MODULE II

DEEP FOUNDATION

Reference Book: Building Construction-Rangwala Chapter :Deep Foundation

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
SAND PILES

These piles are formed by making holes in the ground and then filling them with sand.
If sand is kept confined, it possesses great crushing strength and becomes
incompressible.

These piles are formed by making holes in the ground and then filling them with sand.
If sand is kept confined, it possesses great crushing strength and becomes
incompressible.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
SPECIAL PILES

• Pile driving is very noisy and causes massive vibrations through the
soil.
• For this reason, it is sometimes difficult to use them in sensitive
locations.
• For example, if an operational hospital or science lab is to be
extended, driving piles would cause unwanted disturbance. Their use
is also restricted in residential areas in many countries.
• The vibrations could also cause structural damage to older buildings
that are close by. In such situations it is possible to
use micropiling or helical piling, neither of which rely on
hammering.

• Small-diameter, typically 6 to 12”

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BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Micropiles or minipiles are small piles that are constructed in the following way:

Step 1: a hole a little larger than the pile diameter and the full length of the pile is
dug into the ground using an apparatus like a soil boring machine.

Step 2: a precast concrete pile is lowered or pushed into the hole.

Step 3: a concrete grout is poured into the gap between the pile and the earth.

Helical piles are steel tubes that have helical (spiral) blades attached to them.
These can be drilled into the ground, meaning that the pile acts as a giant drill bit,
and is rotated and pushed into the ground from above, much like a screw drills
into wood. Once the steel pile is driven into the ground, a pile cap is poured on
top of the pile to prepare it for the construction above.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
STEEL PILES

Steel piles are used as load bearing piles.

The types of steel piles commonly used are:

•H-Piles
•Pipe-piles
•Box pile
•Screw piles
•Disc piles

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
H-Piles

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
H-Piles

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Pipe-piles

• Seamless or welded steel pipes are

often driven to function as end
bearing or friction piles.
• The pipe piles may be driven either
open ended or close ended. When the
driving end of the pipe is left open,
(without any driving point) it is called
open end pile.
• Open ended piles are usually driven to
penetrate rock or hard pan.
• As the open ended piles are sunk in
the ground, the soil inside the pipe is
cleaned out by means of compressed
air, water jet etc simultaneously.
• When the pipes have been driven to
the required depth, they are cleaned
from inside and filled with concrete.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
The diameter of the pipes used for piling varies from 25 cm to 120 cm and their shell
thickness varies from 8 mm to 12 mm The use of this type of pile for depths of 30 in
or more is quite common.

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Box pile

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Screw Pile

• A screw pile consists of a cast iron or steel shaft of external diameter normally varying
from 15 to 30 cm and terminating into a helix or screw base.
• The pile shaft maybe hollow or solid. The diameter of the screw at its base varies from 45
cm to 150 cm.
• The pile is sunk by screwing the pile down inside the ground by use of an electric motor.
• Screw piles function most efficiently in soft clay or loose sand.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
 Disc Pile

• Similar to a screw pile, a disc pile consists of

hollow metallic pipe attached with a cast
iron disc to its foot so as to enlarge the Shaft
bearing area of the pile.

• There is a hole at the bottom of the pile to

permit the water jet pipe to pass through Disc
during the sinking of the pile by jetting.

• Disc pile can he used only in sandy or soft

soils which may permit sinking of the pile
by water jets.

• Disc piles are used mostly in marine Radial ribs

installations, where the total penetration of
the pile in the ground is required to be
large.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
TIMBER PILES

These pile are prepared from trunks of

trees.

• They may be circular or square

• Diameter of pile are 30 to 50 cm and

length not exceeding 20 times its top
width.

• At bottom, a cast-iron shoe is provided

and at the top a steel plate is fixed.

• For group pile each pile is brought at

same level and concrete plate is
provided to have common platform.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
COMPOSITE PILES

A composite pile is formed when it is a

combination either of a bored pile and
a driven pile or of driven piles of 2
different materials.

They act together to perform the

function of a single pile.

• In this pile advantage is taken of

durability of concrete piles and the
cheapness of timber pile.

• Timber pile is terminated just at the

level of ground water table.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
NON LOAD BEARING PILES Refer Building Construction-Rangwala
Chapter :Deep Foundation pg 132-137
SHEET PILES

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BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Sheet piling is an earth retention and excavation support technique that retains
soil, using sheet sections with interlocking edges.

The materials in the construction of sheet piles are:

Concrete sheet piles

Steel sheet piles

Timber sheet piles

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Concrete sheet piles

Concrete sheet piles are made in square or rectangular cross-section and are driven
similar to wooden piles to form a continuous wall. The interlock between two piles is
normally provided with the help of tongue and groove joint. The tongue and groove
extend to the full length of the piles in most of the cases.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
Steel sheet piles

Steel sheet pile is a rolled steel section consisting of a plate called the web with integral
interlocks on each edge.

Straight web steel sheet pile Z type steel sheet pile

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Timber sheet piles

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PILE ACCESSORIES

• PILE CAP

• PILE SHOE

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
 PILE CAP

A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been
driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation.
It usually forms part of the foundation of a building

To protect the top of pile from blow of hammer on top, pile cap is provided.

• Pile carry load from structure and distribute it to various pile.

• Pile should penetrate into the cap at least 10 cm length.
• For group pile a common R.C.C. is provided for all the pile

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
BMC II MODULE 2 S3
PILE CAP

The shape and plan dimensions of the pile cap depend on two factors.
1.Number of piles in the group and
2.The spacing between each pile.

3 Pile

2 Pile

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
PILE SHOE

A pile shoe is fitted at

bottom end of pile to protect the
pile and to facilitate easy pile
driving.

• Pile shoe are made of cast iron,

steel or wrought iron.

Various types of shoe are;

• Square pile shoe

• Wedged shaped pile shoe
• Round pile shoe
• Steel trap pile shoe for timber pile
• Socket type pile shoe for timber pile
• closed end shoe for pipe piles

BMC II MODULE 2 S3
PULLING OF PILE
• To replace the damaged piles during the driving operation.

• To reuse the existing piles when the structure above the pile is
demolished.

• To prepare the data of strata trough which piles are to be driven by

carrying out pulling tests.

• To remove the pile which are driven temporarily as in case of a

cofferdam.

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Method For Pulling Of Pile

The method for pulling of piles will depend on the type of pile,
equipment availability.

• Various method are;

▪ Use of double acting steam hammer
▪ Use of pile extractors
▪ Use of tongs
▪ Use of vibrator
▪ Use of electricity

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FAILURE OF PILE

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CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PILE
• Most common causes of failure of piles;
• Absence of statistical data of nature of soil strata
• Load coming on pile is high than design load.
• Bad workmanship
• Attack by insets on wood
• Breakage due to over driving (timber pile)
• Buckling of pile
• Damage due to absence of protective cover
• Improper type of pile, method of driving, classification of soil
• Insufficient reinforcement in case of R.C.C
• Misinterpretation of result from pile load test.
• Wrong formula use for determining load bearing capacity.

BMC II MODULE 2 S3