Calculus Project

Year 2023

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Calculus in Sports Analysis
▶ Differences in sports analysis:
Description: Differentials are used to analyze various aspects of a game, such as
instantaneous strength, speed, and determination of turnover rate. In sports such
as track and field, understanding these dynamic patterns is critical for performance
evaluation.
▶ Integration in Sports Research:
Explanation: The game uses addition to calculate cumulative coefficients. For
example, integrating velocity over time yields the total distance traveled by the
athlete. This is important to measure both performance and endurance.
▶ Projectile Motion Analysis:
Explanation: Sports such as basketball, football, and archery use mathematics to
model and analyze projectile motion. The equations of motion, including
derivatives and integrals, help us understand the path, velocity, and acceleration of
a projectile.
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Calculus in Sports Analysis
▶ Adaptations in Training:
Explanation: Statistics are used to optimize athletic training programs. Knowing
the maximum or minimum cost of administrative tasks allows teachers to design
exercises that maximize benefits and minimize fatigue, leading to effective and
efficient training programs
▶ Changes in player performance:
Description: Statistics are used to analyze how a player’s performance changes.
Coaches and sport scientists need to be aware of trends, make adjustments in real
time, and develop training programs to improve strengths or address weaknesses.
▶ Analysis of group strategies:
Description: Numerically models and analyzes team strategies in sports such as
football or basketball. Differential equations can describe the movements and
interactions of players on the field, providing insights into optimal team structures
and game strategies.
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▶ Volleyball was created in 1985 by William G. Morgan, an instructor at the YMCA
in Holyhoke, Massachusetts. He decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball,
tennis and handball to create what he called “mintonette”. As observers watched
the game, they noticed that players were “volleying” the ball back and forth. Thus,
its name was changed to volleyball. The first game was played at Springfield
College in 1896.
▶ In 1928 it became apparent that official rules were needed, and the USVBA
(United States Volleyball Association) was formed. 31
▶ Today both men and women play professional volleyball, and more than 46 million
Americans enjoy playing the game as pare of leisure time activity.

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▶ Server must serve from behind the restraining line (end line).
▶ Ball may be served underhand OR overhand.
▶ Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve.
▶ Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for a point.
▶ First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent game shall be served
by the previous game loser.
▶ Serve must be returned by a bump only, no setting or attacking a serve.

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Scoring
▶ Rally scoring will be used. (There will be a point scored on every score of the ball).
▶ Offense will score on a defensive miss or out of bounds hit.
▶ Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or a serve into the net.
▶ Game will be played to 25 points.
▶ Must win by 2 points.

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▶ Team will rotate one position each time they win the serve.
▶ Players rotate in a clockwise manner (see rotation diagram).
▶ There shall be 4 – 6 players on each side

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▶ Maximum of 3 hits per side.
▶ Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (a block is NOT considered a hit).
▶ Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
▶ A ball touching a boundary line is good.
▶ A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player’s body above and including the
waist which does not allow the ball to visibly come to a rest.
▶ If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play and
the players involved may not participate in the next play.
▶ A player must not block or attack a serve.
▶ Switching positions will be allowed strictly for front line players. (After the serve
only)
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▶ Stepping on or over the line on a serve
▶ Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully
▶ Hitting the ball illegally (carrying, palming, throwing, etc.)
▶ Touching the net with any part of your body while the ball is in play
▶ Reaching over the net, except in these conditions:
▶ When executing a follow through
▶ When blocking a ball which is in the opponents court but is being returned (Block
cannot contact the ball until AFTER the opponent attempting to return the ball
makes contact)
▶ Reaching under the net
▶ Failure to serve in the correct order
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▶ Blocks or spikes from a position in which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line
while in the back row position.

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▶ "ACE" when the ball is served to the other team, and no one touches it.
▶ “Sideout” When the team that served the ball makes a mistake, causing the ball
to go to the other team.
▶ “Stuff” When a player jumps the height of the net, blocks the ball, and the ball
goes back to the person who attacked (spiked) it.
▶ “Dig” When a player makes a save from a very difficult spike.
▶ “Kill” When a team spikes the ball and it either ends in a point or a sideout.

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Calculus in Sports Analysis
▶ Introduction
If we want to learn archery as hobby we will firstly train ourselves for archery, and
after short time we will be able to hit a target placed at some distance. This would
applaud our skill as an archer. But we can’t hit at center of the target. If you are
lucky then you will hit at center plenty of times, and not by manifestation of skill.
But someone like Jayanta Talukdar (Indian Olympic Team- Archery) would fire
arrow after into the center of the target by intention. Even a small displacement in
final position, or a slight offset in the delivery would not go unobserved. So too,
would he draw appreciation from his friends and peers only at the highest levels of
perfection. We will learn from calculus how to be skillfull in this sport, obviously we
can’t reach at expert level but we can beat any average player after learning this.
▶ History:
Scientists and engineers made arrows and bows an object of study in 1930’s..
Their work influenced strongly the design and construction of the bow and arrow.
Experiments were performed to conferm the influence of different parameters.
They also made some mathematical models. So that they can simplify
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assumptions that had to be made in order to obtain a solution in closed form or to
Calculus in Sports Analysis

▶ approximate the solution of the governing equations numerically in an acceptable

amount of computing time. Because of these simplifications only bows with
specific features could be described.
In Kooi and Sparenberg we dealt with the statics of the recurve bows. These
mathematical models are much more developed and advanced. "Formulation of
The Problem" section all design parameters are charted accurately and quality
coefficients are identified. In Mathematical modelling section we will see partial
differential eqations.

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Calculus in Sports Analysis

▶
Figure 1:

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Calculus in Sports Analysis

▶ Classification
We can classifie bow in two types.Non-recurve bow and Static-recurve bow
In Non-recurve bow there is a single stick in begining and in Static-recurv bow
there is a ear type of segment in both end of the bow.
When we bind up these two bows there are chances of slipping in first type of bow.

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Calculus in Sports Analysis

▶
Figure 2: Caption

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Calculus in Sports Analysis

▶ In Figure 2(b) the working recurve bow is braced by applying a string. Because of
the shape of the unstrung bow the string lies along the bow near the tips with
coordinates (xt ,yt ). There may be concentrated masses mt with moment of inertia
Jt at each of the tips, representing for instance horns used to fasten the string.
The length of the unloaded string is denoted by 2l0 , its mass by 2ms . We assume
that the material of the string obeys Hooke’s law, the strain stiffness is denoted by
Us . Note that whether the length of the string or the brace height denoted by
¯ fixes the shape if the bow in braced situation.
|OH|

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DLS method

▶ DLS full form is Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method, a mathematical formulation

designed to calculate the target score for the team batting second in a limited
overs cricket match interrupted by weather or other circumstances.

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DLS method

▶ The target score in cricket matches without interruptions is one more than the
number of runs scored by the team that batted first. When overs are lost, setting
an adjusted target for the team batting second is not as simple as reducing the run
target proportionally to the loss in overs, because a team with ten wickets in hand
and 25 overs to bat can play more aggressively than if they had ten wickets and a
full 50 overs, for example, and can consequently achieve a higher run rate. The
DLS method is an attempt to set a statistically fair target for the second team’s
innings, which is the same difficulty as the original target. The basic principle is
that each team in a limited-overs match has two resources available with which to
score runs (overs to play and wickets remaining), and the target is adjusted
proportionally to the change in the combination of these two resources.

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DLS method

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DLS method

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DLS method

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DLS method

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DLS method

▶ VIDEO:- https://youtu.be/Wq9EXqhJ6Zk?si=8Zn6ldMgU8u_RvUg

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The last slide ...

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