x), = Point of intersection: 3x? + 12x - 14 = 9x - 32 (3, -5) = 3x? -3x-18= =x?-x-6=0 (-2, -50), 3 x=3,-2 Graph 3 Area enclosed = | (-3x’ + 12x- 14) - (9x -32)dx 2 = j(-ae +3x+18)dx 2 , 3 = ox + 4 tax 2 2 81 = 57 (-22) ie, 2 .€(x) and y-axis. id the area bounded by the inverse function of y = f(x) = x° +1 between ordinates x = -7 and x = 2 and x-axis. Area bounded by f(x), x-axis, x = -7 and x = 2 is same as the area bounded by £0), y-axis y= -7 andy = 2. = f(x)=2=14+x? =x = f(x)= xs Graph 20. Sol. tren |e “(aoe = x +1) de Find the area bounded by the curve (x), x-axis and the ordinate at x = -1 and x? x? 13K 28 3 fQe3y f(x)=-13x=-2 (check) f(xJ=4-3x=2 (check) a. CURVE TRACING To find the approximate shape of a curve, follow the given procedure in order (SYMMETRY: (a) symmetry about x-axis If the equation of the curve remain unchanged by replacing y by -y then the curve is symmetrical about the x-axis. e.8., y? = 4ax (b) Symmetry about y-axis 'f the equation of the curve remain unchanged by replacing x by -x then the curve is symmetrical about the y-axis. e.g.x? = day (©) Symmetry about both axes If the equation of the curve remain unchanged by replacing x by -x and y by ~y then the curve is symmetrical about the axis of ‘x’ as well as ‘y’ e.g. x+y? =a? (4) Symmetry about the line y = x If the equation of curve remains unchanged on interchanging ‘x’ and ‘y’ then the curve is symmetrical about the line y = x. e.g. x! + y= Sxy () Find the points where the curve crosses the x-axis and the y~ gy (1) Find SY and examine, if possible, the intervals n where f(x) is increasing or decreasing and also its stationary points. (\V)_ Examine y when x > 2 or x > -« ILLUSTRATION: a h sketch of th y= | Draw a rough skete! 1 CUE, Y= ag bounded region between the curve and x-axis _ &+ DK +2) Sol. (= oyo=3) x2 43x42 and find the area of the Q.2 Sol. Graph will cut x-axis x It is discontinuous at lim f(x) > lim f(x) > 4 lim f(x) 3-0 ra lim f(x) > -, f(0) = 1 lim f(x) = @; pal mae Now we have to find area of the shaded region. The required area 2 (: +3x+ 2] ex x? -3x+2 J Io 1+ 6[2tn| x-21-tn}x- 11] = [1+ 6[2(1n 3 - in) - (In 2 — In 3)]] = 1+ [tng - Sin2]} ~h(3 1 sq. units 27 Find the area bounded by the curves y =-x?+6x-5, y=-x?+4x-3 and the straight line y = 3x - 15. The given curves are y =x? +6x-5 or (x-3)’ =-(y-4) oli) Which is a parabola with vertex at A, (3, 4) and axis parallel to negative y-axis. It intersects the x-axis at the point P(1, 0) and Q(5, 0) y=-x? +4x-3 or (x-2)) =-{y-1) (ii) 23. oa Sol. which is parabola with vertex at A, (24) and axis parallel to negative y-axis. It intersects the x-axis at the points P(1, 0) and R(3, 0). And y = 3x - 15, onli) Solving, the points of intersection of (i), (i) is (1, 0); (i), (ii) are (-2. -21) and (5, 0) and are (-3, -24) and (4, -3) Thus, the required area is the shaded area in the diagram. A Jt, ~ yadda Required area = + It fo. ~ Ya)dx| s = fle + 6x - 5) — (Cx? + 4x ~ 3) |x| =| (2? + 6x - 5) - Gx - 15)]c 4 c fax -2. fe + 3x + 10)dx = 9 + 19/6 = 73/6 sq. units The area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x log x and y = 2x - 2x7 is 2 . 1 a (1) sq. units (2) > sq. units © = sq. units (0) None of these @ al’ y= xlogx Curve tracing: y = x log, x / Clearly, x > 0 For 0 1, x log, x > 0 Also x log,x=0 >x=1 Further, X= 0 31+ log x=0 ox => x= te, which is a point of minima Required area * = fix-2x*}0x-- [ xtogxdx 2 2 * 2 22k) 3 lo af l -(-3}[0-d-dtqe toe 3 a2 Floax Sol. Q. Sol. 1 Area bounded by y = ——* ea bounded by y= — and x-axis is (A) 2x sq.units (8) : sq. units (0) j= (x=? +1 tf Area =f mare =2[tan'(@&- 9] = sq. units Area bounded by the curve xy’ = a°(a-x) and y-axis is @ - sq. units (€) 3ra? eq. units (8) xy! = aXa- x) 33 paw The given curve is symmetrical about x-axis. and meets it at (a, 0). The line x = 0. i.e., y-axis is an asymptote. =x - = 3 Area = 2| xdy = 2f 2 — gy z ay ta = 2a° Aran 2] ale a = 2a? —=na? sq. units. x 2 (©) 2 5q. units (B) na? sq. units (D) None of these (©) x sq. units ‘Ala.0) 25. Sol. Sol. The area between the curve y = 2x‘ ~x’, the x-axis and the ordinates of the two minima of the curves is “wo zs ‘sq. units (B) mt units (C) zt units (D) x sq. units ® The curve is y = 2x* - x? = x#(2x?-1) The curve is symmetrical about of axis of y. The curve passes through the origin and the tangent at the origin is y = 0, xeaxis, The turning points of the curve are given by SY «8? ox 03 2x(4x? -1) = 0 dx > x=0, 4/2 2 Now, 2Y = 24x? -2 18.0) dx ee &y 1 x Obviously, — is + hi ae viously, 22 is we when x= £3 and ve when x = minima at x = -1/2 and x= Ye At x = -1/2, min y = -1/8 The curve intersects the axes at 0(0,0), a(- ‘Thus, the graph of the curve is known in the figure Here, y < 0, as x varies from x = -1/2 tox =% d area = 2 Area OCDO =< sq, units “720 “ Ive f (at ~ x2) 34 ° ‘The area bounded by the curve ay = x(x + a) and x-axis is w = £9. units () os units ©) 3 sq. units (0) 2 sq. units ©) The curve is , which is a cubic polynomial. 26. Sol. p since +) 9 hac repeated root x = 0 a It touches x-axis at (0.0) and intersects at (-a. 0) 7(-a,o) aI * Required area = foor= fifees x= 2 sq. units a - l a? 2 iq. ‘The area of the loop of the curve, ay? = x"(a-x) (A) 4a? 2q, units © Ba ag units © a units (D) Nono of these ® ay’ =x(a-) oy Curve tracing: y We must have x sa x For00andforx<0,y<0 Also, y=0>x=0,a hoo Curve is symmetrical about x-axis Oh When x >=, yor Also, it can be verified that y has only one point of maxima for 0. As 2fanr- t?)t(-2at)dt 2 Sa i 4a? ( (0? - t*)dt = 4a” Jc i a Sol. Sol. The area of the region enclosed between the curves x = y? ~1 and x=lylyi-y? is (A) tsq. units (8) je. units © za units (0) 2 sq. units @) anal[wine 0" - fy = 2 sq. units The area bounded by the loop of the curve 4y* = x"(4 - x") is 7 . a ; " . 16 (A) [oa-units (B) 24, units (©) Jequnits (0) > 94, units areata) = af aye 2 Let 4- x7 = t >-2x dx = dt ‘ 4 wy} 4 t a= [Jat = [ytar =| — 2 3 fte jtee[] = As oq. units Sol. The area enclosed by the curves, xy? = a7(a- x) and (a - x)y’ (A) (x-2)a? sq. units (B) (4-n)a? sq. units © x8 og. units (D) None of these “” The two curves are xy? = a%(a-x) x= el) and (a ~ xy! = a®x aya (2) a’+y’ Curve (1) is symmetrical about x-axis, and have y-axis as the asymptote. Curve (2) is symmetrical about x-axis, tangent at origin as y-axis and the asymptote x= a The two curves intersect at the point P(a/2, a) and Q(a/2, -a) Requred 3 area -a(5 av _|y aay ary ~aj aw y=) aff; aye jp a? +y? r ; =m acan'(L] -az na|2aZ-a]=a'ee-2 a [4 l J ‘The area bounded by the curves y= xet y= xe and the line x = 1is ) Zequnits (6) 1-2 eq.units (€-) Teq.units (0) 1-1 2g. unite ° ; ° ; @ Curve tracing: y = xe" tet Yeo set +xe' =05x=-1 dx Also, at x a 29. Q. Sol. x changes sign from -ve ta +ve ix Hence, x = -1 is a point of minima When x > 0, y > Also lim xe* = tim Ps mee With similar types of arguments, we can draw the graph of y = xe~ Reauted area = [rede favre =[re"], jee [eet fers] se-(e-0-| *-1)) 2 sq. units. The area bounded by the two branches of curve (y-x)=x? and the straight line xt is “ ps0 units (8) 2 units (6) eq. units ro) : #9. units © (y-x)? = x, where x20 = y-x= de? > yaxte? (I) see(2) = y= Function (1) is an increasing function. Function (2) meets x-axis, where x-x"” = 0 of x = Also, for 0 0 and for x > 1, x2? < 0. When x > «, y>-0 1 From these information, we can plot the graph as below: Required area = [eee -- en io 3 52 4 an 4 5 af ‘dx = I 5 oc units (a) Skatch and find the area bounded by the curve \/jx|+\lyl= Va and x? + y" = a? (where a> 0). (b) If curve Ix| + lyl = a divides the area in two parts, then find their ratio in firet quadrant only. Sol. Wxt+siyl=va xsO>ysta y2O>x=4a (a) Required area a] Fox af (Ja - skye na? af (a Vi)’ ax Sol. =nai-af . =na?-4|a?+2.-2Ja 2a”? =ra al[e+* ada ]odx = na ‘| +5 -wa da | - 3) ? sq. units. Area ratio = Xn-2) Area enclosed between the curves y = ox. inx and y= te y=exinx ay ax dy _e d’y dx? x "dx? ¥ yeexinx, = e(1+Inx) >0 7 1 > minimum at x= — e ay o ag 0 when x= ay| ay| Inx = atx=e, y=—™ has local maxima ex Required area = es ~exinn te 32. (, Area enclosed by the curve (y-sin-x)?= x =x? Sol. -sin-x} x y=sin™xt-¥x-x? = domain x €[0, 1] Area enclosed by the curve 1 a k-? Jax = af Yx-¥ax xs2 . 432 * to Sax exe 8 23 and 32a-x 3324x-x?ox- axe aed 33. =2-atn2- 5 + an( 8) (12-5 -aina)-f 2-31n2-3+3in3+4-3-31n34+31n2 From above diagram, it is clear that asymptote is x = 2a 8y symmetry, we can say that ay 3 Area enclosed it Jon 2 En a A=2) x) -* dx 3 Let x =2asin?0 = dx = 2a(2sin0cos6)d6 A= of 2a sin? @(tan@)2a(2 sin@cose)4a ° 34, DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS: Sol. Sol. Find the value of c for which the area of the figure hounded by the curves 4 y =1 andy =c is equatto 2. So required area = J ( we If the area bounded by x’ + 2x = 3 and the line y = kx + 1is the least, find k and also the least area, x, and x, are the roots of the equation. x? + 2x-3=kx +1, oF x +(2-k)x-4=0 = 62-9) = fk-2) 775 2-27 “| 35, [« -24 wy -—— which is least when k = 2 and A,,,., = 32/3 sq. units. VARIABLE AREA GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE: An important concept: If y = f(%) is a monotonic function in (a, b) then the area bounded by the ordinates at x = a,x=b,y= f(x) and y= f(c), [where c €(a, b)] atb is minimum when ¢ = Proof: r ® A= fle) - a)dx + f(F00- He) 2 of = fee - a) - f foxdax + | (Fod)dx - flen(b - ©) A=[2c-(a+b)]f(c)+ Jertnax - fercore Differentiating w.rt c, dA 7 ao [ze -(a+ b)jF (c) + 2f(e) + 0 - fc) - (F(c)) for maxima and minima 38 = 0 = (©) [2c-(a+b)]=0 a+b hence cg ites (ec) #0) a+b da a+b da Also c< <>, <0 and ¢> >.> 0 +b 2 Hence A is minimum when c= Sol. Sol. If the area bounded by f(x)=——~-x’ +a and the straight lines x = 0; x = 2 and the x-axis is minimum then find the value of ‘a’, a f(x) = = -W4a #(x) = x? - 2x = x(x 2) < 0 (note that f(x) is monotonic in (0, 2)) Hence for the minimum and f(x) must cross the x-axis at °*2=1 1 Hence f(1)=+-14a=0 2 aan? 3 The value of the parameter a for which the area of the figure bounded by the abscissa axis, the graph of the function y = x° + 3x? + x + a and the straight lines, which are parallel to the axis of ordinates and cut the ab- scissa axis at the point of extremum of the function, is the least is @2 (B)o (c)-1 ()1 Hence, f(x) cuts the x-axis at 2]{-1+¥8 || 4-28 2 3 3 1+3-14a=0 f(-) = a AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION : Average value of the function in = f(%) wert x over an interval a

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