Scribd
Upload
39 views

Os Notes Mod !

The document describes several types of computer systems: mainframe, batch, time sharing, parallel, distributed, client-server, clustered, real-time, and handheld. It also discusses operating systems, their functionality, design issues, and structuring methods like monolithic, layered, microkernel, and kernel-based approaches. Key components of operating systems are also outlined like the boot loader, bootstrap program, abstraction, and command interpreter.

Uploaded by

saikiransankar2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views

Os Notes Mod !

The document describes several types of computer systems: mainframe, batch, time sharing, parallel, distributed, client-server, clustered, real-time, and handheld. It also discusses operating systems, their functionality, design issues, and structuring methods like monolithic, layered, microkernel, and kernel-based approaches. Key components of operating systems are also outlined like the boot loader, bootstrap program, abstraction, and command interpreter.

Uploaded by

saikiransankar2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Types of systems:

1. Mainframe system
 Initial control in monitor
 Control to job
 After job completes, control to monitor
 Automated job sequencing
2. Batch system
 Similar jobs are taken as groups and processed as batches
at the same
3. Time sharing system
 Jobs are swapped in and out of memory
 Uses time slicing
4. Parallel systems
 Tightly coupled system
 Has a shared memory
 Multiprocessor with more cpus
 Advantages
o Faster processing
o Economical
o Reliability
5. Distributed systems
 Loosely coupled system
 Advantages:
o Reliability
o Resource sharing
o Faster computation
o Communication
6. Client server systems
 A central server is connected to various clients who send
requests to the server and the server sends the response
7. Clustered systems
 Storage sharing with 2 or more devices
 High reliability
 Two types
o Asymmetric: one server at a time runs the
application
o Symmetric: all servers run the application
8. Real time system
 Used as a control device in various applications
o Industrial
o Scientific
o Medical
 Has well defined fixed time constraints
 Has two types:
o Hard real time
 Conflicts with time sharing system
 Not supported by general purpose os
o Soft real time
 Limited application in robotics
9. Hand held system
 Personal digital assistants
 Cellular devices
 ISSUES:
o Limited memory
o Slow processor
o Small screen
1. Short note on OS
 It is a program
 It acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware
 Examples: Windows, MAC, Sun, Linux, Unix etc.,
2. Functionality of OS
 To Execute User Programs and make Solving User Problems Easier
 To Utilize the Computer Hardware Effectively
 Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs and services to
programs and users
 User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).
 Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface (GUI), Batch
 Program execution - The system must be able to load a program into memory and to
run that program, end execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating error)
 I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or an
I/O device
 Help in File-system manipulation
 Helps in Communications
 Helps in Error detection
 Helps in Resource allocation
 Helps in Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of
computer resources
 Protection and security:
i. Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled
ii. Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication, extends
to defending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts
3. OS design issues
4. Structuring methods
 Monolithic

All functionalities in the kernel (one layer)

Ex: Open VMS

 Layered

Lower levels independent of upper levels

The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of
lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user
interface.
Layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-
level layers

Ex: Windows NT

 Microkernel

OS built from many user-level processes

 Moves as much from the kernel into user space


 Communication takes place between user modules using message passing
 Benefits:
o Easier to extend a microkernel
o Easier to port the operating system to new architectures
o More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode)
o More secure
 Detriments:
o Performance overhead of user space to kernel space communication

Ex: Mac OS
 Kernel

Core kernel with Dynamically loadable modules

Most modern operating systems implement loadable kernel modules:

 Uses object-oriented approach.


 Each core component is separate.
 Each talks to the others over known interfaces.
 Each is loadable as needed within the kernel.
o Overall, similar to layers but with more flexibility.
o LINUX, Solaris, etc.
BOOT LOADER:
 Also called a boot manager
 Small program
 Places os into memory
 BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM
o Program stored in rom or eeprom aka firmware
o Locates kernel, loads it into memory and executes it
o Loaded at reboot or power up
 Booting : starting computer by loading kernel
ABSTRACTION:
 Hides complex hardware details
 Common api for applications and services
 Simplified application writing
COMMAND INTERPRETER:
 It is the shell (part of os)
 Understands and executes commands given by user or program

You might also like